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The research on deepwater oil and gas exploration areas is relatively limited, and sample collection is difficult. A drilled coal sample from Yanan Depression was used to investigate the hydrocarbon generation process, and the potential, by a gold tube thermal simulation experiment. The results show that the total gas yield was much higher than the oil yield. According to an analysis of the gas pyrolysis data, as represented by ln(C1/C2) and ln(C2/C3), the gas generation process consisted of two forms, namely, primary gas with ~1.33% Ro and secondary gas that occurred at levels greater than 1.33% Ro. The primary gas from kerogen was generated at ~1.33% Ro, which coincided with the %Ro value of the maximum oil yield. The activation energy distribution of the C1–C5 generation processes ranged from 54 to 72 kcal/mol, with a frequency factor of 6.686 × 1014 s−1 for the coal sample. We constructed the history of gas generation on the basis of the process and kinetic parameters, combined with data on the sedimentary burial and thermal history. The extrapolation of the gas history revealed that the gas has been generated from 5 Ma to the present, with a maximum yield of 178.5 mg/gTOC. This history suggests that the coal has good primary gas generation potential and provides favorable gas source conditions for the formation of gas fields. This study provides a favorable basis for expanding the effective source rock areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Swine influenza viruses (SIVs) pose significant economic losses to the pig industry and are a burden on global public health systems. The increasing complexity of the distribution and evolution of different serotypes of influenza strains in swine herds escalates the potential for the emergence of novel pandemic viruses, so it is essential to develop new vaccines based on swine influenza. Methods: Here, we constructed a self-assembling ferritin nanoparticle vaccine based on the hemagglutinin (HA) extracellular domain of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus using insect baculovirus expression vector system (IBEVS), and after two immunizations, the immunogenicities and protective efficacies of the HA-Ferritin nanoparticle vaccine against the swine influenza virus H1N1 strain in mice and piglets were evaluated. Results: Our results demonstrated that HA-Ferritin nanoparticle vaccine induced more efficient immunity than traditional swine influenza vaccines. Vaccination with the HA-Ferritin nanoparticle vaccine elicited robust hemagglutinin inhibition titers and antigen-specific IgG antibodies and increased cytokine levels in serum. MF59 adjuvant can significantly promote the humoral immunity of HA-Ferritin nanoparticle vaccine. Furthermore, challenge tests showed that HA-Ferritin nanoparticle vaccine conferred full protection against lethal challenge with H1N1 virus and significantly decreased the severity of virus-associated lung lesions after challenge in both BALB/c mice and piglets. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that the hemagglutinin extracellular-based ferritin nanoparticle vaccine may be a promising vaccine candidate against SIVs infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), a novel swine enteropathogenic coronavirus, challenges the global swine industry. Currently, there are no approaches preventing swine from PDCoV infection. Methods: A new PDCoV strain named JS2211was isolated. Next, the dimer receptor binding domain of PDCoV spike protein (RBD-dimer) was expressed using the prokaryotic expression system, and a novel nanoparticle containing RBD-dimer and ferritin (SC-Fe) was constructed using the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system. Finally, the immunoprotection of RBD-Fe nanoparticles was evaluated in mice. Results: The novel PDCoV strain was located in the clade of the late Chinese isolate strains and close to the United States strains. The RBD-Fe nanoparticles were successfully established. Immune responses of the homologous primeboost regime showed that RBD-Fe nanoparticles efficiently elicited specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Notably, high level PDCoV RBD-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody (NA) could be detected, and the histopathological results showed that PDCoV infection was dramatically reduced in mice immunized with RBD-Fe nanoparticles. Conclusion: This study effectively developed a candidate nanoparticle with receptor binding domain of PDCoV spike protein that offers protection against PDCoV infection in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orbital angular moment modes (OAMs) have been proven to be promising resources for increasing communication capacity. To generate wideband and high purity OAM, we have proposed a transmitting metasurface with amplitude-phase dual control. The proposed unit cell is a novel split ring structure with upper and lower grating-like structures. By changing the direction angle and rotation angle of the split-ring unit, the cross-polarization phase response and amplitude response of the unit are controlled respectively. The amplitude distribution of the metasurface array is calculated using Chebyshev synthesis method (CSM). We designed metasurface arrays with mode numbers l = 1, 2, 3, and it generated high purity OAM beams in the frequency band of 22-32 GHz. Compared with traditional phase-control metasurface, amplitude-phase control surface can effectively improve the quality of OAM generation. The results have verified the accuracy of the proposed method, and the proposed method has potential applications in future communication system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep disturbance and neuropsychiatric symptoms are common clinical symptoms of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we investigated the relationship between sleep quality and neuropsychiatric performance in patients with CSVD. Methods: A total of 30 patients with CSVD and 35 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The 13-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Symptom Check List 90 (SCL90) were used to assess depression, anxiety, and other psychological symptoms, respectively. Sleep quality was assessed using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and cognitive function was tested using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Results: When compared to the HC group, the patients with CSVD showed increased anxiety and neuropsychiatric symptoms, worse sleep quality, and impaired cognition (p < 0.05). The prevalence of comorbid poor sleep quality in the patients with CSVD was approximately 46%. The patients with CSVD with poor sleep quality also had more severe neuropsychiatric symptoms. After controlling for demographic variables, sex and anxiety significantly predicted sleep quality. Conclusion: This study suggests that the prevalence of CSVD with poor sleep quality is high, and that sex and anxiety are independent risk factors for CSVD comorbid sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) lateral diffused MOSFET (LDMOS) incorporated with sidewall field plate (SEP) is presented and investigated using three-dimensional numeric simulation. A new additional electric field peak is formed, due to the compound field plate established along the n-drift region. The lateral surface electric field can be modulated, which enhances the breakdown voltage. Meanwhile, the doping concentration of n-drift region is increased, which decreases the specific on-resistance. Compared with the superjunction LDMOS, a 23.7% increase in the breakdown voltage and a 21.7% decrease in the specific on-resistance are obtained in the SFP-LDMOS device.en [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The replacement of rutile by Fe-Ti oxides is a common phenomenon during the retrogression of eclogites. Here, we report an unusual case regarding the replacement of Fe-Ti oxides by rutile during greenschist-facies metamorphic overprinting of veins in amphibolites (retrograded eclogites) from the Dabie ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terrane, eastern China. The veins mainly consist of plagioclase, Fe-Ti oxides, and quartz, which crystallized from a Ti-rich amphibolite-facies fluid that formed during exhumation of the eclogites. Two types of textures involving the replacement of Fe-Ti oxides by rutile are recognized in the veins: (1) the first type is characterized by the development of rutile coronas (Rt-C) and other silicates (high-Fe epidote, muscovite, and chlorite) around the external boundaries of the Fe-Ti oxide grains, and (2) the second type is characterized by the formation of symplectitic intergrowths of rutile (Rt-S) and magnetite after exsolved hemo-ilmenite (H-Ilm) lamellae in the Fe-Ti oxides. The micro-textures, mineral assemblages, and Zr-in-rutile thermometry indicate that both replacement reactions involved mineral re-equilibration processes in the presence of an infiltrating fluid phase at ~476-515 °C, taking place by an interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation mechanism. Thermodynamic modeling reveals that both replacement reactions occurred during oxidation processes under relatively high-oxygen fugacity (fO2) conditions, approximately 2.5-4.5 logfO2 units higher than the fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) reference buffer. In situ Sr isotopic analyses of epidote (Ep-C) coexisting with the Rt-C suggest that the infiltrating fluid involved in the greenschist-facies replace- ment reactions was externally derived from the surrounding granitic gneisses (the wall rocks of the amphibolites). Compared with the rutile in the UHP eclogites (Rt-E) and amphibolites (Rt-A), the Rt-C is characterized by distinctly lower contents of Nb (<10 ppm) and Ta (<2 ppm) and Nb/Ta ratios (<10) and higher contents of Cr (>340 ppm) and V (>1580 ppm). These results provide a geochemical fingerprint for distinguishing the low-pressure (LP) rutile from relic high-grade phases in retrograded HP-UHP rocks. Our results reveal that rutile can form during LP retrograde stage in UHP rocks by high-fO2 fluid-induced replacement reactions. The unusual replacements of Fe-Ti oxides by rutile-bearing assemblages during retrogression provide important constraints on fluid-mineral reactions and fO2 variations in exhumed UHP slabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Total joint arthroplasty is associated with significant blood loss and often requires blood transfusion. However, allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT) may lead to severe problems, such as immunoreaction and infection. Postoperative autotransfusion, an alternative to ABT, is controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the ability of postoperative autotransfusion to reduce the need for ABT following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA).Methods: Systematic literature searches for randomized controlled trials were performed using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library until February 2016. Relative risks (RRs) and weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using fixed-effect or random-effect models; we also evaluated publication bias and heterogeneity.Results: Seventeen trials with a total of 2314 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RRs of ABT rate between autotransfusion and the regular drainage/no drainage groups for TKA and THA were 0.446 (95% CI = 0.287, 0.693; p < 0.001) and 0.757 (95% CI = 0.599, 0.958; p = 0.020), respectively. In the subgroup analysis performed in TKA patients according to control interventions, the pooled RRs were 0.377 (95% CI = 0.224, 0.634; p < 0.001) (compared with regular drainage) and 0.804 (95% CI = 0.453, 1.426, p = 0.456) (compared with no drainage). In the subgroup analysis performed for THA, the pooled RRs were 0.536 (95% CI = 0.379, 0.757, p < 0.001) (compared with regular drainage) and 1.020 (95% CI = 0.740, 1.405, p = 0.904) (compared with no drainage).Conclusions: Compared to regular drainage, autotransfusion reduces the need for ABT following TKA and THA. This reduction is not present when comparing autotransfusion to no drainage. However, the reliability of the meta-analytic results concerning TKA was limited by significant heterogeneity in methods among the included studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study Megalobrama amblycephala adaption to water hypoxia, the changes in physiological levels, innate immune responses, redox balance of M.amblycephala during hypoxia were investigated in the present study. When M. amblycephala were exposed to different dissolved oxygen (DO) including control (DO: 5.5mg/L) and acute hypoxia (DO: 3.5 and 1.0mg/L, respectively), hemoglobin (Hb),methemoglobin (MetHb), glucose, Na+, succinatedehydrogenase (SDH), lactate, interferon alpha (IFNα), and lysozyme (LYZ), except hepatic glycogen and albumin gradually increased with the decrease of DO level. When M. amblycephala were exposed to different hypoxia time including 0.5 and 6 h (DO: 3.5mg/L), and then reoxygenation for 24 h after 6 h hypoxia, Hb, MetHb, glucose, lactate, and IFNα, except Na+, SDH, hepatic glycogen, albumin, and LYZ increased with the extension of hypoxia time, while the above investigated indexes (except albumin, IFNα, and LYZ) decreased after reoxygenation. On the other hand, the liver SOD, CAT, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and total ROS were all remained at lower levels under hypoxia stress. Finally, Hif-1α protein in the liver, spleen, and gill were increased with the decrease of oxygen concentration and prolongation of hypoxia time. Interestingly, one Hsp70 isoforms mediated by internal ribozyme entry site (IRES) named junior Hsp70 was only detected in liver, spleen and gill. Taken together, these results suggest that hypoxia affects M. amblycephala physiology and reduces liver oxidative stress. Hypoxia-reoxygenation stimulates M. amblycephala immune parameter expressions, while Hsp70 response to hypoxia is tissue-specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Methylphenidate (MPH) has been found to be an effective medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there are neither consistent nor sufficient findings on whether psychiatric comorbidities and associated cognitive functions of ADHD are related to treatment response to MPH in ADHD children. Objectives: This study investigated whether psychiatric comorbidities, IQ, and neurocognitive deficits are related to treatment response to MPH in ADHD children. In some ways, it is preferable to have a drug that the effectiveness of which to a disorder is not affected by its associated cognitive functions and psychiatric comorbidities. On the other hand, it is likely that the baseline symptom severity of ADHD is associated with the effectiveness of MPH treatment on the symptoms post treatment. Methods: A total of 149 Chinese boys (aged 6-12 years) with ADHD, combined type, and normal IQ participated in this study. Assessment of ADHD symptom severity was conducted pre and post MPH treatment, while assessment of psychiatric comorbidities, IQ, and neurocognitive deficits was performed in a non-medicated condition. Treatment response was defined as the ADHD symptom severity post MPH treatment. Results: Results indicated that MPH treatment was effective, significantly improving the ADHD condition. Yet, comorbid disorders, IQ, and neurocognitive deficits were not related to MPH treatment response on ADHD symptoms. These findings indicated that the effectiveness of MPH was not affected by psychiatric comorbidities and associated cognitive functions of ADHD. Instead, as expected, it was the baseline symptom severity that was mainly related to the treatment response, ie, the milder the baseline condition, the better the treatment response. Conclusion: The current findings positively endorse the widespread clinical use of MPH for treating ADHD. It improves the behavioral symptoms of ADHD regardless of varying psychiatric comorbidities, IQ, and neurocognitive deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetics of the non-enzymatic browning reaction from l-ascorbic acid/l-cysteine model systems was investigated at 125-155°C for 10-120 min by measuring the loss of reactants and monitoring the brown colour development. The result showed that the browning products were produced at the first order reaction kinetics requirement, with the Ea being 114.33 kJ/mol. The mechanism for the browning development was proposed. The correlation coefficient between browning products and uncoloured intermediate products increased with the rising temperature. At temperatures below 110°C, the non-enzymatic browning reaction did not occur at all or the reaction was slow. Browning products could not be produced solely by self-degradation of l-cysteine. The amount of browning products negatively correlated with the l-ascorbic acid concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating worldwide disease of poultry characterized by increased respiration, circulatory disturbances, hemorrhagic enteritis, and nervous signs. Sequence analysis shows several amino acid residue substitutions at neutralizing epitopes on the F and HN proteins of recent Shaanxi strains. Both Cross protection and cross serum neutralization tests revealed that the traditional vaccine strains were unable to provide full protection for the flocks. Methods: To better understand the epidemiology of Newcastle disease outbreak, a portion of the F gene and the full-length HN gene were amplified from Shaanxi isolates by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and then conducted sequence and phylogenetic analyzes. In pathogenicity analysis, both high intra-cerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and mean death time (MDT) tests of chicken embryo were carried out. Furthermore, a cross-protection experiment in which specific-pathogen-free chickens vaccinated with a LaSota vaccine strain were challenged by the recent Shaanxi strain was also performed. Results: Nine Newcastle disease (ND) virus (NDV) isolates which were recovered from ND outbreaks in chicken flocks in China were genotypically and pathotypically characterized. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that all the recent Shaanxi-isolated NDVs have 112R-R-Q-K-R-F117 for the C-terminus of the F2 protein and exhibit high ICPI and MDT of chicken embryos, suggesting that they were all classified as velogenic type of NDVs. Phylogenetic analysis of these isolates showed that they belong to subgenotype VIId that have been implicated in the recent outbreaks in northwestern China. The percentage of amino acid sequence identity of F protein between recent Shaanxi stains and five vaccine strains was in the range of 81.9 %-88.1 %, while the percentage of amino acid sequence identity of HN protein between recent Shaanxi strains and vaccine strains was in the range of 87.4 %-91.2 %. Furthermore, a number of amino acid residue substitutions at neutralizing epitopes on the F and HN proteins of these isolates were observed, which may lead to the change of antibody recognition and neutralization capacity. A cross-protection experiment indicated that specific-pathogen-free chickens vaccinated with a LaSota vaccine strain was not capable of providing full protection for the flocks that were challenged by the recent Shaanxi strain. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings reveal that recent Shannxi NDVstrains exhibit antigenic variations that could be responsible for recent outbreaks of NDVs in northwestern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Newcastle disease (ND) is a devastating worldwide disease of poultry characterized by increased respiration, circulatory disturbances, hemorrhagic enteritis, and nervous signs. Sequence analysis shows several amino acid residue substitutions at neutralizing epitopes on the F and HN proteins of recent Shaanxi strains. Both Cross protection and cross serum neutralization tests revealed that the traditional vaccine strains were unable to provide full protection for the flocks. Methods: To better understand the epidemiology of Newcastle disease outbreak, a portion of the F gene and the full-length HN gene were amplified from Shaanxi isolates by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and then conducted sequence and phylogenetic analyzes. In pathogenicity analysis, both high intra-cerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) and mean death time (MDT) tests of chicken embryo were carried out. Furthermore, a cross-protection experiment in which specific-pathogen-free chickens vaccinated with a LaSota vaccine strain were challenged by the recent Shaanxi strain was also performed. Results: Nine Newcastle disease (ND) virus (NDV) isolates which were recovered from ND outbreaks in chicken flocks in China were genotypically and pathotypically characterized. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that all the recent Shaanxi-isolated NDVs have 112R-R-Q-K-R-F117 for the C-terminus of the F2 protein and exhibit high ICPI and MDT of chicken embryos, suggesting that they were all classified as velogenic type of NDVs. Phylogenetic analysis of these isolates showed that they belong to subgenotype VIId that have been implicated in the recent outbreaks in northwestern China. The percentage of amino acid sequence identity of F protein between recent Shaanxi stains and five vaccine strains was in the range of 81.9 %–88.1 %, while the percentage of amino acid sequence identity of HN protein between recent Shaanxi strains and vaccine strains was in the range of 87.4 %–91.2 %. Furthermore, a number of amino acid residue substitutions at neutralizing epitopes on the F and HN proteins of these isolates were observed, which may lead to the change of antibody recognition and neutralization capacity. A cross-protection experiment indicated that specific-pathogen-free chickens vaccinated with a LaSota vaccine strain was not capable of providing full protection for the flocks that were challenged by the recent Shaanxi strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of mature peptide eukaryotic expression plasmid of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) in Guangxi Bama Mini-pig on mouse growth effect , in order to provide reference for researching the promoting growth effect of GHRH mature peptide on Guangxi Bama Mini-pig, and efficient preparation and safety use of GHRH gene vaccine. [Method] By using gene recombination technique, the GHRH mature peptide sequence of Guangxi Bama Mini-pig was linked into plasmid pEGFP-N1 to construct recombinant eukaryotic plasmid pEGFP-GHRH. The mouse pretreated with 25% sugar solution was treated with intramuscular injection with dose of 0.5 μg/g plasmid to record their weight. Mean while aiming at mice in injection group of recombinant plasmid, the DNA of their heart, hepar, kidney and muscle in injection site was extracted to detect residue of gene plasmid by using PCR technique. [Result] The results showed that, when recombinant plasmid pEGFP-GHRH was injected into mouse, the ex-GHRH mature peptide sequence was expressed in the muscle, while it was not integrated into mouse genome. Compared injection group of recombinant plasmid with injection group of empty plasmid, there was no significant difference in final weight of mice between the former and the latter (P>0.05). While during 10-25 days after injection, the weight of the former was significantly higher than that of the latter (P>0.05 ). As for relative daily gain rate, during 15 days after injection, the weight of the former was higher than that of the latter. [Conclusion] The recombinant plasmid pEGFP-GHRH of Guangxi Bama Mini-pig can promote growth of mouse for a certain time. Therefore, GHRH has small difference in different species and high conservation in animal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we established a mathematical model for national fitness in China. Based on a questionnaire and data of the General Administration of Sport of China and the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the dynamics for three classes of people are expressed by a system of three-dimensional ordinary equations. Model parameters are estimated fromthe data. This study indicated that national fitness put out by the Chinese government is reasonable. By finding the key parameter, the best measure to promote national fitness is put forward. In order to increase the number of people who frequently participate in sport exercise in a short period of time, if only one measure can be chosen, guiding people who never take part in physical exercise will be the bestmeasure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equity Default Swaps (EDSs) are credit-like instruments that were first introduced in 2003. EDSs are deep out of the money digital put options that pay out a fixed amount (recovery rate) upon the stock price hitting a pre-set low barrier. The premium is paid out as contingent quarterly payments similar to Credit Default Swaps (CDSs). EDSs initially soared in volume as investors used them in capital structure arbitrage strategies involving the simultaneous buying and selling of EDS contracts, as spreads on EDSs were several multiples of CDS spreads. However, the contracts diminished in volume as CDS contracts took over. With the recent financial turmoil in the credit derivatives market, some attention has turned from CDS and their associated structured correlation products such as Nth-to-default basket and synthetic Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs) as CDS markets tend to be opaque and difficult to price. In addition, default correlations are not directly observable and recoveries are stochastic, making pricing and modelling difficult. As against this, the underlying stock prices in EDS are directly observable and the correlation is also directly observable. The EDS may therefore return to the credit fold and may be a complement to the CDS market. In this paper, we examine the pricing of CDSs using the CEV process and calibrate the CEV process to actual observed market prices for EDS; we then draw conclusions on the CEV process, the relationship between stock prices and volatility, and the relationship between CDS and EDS prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties with executive function and impulse control which may improve with age.Aims: To map the brain correlates of executive function in ADHD and determine age-related changes in reaction times and brain volumes.Method: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and control groups were compared on the change task measures of response inhibition (stop signal reaction time, SSRT) and shifting (change response reaction time, CRRT). Voxel-wise magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlations of reaction times and grey matter volume were determined, along with bivariate correlations of reaction times, brain volumes and age.Results: Individuals in the ADHD group had longer SSRTs and CRRTs. Anterior cingulate, striatal and medial temporal volumes highly correlated with SSRT. Striatal and cerebellar volumes strongly correlated with CRRT. Older children had faster reaction times and larger regional brain volumes. In controls, orbitofrontal, medial temporal and cerebellar volumes correlated with CRRT but not SSRT. Neither reaction times nor regional brain volumes were strongly age-dependent.Conclusions: Our evidence supports delayed brain maturation in ADHD and implies that some features of ADHD improve with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide preliminary prevalence estimates of common DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—4th Edition) disorders in a sample of Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. 541 Chinese adolescents were recruited from Grades 7, 8 and 9 of 28 mainstream high schools in Hong Kong (mean age=13.8 years; SD=1.2). The adolescents and their parents were separately administered the Youth and Parent versions of DISC-IV (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Version 4), respectively. Based upon both symptom and impairment criteria, as required by DSM-IV, the overall prevalence estimate of DSM-IV disorders in our sample of Chinese adolescents was 16.4%. Estimates for such individual disorders/diagnostic groupings as anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), and substance use disorders were 6.9, 1.3, 3.9, 6.8, 1.7, and 1.1%, respectively. These rates were largely compatible with those reported in previous studies with perhaps lower rates of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), depressive disorders, CD, and substance use disorders, but a higher rate of ODD. The rate of ADHD was somewhat higher, but this might reflect the current DSM-IV diagnostic practice. The rate of anxiety disorders was not as high as predicted from some previous questionnaire surveys. The application of an impairment criterion had discernible impacts on prevalence estimates, greater on anxiety and substance use disorders, but smaller on depressive and disruptive behavior disorders. There was a lack of gender difference in rates of ODD and CD. While the findings reported here are broadly compatible with those of other studies, there may be cross-cultural differences in rates of some individual disorders, e.g., GAD, depressive disorders, ODD, CD, and substance use disorders, as well as in gender difference regarding rates of ODD and CD. However, exact comparison between studies is confounded by methodological differences in sample characteristics, measures, and case definition. Standardization of methodology in epidemiological surveys should allow more precise identification of any within- or between-culture variations in prevalence estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of pH, salinity, total ammonia-N and alkalinity on oxygen consumption rate (OCR) were studied in embryos and larvae of the Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) with closed volumetric flasks. The OCR of embryos increased with pH values rising from 5.5 to 7.0, but decreased with higher pH values rising from 7.0 to 9.0. The optimum pH as a single variable was determined to be between 6.5 and 7.5.OCR of embryos and larvae increased as the water salinity increased from 1.25to 20, but it became stable when salinity was higher than 40In water containing 1.07 mg/L to 34.15 mg/L of total ammonia-N both respiration frequency and OCR increased with the increase of concentration of total ammonia-N, but decreased when concentration was higher than 34.15 mg/L.OCR of larvae increased with alkalinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the test-retest reliability and screening efficiency of DISC Predictive Scales-4.32 (DPS-4.32), short-forms of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV, with Chinese children/youths. The results of the study revealed that both Parent and Youth DPS-4.32 exhibited good-to excellent test-retest reliability. The study concluded that DPS-4.32 is an efficient short-forms of DISC-IV and applicable to the Chinese population.