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Objective: Palatal rugae are frequently used in the evaluation of tooth movement after treatment in orthodontics and as a stable region in superimposition. It is important to note that the impression method and material used to record the rugae region affect the accuracy of the impression. The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy of palatal rugae, in three-dimensional (3D) by employing both conventional and digital impression methods. Materials and methods: In this study, 22 patients (12 females, 10 males) mean age of 13.5 ± 1.7 years old were selected with complete permanent dentition. Three different impressions were taken from the maxillae of the patients: conventional impression using silicone rubber impression material, conventional impression using alginate impression material, and optical impression using an intraoral scanner. The impressions’ digital data were analyzed by the GOM Inspect (Version 2018, Braunschweig, Germany), a 3D analysis software. The Root Mean Square (RMS) values of the total ruga region were evaluated in this software. The data were statistically analyzed using the Jamovi program. The Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test were performed due to the non-normal distribution of the data. Results: There is no statistically significant difference between the comparison points of the right and left rugae’s medial and lateral points and total rugae regions’ RMS values. Although there was no statistically significant difference, the total RMS values of alginate and digital scan measurements showed closer results than the RMS values of silicone and digital scan measurements. Conclusion: The study found that there was no statistically significant difference in the total RMS values of the ruga region between traditional and digital impression methods. Clinical relevance: The treatment period in orthodontics is long. Different impression materials and methods can be used for diagnostic, mid-treatment, and final impressions. For superimpositions and treatment and post-treatment palatal ruga evaluations, traditional and digital impression methods are clinically acceptable and can be used as alternatives to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Palatal rugae are asymmetrical elevations present on hard palate and are significant due to their uniqueness, stability and thus, aid in forensic identification. Objective: The objective is to determine palatal rugae morphology between parents and their offsprings and to determine their genetic inheritance. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled cross-sectional single-blinded study was conducted on 50 families (randomly selected) who visited Vyas Dental College and Hospital. A total of 150 maxillary study models were examined and rugae were delineated and shape, size, and pattern of rugae were recorded. Results: Weak butsignificant correlation wasseen in the nonspecific and angular type of palatal rugae between child and mother and child and father as P < 0.05. Matching with either or both of their parent was seen for curved, wavy, divergent, straight, horseshoe, angular, and nonspecific type of rugae with the higher % of wavy pattern matching (52% with mother and 54% with father). A considerable number of samples showed high heritability of primary and secondary rugae from both parents, but more predominantly to their mothers (branched, nonspecific, and straight). Conclusion: Both environmental and genetic factors can influence the rugae pattern. Further, studies should be conducted on a larger sample size to get more significant results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in imaging technologies, such as intra‐oral surface scanning, have rapidly generated large datasets of high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) sample reconstructions. These datasets contain a wealth of phenotypic information that can provide an understanding of morphological variation and evolution. The geometric morphometric method (GMM) with landmarks and the development of sliding and surface semilandmark techniques has greatly enhanced the quantification of shape. This study aimed to determine whether there are significant differences in 3D palatal rugae shape between siblings. Digital casts representing 25 pairs of full siblings from each group, male–male (MM), female–female (FF), and female–male (FM), were digitized and transferred to a GM system. The palatal rugae were determined, quantified, and visualized using GMM computational tools with MorphoJ software (University of Manchester). Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variates analysis (CVA) were employed to analyze palatal rugae shape variability and distinguish between sibling groups based on shape. Additionally, regression analysis examined the potential impact of shape on palatal rugae. The study revealed that the palatal rugae shape covered the first nine of the PCA by 71.3%. In addition, the size of the palatal rugae has a negligible impact on its shape. Whilst palatal rugae are known for their individuality, it is noteworthy that three palatal rugae (right first, right second, and left third) can differentiate sibling groups, which may be attributed to genetics. Therefore, it is suggested that palatal rugae morphology can serve as forensic identification for siblings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is a new method that can help to identify the sex through the study of palatal rugae, comparing sagittal sections of the hard palate using Cartesian coordinates and evaluating the assistance given by digital technology and its applicability in this method. In this study, 57 digital impressions were examined and divided in two groups based on sex. Results: 2223 impression sections were studied and 145 coordinates that were present with a frequency greater than 50% in one or both groups were obtained: 52 discriminating traits (DT) in the male group, 29 discriminating traits in the female group, and 64 common traits (CT). The DTs in the female group showed no statistically significant difference from the same coordinates in the male one (p = 0.832). Statistically significant differences were observed in the DTs in the male group compared to the same coordinates in the female group (p = 0.018). No statistically significant differences were observed in the frequency of DTs in both sexes (p = 0.056). Further research in forensic odontology is needed to determine its scientific certainty. It is certain that digital technology may one day be a valuable support for the forensic odontologist but to date the lack of dedicated and certified programs limits its reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sample of 38 Italian subjects (17 males and 21 females, mean age 8.2 ± 1.2 years, age range 7.2–8.8 years), who underwent active Rapid Maxillary Expansion (RME), was studied to assess the reliability of an intraoral scan and the stability of palatal rugae. An intraoral scanner was used to obtain digital dental models pre- and post-treatment. A 3D-3D superimposition procedure was performed, and the Root Mean Square (RMS) of the distance calculated, to verify the forensic validity of this biometric technique. The Intra-Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) values for the overall inter- and intra-observer agreement were 0.955 (95% CI: 0.931–0.980; p < 0.001) and 0.936 (95% CI: 0.918–0.975; p < 0.001), respectively. The values for TEM and rTEM tests were 0.423 and 1.2% for intra-observer; 0.637 and 1.7% for inter-observer. Results showed a statistically significant difference in RMS mean point-to-point distance between untreated control and treated subjects (p = 0.002). The RMS values to distinguish the pooled group (untreated and treated with RME) from any mismatch ranged from 0.42 to 0.61. This methodology was highly suitable to detect changes caused by RME. Since some modifications were detected, caution is necessary when palatal rugae are analysed for forensic purposes in subjects who underwent RME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In post‑mortem scenarios, often it is a very difficult process to establish a person’s identity. Rugae are unique in that they are protected from trauma as they are insulated from heat by tongue and buccal pad of fat unlike fingerprint or lip print that is prone to destruction. Aim and Objectives: This study was aimed to compare the palatal rugae among people of different races. The sole objectives of the study were to assess the predominant pattern in the selected groups, reliability of rugae pattern in personal identification, to evaluate reliability of sex determination and to compare the total number of rugae on right and left sides of the palate among the males and females. Study Design: A total of 90 subjects were enrolled into the study and divided into three groups that are African, Dravidian and Mongoloid population. Shapes of rugae present were analyzed according to the classification given by Kapali et al. (1997) and Thomas & Kotze (1983). Result: The predominant rugae shape in African and Dravidian population was wavy pattern, whereas Mongoloid race was predominant in curve pattern. African and Dravidian males were predominant in wavy pattern when compared to Mongoloid males where unification type was more predominant. Conclusion: A statistically significant association between the rugae shape in three populations exists, although subtle yet definite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the correlation between palatal rugae (PR) pattern and subjects with vertical, average, and horizontal growth pattern and to determine gender variation if any. Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty study models were divided into horizontal, vertical, and average growth patterns with 40 (20 males and 20 females) samples in each group. The pattern of PR was assessed in each group using a template. Result: Type B (wavy type) PR occurs more often in horizontal and average growth pattern (80% and 72.5% respectively), whereas its occurrence in vertical growth pattern subject is the least among other growth patterns, that is, 42.5% of the total subjects. Type E (curved type) PR has appeared highest in 27.5% of average growth pattern patient followed by 12.5% of vertical growth pattern subjects. The occurrence of type E PR is least in horizontal growth pattern which is just 5% of the total subjects. Conclusion: Curved-type PR was more prevalent in vertical and average growth patterns. Diverging PR pattern was mainly seen in vertical growth pattern. PR also shows sexual dimorphism. The association is clinically significant as it will lead to determination of facial vertical growth pattern at early age; thus, it serves as a diagnostic adjunct for different malocclusions very early in life and aids in preventive or interceptive orthodontic measures to alleviate forthcoming growth pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Palatal rugae are unique for an individual and remain unchanged during individual's lifetime. Application of palatal rugae analysis as a method in gender identification needs to be confirmed with more scientific studies. The objectives of the present study were to assess the distribution of the palatal rugae patterns in Kerala population and compare the distribution of these parameters between males and females. Materials & Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by evaluating the casts of 100 dentate individuals, between the age of 18 and 30 years. The rugae were divided into two halves and patterns were then assessed as per Thomas and Kotze classification. Independent sample t-test was used to assess the significant difference of each type of palatal rugae between males and females. Results: Wavy rugae (mean – 5.6 ± 0.7) was predominant among males whereas curved (mean – 4.6 ± 0.6) and circular rugae (mean – 0.9 ± 0.3) were more in females and were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean number of secondary rugae in females (1.5 ± 0.5) was greater than that of males (1.3 ± 0.4) and was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The diverging type was commonly found in females compared to males. Conclusion: Our findings showed statistically significant differences in the shapes and patterns of rugae between males and females among Kerala population. Thus, morphological analysis of palatal rugae can be considered as an additional aid in forensic odontology for gender differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Palatal rugae are anatomically asymmetrical and irregular ridges in the anterior palatal region. The palatal ruages were demonstrated to be useful in the field of forensic dentistry. This study was taken to assess the ruage patter to compare with gender identification in those who had attended dental institutions in Andhra Pradesh. Materials and Methods A total of 40 subjects were included in the present study, those who attended a dental institution as a prospective cross sectional study. The rugae patterns were marked and classified according to Kapali et al., 1997, based on morphological pattern. Results Female participants were more numerous in study samples when compared with males. The palatal ruage in female participants showed a higher incidence of wavy, circular, and divergent patterns, while male participants showed straight, curved, wavy, and convergent rugae patterns. Comparison of gender with respect to the mean number of rugae patterns on the right and left sides using a student t-test revealed that there was no stastically significant (p≥0.05). Summary and Conclusions The rugae pattern can be one of the important aspects in the field of forensic odontology. The palate represents a suitable landmark for unique and identifying features, with the additional benefit of survival in most postmortem events that can disrupt or change other body parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Palatoscopy or palate rugoscopy has been studied over the years to identify its unique characteristics to utilize for the human identification process. The unique anatomical location of the palatal rugae provides stability which along with the uniqueness of the palatal rugae pattern can contribute in human identification. Despite its simplicity and reliability, the palatal rugae is unexplored in the Nepalese population. The objective of the present study is to identify the rugae pattern and assess its sexual dimorphism. Methods This was a cross-sectional analytical study conducted in Tribhuvan University Dental Teaching Hospital (TUDTH). The characteristics of palatal rugae based upon number, length, shape, and unification were analyzed on 100 dental casts. The rugae patterns were marked with a black color graphite pencil under adequate illumination. The length of the rugae was measured with the help of a digital vernier caliper and brass wire. The independent sample T-test and Mann Whitney U tests were used to assess the sexual dimorphism. Results The predominant type of rugae according to the size in both males and females was primary rugae. According to the shape of the rugae, the predominant type of rugae was wavy followed by curved, straight, diverging, converging, and circular in both the sexes. However, no significant difference was seen in the rugae pattern in males and females. Conclusion Based on the findings of the present study, the use of palatal rugae for sex determination is not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the topographic changes in palatal rugae in dentate and edentulous subjects and explore the topographic changes that has occurred due to aging and tooth loss. Study Design: A cross sectional observational study. Place and Duration: At Prosthodontic department of Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore from 5th January 2021 to 5th April 2021. Methodology: A total of 40 participants, (20 dentate; age ranged 20-30 years, 20 edentulous; age ranged 50-70 years) were selected using non probability purposive sampling. Demographic data was collected and intra oral examination was done. Alginate impressions were taken and maxillary casts were fabricated. The casts were minutely analyzed for number, direction, shape, length and unification of rugae. Sharp graphite pencil was used for marking and Modified Thomas and Kotze classification was used to examine rugae characteristics. Results: Topographic change was seen in rugae patterns and their distribution varies in both groups. The number of primary rugae was higher in dentate as compare to edentulous group (8.10 ± 0.788; 5.00 ± SD 1.75). The secondary rugae's count was also a bit higher in dentate group as compared to edentulous (2.00 ±SD 0.918, 0.65 ± SD 0.489). The commonest pattern seen in dentate group is more complexed i.e., wavy (2.80 ± 0.616), whereas in edentulous group the commonest pattern observed was straight rugae (2.78 ±SD 1.6). Dentate group had more frequent forward directed rugae (2.80 ± SD 1.196; 1.62 ±SD 0.885) as compared to edentulous group where perpendicular directed (2.50 ±SD 1.39) were more frequent. Significant difference was seen in convergent pattern of rugae of both groups (dentate .90 ±SD 1.02, edentulous 1.00 ±SD.001). Significant statistical difference was found in both groups with respect to number, direction, shape unification and lengths; p < 0.05. Conclusion: The aging process and tooth loss altered the topographical characteristics of palatal rugae and resulted in less number and complexity of characteristics in edentulous subjects as compared to dentate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Hedgehog pathway is a fundamental signaling pathway in organogenesis. The expression patterns of the ligand Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and key pathway components have been studied in many tissues but direct spatial comparisons across tissues with different cell compositions and structural organization are not common and could reveal tissue-specific differences in pathway dynamics. Results: We directly compared the expression characteristics of Shh, and four genes with functional roles in signaling and whose expression levels serve as readouts of pathway activity in multiple tissues of the embryonic mouse head at embryonic day 15.5 by serial in situ hybridization. The four readout genes were the positive feedback regulator Gli1, and three negative feedback regulators, Patched1, Patched2, and Hedgehog Interacting Protein. While the relative abundance of Gli1 was similar across tissues, the relative expression levels and spatial distribution of Shh and the negative feedback regulators differed, suggesting that feedback regulation of hedgehog signaling is context dependent. This comparative analysis offers insight into how consistent pathway activity could be achieved in tissues with different morphologies and characteristics of ligand expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the anteroposterior and vertical changes of the median rugae area, which is commonly used as dental model superimposition reference, relevant to its underlying skeletal structures.Settings and Sample Population: Retrospectively collected pre- and post-treatment cephalometric radiographs and 3D digital dental models of 24 orthodontic patients (age at treatment start: 12.26 ± 0.83 years; assessment period: 2.13 ± 0.68 years) were analysed. All had mild to moderate malocclusions that were treated non-extraction with full fixed appliances.Material and Methods: The incisive papilla and rugae points were placed on the dental models that were then registered to the cephalometric radiographs. Afterwards, the radiographs were superimposed on Sella, ANS-PNS, and through a maxillary structural method. The vertical and horizontal movements of the papilla and the rugae points, as well as of a central incisor, were measured (Viewbox 4 software).Results: The incisive papilla and the three rugae points remained stable anteroposteriorly, but moved downwards in the vertical dimension (approximately 1-2 mm), in a similar manner (P > .05). However, the anteroposterior position of the papilla and the first rugae points were affected by changes in anterior tooth position and inclination (P < .05).Conclusion: Both the second and third rugae can be used as superimposition references for tooth movement assessment. The use of the papilla and the first rugae area is not recommended, because they are affected by tooth movement. The outcomes of a palatal superimposition are comparable to those of a maxillary skeletal superimposition in the anteroposterior, but not in the vertical dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the individuality of palatal rugae patten and correlate them in males and females in different age groups by using Trobo's classification. Study Design: Cross Sectional. Setting: Department of Prosthodontics, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences. Period: September 2019 to January 2020. Material & Methods: This study comprised of ninety-four participants with equal number of males and females from 10 years to 70 years, visiting the Prosthodontic department. Study casts included were free of dental abnormality, trauma, malocclusion, orthodontic problems, and deformity in palatal rugae area. Sample size was calculated from software name openepi.com with 95% confidence interval. Data was tabulated and SPSS version 22.0 was used to identify the results. Results: Frequency distribution was performed among age groups in which second group (20 to 39 years) has highest frequency with 52 in number. The cross tab between age group and type of rugae was made which showed group II, having age between 20 to 39 years, had the highest number of palatal rugae configurations amongst all. Conclusion: Sinuous or type E was the predominant type of palatal rugae found in this study. The study did not show significant difference in gender, however number of rugae were found consistently more in young adults with propensity towards individuality. Their use can thus be justified for dental identification in forensic odontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of the cross sectional study was to investigate the distal extension of the rugae area in a Jordanian (Middle Eastern) population, as an anatomical limitation influencing the surgical decision of harvesting a palatal soft tissue graft. Factors that may influence or predict the extension were also assessed. Methods: Sixty periodontally healthy participants (29 males and 31 females) were included. Maxillary alginate impressions were made and casts were poured. The measurements were highlighted from the origin of the rugae (near mid palatine raphe) to the terminal end with a sharp graphite pencil on the cast and a magnification lens was used for identification. The most posterior extension of the rugae were marked on the casts and determined by a standardized periodontal probe. The normal approximation test for binomial distribution was used to determine the proportion of the subjects with rugael extensions beyond the mesial end of the upper second premolar and fisher's exact test for the purpose of analysis of the association of this extension with other factors. Results: In almost half (41.7%) of the sample, the rugae extended distal to the upper second premolar, 23.3% extended to the mid-palatal of the upper second premolar, and 11.7% extended to the mesial of the upper second premolar. The implication is that 90.0% of the rugae reached the upper second premolar and 78.3% extended beyond its mesial aspect. The normal approximation test performed with 95% CI with the "rugael extension proximal to the mesial end of the upper 2nd premolar" considered to be the "success" category revealed that the proportion of the subjects with rugael extensions proximal to the mesial end of the upper second premolar was significantly lower than the proportion beyond the mesial end of the upper second premolar (95% CI of 11.2–32.0%, p =.00001). There was no significant difference between gender, smoking status, gingival phenotype and palatal shape with the posterior extension of palatal rugae. Conclusions: Palatal rugae in a sample of a Jordanian population extends beyond the mesial aspect of the upper second premolar which may cause a substantial limitation for graft harvesting from the palate. The hard palate of Jordanian patients may not be a reliable source of soft tissue grafts required for aesthetic mucogingival surgery. No significant association existed between the most posterior extent of palatal rugae and gender, gingival phenotype or palatal shape. Other possible sources should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Palatal rugae or plicae palatine are uneven ridges made of connective tissue situated beneath the incisive papilla. DNA analysis, finger prints analysis, are the most common techniques used for establishing person’s identity but in situation where using these techniques are difficult palatal rugae can be used as a second source of identification. However, some habits like prolonged thumb sucking and orthodontic treatment for long duration could affect the rugae pattern. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the changes in transverse dimensions of palatal rugae in subjects treated with rapid maxillary expansion Material and Methods: The palatal rugae patterns were measured and compared to evaluate the morphometric changes between pre-treatment cast (30 Pre-RME) and its post-treatment (30 Post-RME) counterpart. All pre-and post-expansion dental casts were traced and the intermedial and interlateral dimensions of first, second and third rugae were measured. The statistical analysis was done using paired t test. Conclusion: The medial aspect of first primary rugae can be considered as a stable reference landmark while the lateral and medial aspects of the 2nd and 3rd rugae are liable to changes in transverse dimension. Hence, for forensic identification the stability of palatal rugae in patients who had undergone rapid maxillary expansion still remains questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The study of palatal rugae forms an important basis of human identification, especially due to mass disasters where routinely used techniques may not be helpful. Aims: This study aimed at evaluating the palatal rugae and incisive papilla on the basis of shape. Settings and Design: The study was conducted in 280 individuals (males and females) among dental students of Dayananda Sagar College of Dental Sciences. Materials and Methods: The study included 280 students from Dayananda Sagar College and out-patients from the orthodontics department. Pictures of rugae and the incisive papilla were taken from individuals aged 10–36 using a camera, mirror, and lighting. Two investigators analysed the shape of the rugae and incisive papilla using classification systems by Thomas and Kotze, and Ortman and Tsao, respectively. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were statistically analysed using SPSS 20.0 software, and a significance level of P ≤ 0.05 was used. Results: The results suggested that rugae showing a wavy shape were the most common pattern in both the genders. Significant differences were observed in the curved rugae type between males and females. In incisive papillae evaluation, the pear shape was the most common, with the triangular shape being the least common. Conclusions: It can be concluded that evaluation of palatal rugae along with the incisive papilla can be an important tool for identification of an individual and for evaluating various ethnic populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Palatal rugae are asymmetric and irregular ridges on the anterior palatal region, which have proven to be useful in the field of forensic dentistry. This study aims to use morphological analysis of palatal rugae patterns to assess sex in a South Indian adult population. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate a total of 300 maxillary dental casts (150 males and 150 females). The rugae patterns were marked by one observer and classified as per Thomas and Kotze criteria by another observer. The rugae patterns were classified based on the total number of rugae, shape, predominant direction of rugae, and unification of rugae. Results: The palatal rugae in female participants showed a higher incidence of circular rugae and backward directed rugae, while male participants showed more forward-directed rugae. The logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of with circular (OR=1.48; 95% CI= 1.02– 2.13), forward (OR=0.87; 95% CI= 0.78– 0.97) and backward (OR=1.23; 95% CI= 1.08– 1.41) palatal rugae with sex. Conclusion: Certain palatal rugae patterns can be used for the assessment of sex with limited accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: DNA base identification is a proper and high specificity method. However, identification could be challenged in a situation where there is no database or the DNA sequence is almost identical, as in the case of monozygotic (MZ) twins. The aim of this study was to introduce a novel forensic method for distinguishing between almost identical MZ twins by means of an intraoral scanner using the 3D digital pattern of the human palate. Methods: The palatal area of 64 MZ twins and 33 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twins (DZSS) and seven opposite-sex dizygotic twins (DZOS) were scanned three times with an intraoral scanner. From the scanned data, an STL file was created and exported into the GOM Inspect® inspection software. All scans within a twin pair were superimposed on each other. The average deviation between scans of the same subject (intra-subject deviation, ISD) and between scans of the two siblings within a twin pair (intra-twin deviation, ITD) was measured. One-sided tolerance interval covering 99% of the population with 99% confidence was calculated for the ISD (upper limit) and the ITD (lower limit). Results: The mean ISD of the palatal scan was 35.3 μm ± 0.78 μm. The calculated upper tolerance limit was 95 μm. The mean ITD of MZ twins (406 μm ± 15 μm) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than the ISD, and it was significantly lower than the ITD of DZSS twins (594 μm ± 53 μm, p < 0.01) and the ITD of DZOS twins (853 μm ± 202 μm, p < 0.05). Conclusion: The reproducibility of palatal intraoral scans proved to be excellent. The morphology of the palate shows differences between members of MZ twins despite their almost identical DNA, indicating that this method could be useful in forensic odontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study of palatal rugae is shown to be scientifically valid to human identification due to the unique number and style of the palatal ridges. Dentures provide an array of data and specifics that allow for the individualization of their wearers. This article describes the identification of edentulous, skeletonized remains through the analysis of the palatal rugae printed on the complete upper denture and subsequent comparison with the palatal rugae of an old complete denture of an unknown missing person. The analyses focus on the form, classification, location, and size of the palatal rugae which, in conjunction with the information obtained from the anthropological examination, resulted in a positive identification of the cadaver. This method has a significant impact on the identification process, particularly when other identification methodologies and techniques cannot be implemented. This case report highlights the importance of palatal rugae in human identification in cases of edentulous cadavers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To analyze the morphological parameters of palatal rugae in a population of Maharashtrian ancestry. Material and methods: This study was conducted on 1000 subjects of Maharashtrian ancestry with at least 3 generations on the mother's and father's side. Their palatal impressions were obtained with alginate and the casts were analyzed for length, shape and direction of palatal rugae. Results: Our results showed that the most predominant rugae were primary followed by secondary and fragmentary with significant differences between them. The most prevalent rugae shapes found were straight followed by wavy followed by curved with significant differences between them. According to direction, forward rugae were significantly higher than perpendicular rugae and backward rugae. Conclusion: The rugae are considered to have population specific configurations. This baseline data of patterns of palatal rugae in a sample of Maharashtrian ancestry may serve 'as an accessory tool' for population identification in Forensic Dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental caries being the commonest infection of tooth can be related to hereditary and environmental factors as well. Rugoscopy and Dactyloscopy can be choosen as a genetic marker for diagnosis of many diseases related to genetic disorder. Hence determining the pattern of dermal ridge and palatal rugae also plays a role in predilection of the dental caries in children. Aim: To determine the pattern of the dermal ridge and palatal rugae in caries–free and caries–active children and correlating it to predict the dental caries . Methodology: 20 children (5-12years old) with dental caries were scored based on DEF index. Rugoscopy and Dactyloscopy was performed using Thomaz and Kotze method and Galton’s method respectively. The datas were statistically analyzed for predilection of dental caries in these subjects. Results: The results indicates that there is a definite correlation between the dermal ridge patterns, palatal rugae patterns and dental caries in children. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics and Rugoscopy can be used as a screening method to provide adequate preventive treatment to children showing a higher caries risk as detected by the hand ridge patterns and palatal rugae pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: In cases of mass mortality, forensic identification is certainly needed. One of forensic identification methods that can be used in such cases is forensic odontology, which is helpful in human identification based on dental records and evaluation of dental findings. The INTERPOL has categorized disaster victim identification (DVI) into primary and secondary methods. The primary identification methods include fingerprint, DNA, and dental analyses. The secondary identification methods involve palatal rugae analysis, lip prints, and objects found with victims at a scene. Palatal rugae is known for its resistance to environmental change, stability, and individuality. Palatal rugae can be investigated for up to 7 days after death, and it can also be identified even when a victim's body is in a bad condition, such as burned out. Moreover, palatal rugae analysis can be applied as one of the secondary identification methods to identify the gender of individuals. OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to determine the differences in palatal rugae shape between males and females in an Indonesian subpopulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted by observing 100 maxillary jaws of 50 men and 50 women from Indonesia, aged 19-60 years based on Basauri classification. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the palatal rugae shape between males and females on either the left or right side, but the shape of palatal rugae was different between males and females in terms of distribution. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that although palatal rugae in every individual is different, they still cannot disclose the differences between males and females in the Indonesian subpopulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Forensic sciences, a well-established branch in the field of medicine and dentistry always aids in uncovering individual personality by different strategies. Each person has unique set of fingerprints and palatal rugae patterns which is characteristic and may be used to identify them. Periodontal disease initiation and propagation is through an imbalance of the commensal oral micro biota but can also occur due to environmental factors as well as due to genetic susceptibility of the individual. Aim: To determine the uniqueness of fingerprint pattern and palatal rugae pattern in Greater Noida population and to assess the relationship between finger prints, rugae pattern and periodontal diseases among males and females. Materials & Methods: 120 patients with age group between 20-50 years were equally divided into 4 groups of 30 patients each. Groups were characterised based on diagnosis of Group 1: periodontally health group, Group 2: gingivitis, Group 3: chronic periodontitis, Group 4: aggressive periodontitis. The fingerprint patterns of the participants were recorded with a rolling impression technique using duplicating ink on A4 sheet paper. Maxillary impressions cast in dental stone were made. Results: Among the fingerprint pattern arch pattern was found to be more common among Group 1, radial pattern among group 2, whorl pattern among group 4 and ulnar pattern among group 4. The most prevalent rugae shape among group 1 was point, in group 2 was sinuous and among group 3 was sinuous and among group 4 was angle. Mean rugae pattern was more prevalent in group 1 as compared to other groups. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics and rugae pattern may act as prognostic and diagnostic tools for early prevention & intervention of periodontal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The palatal rugae contribute to oral swallowing, taste perception, and speech. From a forensic point of view, the distinctive morphology of these structures can be used to support human identification. However, the morphology of the rugae may be altered by trauma or therapeutic interventions in the palate.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the morphology of the palatal rugae before and after orthodontic treatment performed with and without maxillary expansion and dental extractions.Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 60 dental casts taken before (n = 30) and after (n = 30) orthodontic treatment from patients aged >18 years. The patients were treated with rapid maxillary expansion by using Haas appliance (n = 10), by extracting the maxillary first premolars (n = 10) and by using only conventional fixed orthodontic appliances (n = 10). All the dental casts were analyzed twice by two independent examiners that were blind for the type of treatment.Results: All the differences between groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05). More alterations in the morphology of the palatal rugae were observed in patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion, whereas few alterations were performed in patients treated with no maxillary expansion or dental extractions.Conclusion: The use of palatal rugae for forensic purposes must be avoided in patients that underwent invasive orthodontic treatments, such as those founded on maxillary expansion and dental extractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Common forensic identification methods are dental evidence, fingerprint, and DNA. Although DNA is the most accurate method of them all, it remains unpopular due to its high cost and inaccessibility in natural disasters causing many casualties. Consequently, an alternative method is needed. Palatal rugae is a unique, stable, and resistant morphological landmark that has the potential to be an alternative method of forensic identification. Objective: To examine the similarity of palatal rugae in the Minangkabau ethnic family relationship. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study of 27 families consisting of father, mother, son, and daughter. The sample was taken randomly. Palatal rugae was extracted from alginate printing and yielded a study model for analysis. Fingerprints were printed onto white papers after they were all dyed blue. IBM SPSS 17 was used for statistical analysis with multiple regression tests. Results: The results showed similarity of palatal rugae based on family relationship. Circular rugae of the son had similarities with that of the father (p<0.05), while that of the daughter was derived from the mother. Wavy rugae was derived from both parents (p<0.05). The right index fingers of both the son and the daughter were similar with that of their mother, whereas their left middle fingers were derived from their father (p<0.05). Conclusion: The similarities of palatal rugae and fingerprints are influenced by genetic factors. Palatal rugae and fingerprints are useful identification methods in forensic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the morphology of the palate, palatal rugae pattern, and dental arch form in patients with schizophrenia.Methods and Results: An observational case-control study was designed following the STROBE statement and checklist. The sample consisted of 132 patients (39 diagnosed with schizophrenia and 93 controls). Dental casts of the patients were classified based on the pattern of their palatal rugae, their dental arch form, and the area of their palate. The palatal rugae in patients with schizophrenia had a more random distribution and shape compared to the control group (P = .027). Oval dental arches were the most prevalent in both groups (P = .473). The palate area was slightly larger in the control group (3.2318 ± 0.549 mm2 ) compared with the group of patients with schizophrenia (3.060 ± 0.470 mm2 ) (P = .090).Conclusion: Palatal rugae pattern may feature as a potential minor physical anomaly for schizophrenia. Additional studies with alternative sampling and classification systems are necessary to understand this finding and its applications in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study was done with aim to determine the morphometric changes in dimensions that occur in palatal rugae pattern during extraction and non-extraction orthodontic treatment as palatal rugae are considered unique and stable landmark in the oral cavity. This study also help in proving reliability of palatal rugae in forensic to identify human whos fingerprints are unavailable and antemortem palatal rugae records are present, as palatal rugae pattern is considered highly individual-specific. After orthodontic treatment, palatal rugae are morphologically diverse, but these changes do not greatly influence the individual identification in the field of forensic dentistry. Hence carefully assessed rugaue pattern may have definite role in forensic identification. Palatal rugae hold potential as a supplementary tool, along with dentition, to establish the identity of an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze and identify differences in the palatal rugae patterns and genderwise distributions in three different populations (Kerala, Mahe and Puducherry). Materials and Methods: Ninety maxillary study models (30 from each group including males and females) were examined in the age group ranging from 18 to 25 years. The palatal rugae pattern was analyzed for shape. Results: After analyzing the rugae patterns among the groups, the most common pattern was the wavy pattern (53.57%) followed by curved (18.22%) and straight (13.66%). The least was circular (1.3%). When compared between sex, the most common pattern was found to be wavy (male – 54.3% and female – 53.09%), while the curved pattern was more common among the females (21.09%) than males (13.97%). The straight pattern was more common among the males (18.8%) than females (10.18%). The least common pattern was found to be the circular in both sexes which accounted for around 1%. Conclusion: This study shows no two palates are identical in terms of their rugae pattern. Palatal rugae possess unique characteristics as they are absolutely individualistic. Study also confirms that the "wavy" type of palatal rugae pattern was the most predominant among these three populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine if there is any similarity in palatal rugae patterns of offsprings and their parents. Objective: To investigate the potential role of palatal rugae in personal identification and paternity testing. Materials and Method: This study consisted of 50 pairs of participants which include the parents and their son or daughter. Occlusal photographs were taken using intraoral mirror. The palatal rugae pattern were traced in the photographs and classified according to Thomas and Kotze classification (1983). The data was subjected to contingency coefficient score determination and spearmans correlation and the similarity was statistically analysed. Results: The average number of palate rugae on the basis of length, shape and the prevalence on both left and right side were found to be similar in both parents and offsprings. The chi square test showed that there was a significant relationship between the palate rugae patterns of offsprings and parent. Further analysis by Pearsons correlation test and spearmans rho correlation coefficient test confirmed the same. Conclusion: The results of the study show that the palatal rugae pattern is a structure inherited and hence can be used as a tool in paternity testing and in personal identification. The palate rugae pattern hence can become one of the easiest, most efficient tool in forensic dentistry in the presence of an antemortem record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Palatal rugae have been considered equivalent to fingerprints, as they are unique to each individual. It has been shown that palatal rugae are associated with specific racial groups and are known to aid sex identification. Due to the lack of any published data on palatal rugae morphology on Iranian children, the present study was performed. Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate differences in the morphology of individual palatal in a sample of Iranian children. Additionally, it is intended to develop discriminant function to identify sex, based on rugae morphology. Materials and Method: A total of 120 pre-orthodontic casts were evaluated for different rugae patterns using the Thomas and Kotze classification. The casts were equally distributed between sexes with an age range of 6-12 years. Rugae length, shape, and associated morphology were recorded and the independent t-test and Chi-square test were used to compare the mean and relationship between the attributes. The discriminant function analysis was applied to the data in order to determine the applicability of palatal rugae patterns as an aid for sex identification. Results: While the total rugae count showed an insignificant difference between the males and females, the rugae count on the right side of the palates showed a significant difference (p= 0.046). The primary rugae were most common in both sexes, followed by the secondary and fragmentary rugae. The most prevalent rugae shape between both sexes was the wavy rugae followed by the curve and straight shapes in males and the straight and curve shapes in females. A significant difference was observed in the number of the curve rugae between the sexes. Discriminant function analysis allowed sex differentiation with an accuracy of 60.8%. Conclusion: Palatal rugae shapes are unique to each individual and could be used as a potential tool for sex identification. Further research on a larger sample is required to fully confirm the application of this method (e.g. in forensic medicine) as a complementary technique for sex identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to the distinctive anatomy of the human dentition, the teeth and palatal rugae of the oral cavity have a vital role in forensic dentistry. In certain situations, when teeth are missing due to trauma, palatal rugae have been used to help in recognition and matching of the individual. The palatine rugae pattern is unique for each human being and so can be used in identification. Age, sex, and even ethnic identity can be determined using rugoscopy. Aim: To discover whether there are any specific rugal patterns pertaining to any age group, gender, and ethnicity, and whether these can be used to assess these parameters during forensic examination. Materials and methods: Totally, 100 males and 100 females of Kerala origin and 12 non-Keralite males and females each were assessed in this study. Data from the right side and left side were collected separately. Results: The results presented here provide data on the direction, shape, length, unification, and number of rugae. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was used to analyze the results statistically. Conclusion: On analysis, significant differences existed in the shape, length, number, and direction among the populations. However, unification of rugae was not found to be significant statistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palatal rugae are known in literature as individualizing anatomical structures with a strong potential for personal identification. However, a 3D assessment of their uniqueness has not yet been performed. The present study aims at verifying the uniqueness of 3D models of the palate. Twenty-six subjects were recruited among the orthodontic patients of a private dental office; from every patient, at least two dental casts were taken in different time periods, for a total of 62 casts. Dental casts were digitized by a 3D laser scanner (iSeries, Dental Wings©, Montreal, Canada). The palatal area was identified, and a series of 250 superimpositions was then performed automatically through VAM©software in order to reach the minimum point-to point distance between two models. In 36 matches the models belonged to the same individual, whereas in 214 mismatches they came from different subjects. The RMS (root mean square) of point-to-point distances was then calculated by 3D software. Possible statistically significant differences were assessed through Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). Results showed a statistically significant difference in RMS mean point-to-point distance between matches (mean 0.26 mm; SD 0.12) and mismatches (mean 1.30; SD 0.44) (p < 0.0001).All matches reached an RMS value below 0.50 mm. This study first provided an assessment of uniqueness of palatal rugae, based on their anatomical 3D conformations, with consequent applications to personal identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine differences between open bite and normal vertical overbite regarding distribution, size and clinical appearance of palatal rugae, depth and length of the palate, intercanine and intermolar widths and arch perimeter. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 264 superior models were studied with a 3D analysis system. A total of 132 individuals with AOB and 132 individuals with normal vertical overbite were evaluated, chosen from public schools with ages between 8 and 16 years. Palatal anthropometric features were evaluated. Qualitative analysis of palatal rugae was performed, exploring the shape, direction, unification and sensitivity of the palate. The Mann Whitney and Chi Square tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: The average age was 11.37 +/- 2.27 years for normal overbite and 11.87 for anterior open bite, with 54.9% of women. No significant differences were found between subjects with AOB and subjects with normal vertical overbite regarding intermolar or intercanine width. The maxillary length and depth and the height and width of palatal rugae were lower in the AOB group. The most common rugae shapes were curved and wavy, predominating in the horizontal direction with a parallel distribution. Conclusion: Qualitative evaluation demonstrated asymmetry in the shape, direction and unification of rugae in both groups. Most arch measurements were greater in individuals with AOB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper discusses palatal rugae patterns and their contribution in the identification of individuals and the determination of family lineage in West Sumatera, Indonesia. Identifying an individual is a prerequisite for the issuance of death certificate as well as for personal, social and legal reasons. The most common techniques used in this context are dental records, fingerprint and DNA comparisons. However, under certain circumstances, these cannot always be used. But interestingly, palatal rugae patterns are preservable because they are impervious to disasters and hostile conditions and can be used as alternative human identification techniques. This paper argues that the study of palatal rugae (rugoscopy) cannot only help to reveal a person's identity but also to determine their family lineage. Objective: The present study was carried out to ascertain whether there is any hereditary patterns in the palatal rugae patterns of the mother, father, and the offpring in one family. Method: This is a cross sectional study of 48 samples consisting of 12 families in Luhak Nan Tigo. The parents and offspring (son or daughter) of each family were randomly selected. Palatal rugae impression was recorded using alginate while palatal rugae patterns were noted and recorded. One Way ANOVA test (SPSS 17) was used as statistical anaysis method. Result : The study shows that there is a significant similarity in curved, wavy, and straight rugae patterns (p> 0.05) as well as in primary, secondary, and fragmented rugae based on the family tie between the father, mother, sons and daughters of the Minangkabau ethnic. Unilateral and circular rugae tests are insignificant (p <0.05). Conclussion : This is a cross sectional study whose results are only based on 48 samples consisting of 12 families, therefore further studies are needed with a larger sample quantity. The results of this study indicate the role of factors in the patterns of palatal rugae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of the palatal rugae in forensic odontology is based on their unique and individual characteristics. Few studies have assessed the palatal rugae in Mediterranean populations and none in the Lebanese population. Objective: Assess the shape and other morphological features of the palatal rugae in a Lebanese adult population and compare them with reported similar features in other populations. Materials and methods: Rugae characteristics were assessed on the maxillary dental casts of 217 non-growing subjects (95 males, 122 females, age 25.5 ± 7.6 years) according to guidelines established by Thomas and Kotze (1983) and Lysell (1955). The overall number of rugae and numbers of primary rugae (>5mm in length), secondary rugae (3-5mm) and fragmentary rugae (2-3mm) on either side were recorded. Rugae were classified according to shape, direction and presence of unification. Z-tests were used to compare the proportions between right and left sides and between genders. The mean numbers of rugae in each category were compared with independent samples t-tests between males and females; paired samples t-tests were employed to compare mean numbers of rugae in each category between right and left sides. The data were compared with published reports on other Mediterranean cohorts. Results: The average number of rugae was 7.7 per individual, 3.81 on the right and 3.89 on the left. Curved, wavy and straight rugae patterns were equally common (one third each). The spatial direction of most rugae (49.3%) was backward. Circular, non-specific and convergent rugae were rare (<2% each). Rugae numbers (total, primary, secondary, fragmentary) were symmetrical but shape, direction and the occurrence of convergence were asymmetrical (p < 0.05). None of the examined characteristics showed gender dimorphism. Tabulated comparisons disclosed the equality of rugae patterns as major differences with findings from other Mediterranean studies. Conclusions: The palatal rugae in the Lebanese population display shape distinct from other reported Mediterranean and non-Caucasian populations. Studies in large samples and primary comparisons with other Mediterranean populations are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The associations between the length and morphological shape-related characteristics of palatal rugae have not been fully explored. Objective: We aimed to assess the possible association among various geometric configurations of the palatal rugae in an adult population. Materials and methods: The maxillary dental casts of 217 non-growing subjects (95 males, 122 females, mean age 25.5±7.6 years) were scanned (laser scanning system Perceptron ScanWorks® V5) and digitized for linear measurements. The casts were also surveyed for visual categorization into curved, wavy, straight and other topographical forms, along with spatial direction of the rugae and the presence of unification. The rugae were categorized as primary, secondary and fragmentary based on their lengths (>5mm, 2-3mm, <2mm, respectively). Chi square and one-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests were used to compare the palatal rugae groupings. Results: Primary and backward-directed rugae prevailed in the total sample (84.7% and 49.3%, respectively). Wavy form was dominant among primary lengths, while straight form was associated with the shorter secondary and fragmentary groups (p=0.0042). Absence of unification was the norm (88.8%). Conclusions: Associations of length and shape characteristics among palatal rugae combine wavy patterns with increased length and straight forms with shorter folds. These features contribute to the definition of ruga individuality in combination rather than separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While abundant research has been conducted on palatal rugae (PR), the literature pertaining to the sex dimorphism of the palatal rugae and their use for sex prediction is inconclusive. Moreover, palatal rugae have been classified into categories based on length, shape, direction and unification but accurate rugal morphometric linear and angular measurements have not yet been reported. Objective: The aims of this study were to -1- assess the dimensions and bilateral symmetry of the first three palatal rugae in an adult population and -2- explore sex dimorphism and the ability to predict sex from palatal rugae measurements. Materials and methods: The maxillary dental casts of 252 non-growing subjects (119 males, 130 females, mean age 25.6 ± 7.7 years) were scanned using a laser system (Perceptron ScanWorks® V5). Angular and linear transverse and anteroposteior measures of the first three palatal rugae were recorded. Independent samples t-tests and paired samples t-tests were used to test for side related differences and sex dimorphism. Multiple logistic regression was employed to model sex using associated palatal rugae measures. Results: Palatal rugae exhibited lateral asymmetry in the majority of bilateral measures. Males presented with larger values for 9 out of 28 parameters. Four linear rugae measurements and one angular measurement together correctly classified 71.4% of the subjects in their true gender. Conclusions: Morphometric palatal rugae measurements demonstrated promising usefulness in sex prediction. Recording morphometric linear and angular measures is recommended as an adjunct to the commonly used classification based on the shapes of rugae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the incidence and prevalence of palatal rugae shapes in the male and female populations of Karnataka and Kerala. Materials and Methods: This study consisted of 100 plaster models of each group, which were equally distributed between both the genders, with an age range of 17-23 years. The rugae patterns were recorded by using Thomas and Kotze classification. Correlation between the rugae shape and population as well as the rugae shape and gender were analyzed using chi-square analysis and discriminant function analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 22 (IBM Corp). Results: Curved, straight, and wavy rugae patterns were the most common in both Kerala and Karnataka sample populations. Chi-square analysis showed significant differences between the populations for the curved pattern; discriminant function analysis showed significant differences between the populations for the curved and straight patterns. Significant gender differences were found in the curved pattern for Karnataka population and in unification patterns for both populations by Chi-square/Fischer exact test. Conclusions: The curved and straight rugae patterns were significantly more frequent in the Kerala population compared to the Karnataka population. Because of the limited sample size of this study, further cross-sectional studies are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Palatal rugae patterning has been suggested as useful complementary information for forensic purposes, when there are limitations in using the primary identifiers and when the individual patterning from e.g. a dental cast can be traced or the pattern can differentiate between alternative populations of origin. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the rugae patterns in a sample modern Indonesian population, to compare the patterns to previously reported observations, and to consider the requirements for possible forensic applications. Material and methods: Archival dental casts were randomly selected to include 47 male and 53 female Indonesian patients of the Dental Hospital of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Indonesia. The age and ethnic/geographic origin of the subjects were also recorded. The Trobo classification was applied to analyze the rugae shape patterns. Results: The results showed the line, sinuous, and curve types of rugae as predominant shapes, representing together about 83 % of the rugae of the study sample that for its size was considered reasonably representative of the Indonesian population. All recorded individual rugae patterns were unique, i.e. no similar patterns were found for any two individuals. The results are consistent with slow rugae loss at an average rate of one ruga in about 15 (±2) years after early adulthood. Conclusions: The palatal rugae patterns provide potentially useful supplementary information to establish the identity of an individual, but only when appropriate antemortem data are available. For this purpose, it is suggested that optical 3D oral/dental scanning is used to retain the data on the rugal and oropalatal patterns. Suitable pattern recognition methods may also reduce the potential effects of rugae modification in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pattern of palatal rugae is extremely unique to humans as are fingerprints. As genetics play a role in the determination of palatal rugae, hence these can be used in gender determination as well as population differentiation. The present study was undertaken to analyze the different rugae patterns in Ranchi and Patna population and to find whether palatoscopy is a valuable tool in person identification and gender determination. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 maxillary study models (100 males and 100 females) which consist of 100 casts from residents of Patna and 100 casts from residents of Ranchi within 15-30 years age group were analyzed. Rugae pattern were examined for the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rugae. Statistical analysis was carried out using Chi-square test and unpaired t-test. Result: Quantitatively, rugae were significantly (P < 0.05) more in females than males. No significant difference was established in rugae pattern between the two populations. In reference to shape, wavy pattern preponderated in females and curved pattern in males, followed by a straight, divergent, convergent, and circular pattern. Circular pattern was more in males than females. Conclusion: The present study concluded that rugae patterns are extremely unique and hence can be used as a supplementary method for human identification and gender determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study was conducted to compare the rugae patterns between two major ethnic groups in Nigeria to establish any peculiarities. This will serve as basis for population identification especially in mass disasters involving individuals of different races or ethnicities. Methods: One hundred consenting participants, 50 of south-western Yoruba ethnicity and 50 of south-eastern Igbo ethnicity were recruited; impressions of the upper jaws were taken and cast with dental stone. Two blinded investigators then delineated and recorded the rugae pattern of individual casts. The rugae patterns for the two groups were then analysed using the SPSS version 16. Results: The Yoruba's had more of wavy and straight patterns while there were more of curve and circular among the Ibo's, however, there was no significant differences between the two groups in the mean incidence of the various rugae shapes of wavy, circular, curve and straight (p = 0.843, p = 0.711, p = 0.309 and p = 0.292 respectively). There were more secondary rugae in the Igbo than the Yoruba group and the differences in the mean incidences were significant. Conclusion: The study observed several rugae similarities and no significant differences in the primary rugae shapes of the Igbos and Yoruba ethnicities, however, there were significant differences in the sum of secondary and unclassified rugae between the two groups; therefore, rugoscopy may be useful in ethnic differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background of the study: Human identification is a challenging aspect in forensic odontology. There are different methods for identification of an individual, such as finger prints, dental records and lip prints. The palatal rugae may also be considered an alternative method for identification as once formed in the embryo, their shape and consistency will be maintained throughout the life of an individual. Aims and Objectives: The present study is conducted to analyze the difference in shape and number of palatal rugae and compare the gender dissimilarities in the major rugae pattern prevalent in Costal Andhra and Telangana populations. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 persons in the age range of 17-25 years (Costal Andhra 50 and Telangana 50) were selected for the study and casts were prepared. Rugae were recorded based on the shape as wavy, curved, straight, circular, divergent and convergent. The results were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.01 statistical package. Results: Average number of rugae pattern in males was slightly more when compared with females. Curved rugae pattern were more in Costal Andhra and statistically significant (P ≥ 0.001). There was no significant association between the rugae shape and population group studied. Divergent and wavy rugae patterns were more in males compared to females in both groups. Conclusion: Rugae were more in number in Costal Andhra when compared to Telangana population. Wavy pattern were more in Telangana population when compared with Costal Andhra population. This is only preliminary study using geographically similar population and requires further studies on a larger sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the study is to evaluate the retracing capacity of pathologically migrated upper anterior teeth that present in patients with periodontitis after periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 patients with pathologically migrated upper anterior teeth have been chosen for the present study. The study is attempted to estimate the correction of pathologically migrated teeth using the orthokal study model at baseline, 6 weeks re-evaluation and 4 months post-surgically using the digital caliper. Periodontal flap surgery has been instituted for the correction of pathologically migrated teeth. Results: The outcome of the periodontal therapy of pathologically migrated upper anterior teeth of facial flaring (FF) is statistically significant with a score of 0.051 at the end of 6 weeks and 0.030 at the end of 4 months, and diastema sites were statistically significant with a score of 0.000 at the end of 6 weeks and 0.000 at the end of 4 months. Conclusion: The present study proved that pathologically migrated teeth spontaneously reposition themselves after the periodontal surgical intervention. Results were statistically significant in both FF and diastema sites at the end of 4 months but not very attractive as it requires more time for the teeth to retrace back. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to identify and compare the various morphological characteristics of rugae palatinae in males and females of adult Sudanese Nubians and to assess the existence of side asymmetry. Furthermore, the possibility of assigning sex utilising dimensions, shapes, and orientations was explored using logistic regression. Materials and methods: In all, 100 maxillary casts were equally distributed between the sexes. All subjects belonged to a similar age group, ranging from 18 to 23 years of age, and were examined for rugae palatinae dimensions, shapes, and orientations for the purpose of assessing sexual dimorphism and side symmetry. Results: The most dominant were the primary rugae, and the most prevalent shapes were the wavy, curved, and straight in both sexes. The dominant direction of rugae was the forward-directed. Furthermore, while there was no sexual dimorphism in rugae orientation, primary rugae and converging unified rugae exhibited significant differences between the sexes. Significant asymmetry was observed in females' primary and wavy shaped rugae, a diverging unified shaped was found in males, and forward- and backward-directed rugae were found in both sexes. Conclusions: This study provided reference data regarding the rugae palatinae morphology among Sudanese population. A predictive value of 60% was obtained when assigning sex using dimensions and orientations, and a predictive value of 65% was determined when using only shapes. Accordingly, using the rugae palatinae to accurately estimate sex among Sudanese Nubians is not recommended unless it is the only means available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Analysis of palatal rugae patterns, which are similar to fingerprints, is one of the techniques used in forensic sciences for human identification. As palatal rugae patterns are genetically determined, they can also be used in population differentiation and gender determination. Hence, we aimed to record the distribution of the predominant rugae pattern in Kerala population. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 maxillary study models (40 males and 60 females) recorded from Kerala population within the age group of 17-25 years were analyzed. The dental casts were examined for the interpretation of the total number, length, shape, location and unification of rugae. Chi-square test and unpaired t-test were employed for statistical analysis. Result: The total number of rugae was significantly (P < 0.001) greater in females than males. Regarding the shape, wavy pattern predominated in both males and females, followed by curve, straight, divergent, convergent and circular pattern. Circular pattern was more in males than females. The rugae patterns were located more in between mesial aspect of first premolar to mesial aspect of second premolar. Conclusion: The palatal rugae and their features of an individual may be considered as a reliable guide for identification purpose, provided antemortem casts are available. Nevertheless, gender differentiation is evident in terms of number and shape of rugae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The specialization of forensic odontology is fast emerging as a branch that helps in personal identification of both living as well as dead individuals and also in crime scene investigations. Establishing a person's identity can be a challenging task in cases of road accidents or acts of terrorism or mass disaster scenario. It is an established fact that palatal rugae are unique for each individual and can be reliably used in the forensic field for personal identification. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the post-treatment stability of palatal rugae pattern in individuals subjected to orthodontic treatment with and without extractions and palatal expansion. Materials and Methods: A total of 137 pre- and postorthodontically treated casts of patients were obtained from our institute, which were divided into 50 cases each of extraction and non-extraction, 37 cases of palatal expansion involving both extraction and non extraction. Palatal rugae patterns of all the cases were compared pre- and post-treatment. Results: Chi-square test was applied for comparison of changes with respect to shape of rugae patterns. Maximum changes were seen in palatal expansion and extraction group and minimum changes in non-extraction group both on right and left sides. All three groups were compared involving all three parameters by Chi square test. About 89.19% and 84% of the study group showed changes in palatal expansion and extraction cases respectively. Although, a 62% of study subjects showed changes in non-extraction group with a P = 0.00041. Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment has an impact on the stability of palatal rugae so investigator should be aware of this fact when analyzing for identification reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]