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This article addresses the economic effects of mental disabilities by analyzing contemporary data in the context of micro- and macroeconomic thought and relevant statistical literature. Within the parameters of these conceptual and statistical reference points, the authors seek to discern current trends in the direct, indirect, and opportunity costs posed by mental disabilities, not only to the individuals who suffer from them, but also to their families, to employers, and to society as a whole. The authors also discuss uncertainties that inhere in available data concerning both the prevalence of these conditions and the related costs of treatment, as well as the complexity of drawing correlations among variables with respect to these costs and the difficulty of identifying a meaningful measure of the economic consequences that attend mental disabilities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Urotensin-II (U-II) has recently been identified as an agonist for the G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR14. Detection of both U-II and GPR14 mRNA in the brain and spinal cord is consistent with a role for U-II in the CNS. However, the effects of central administration of U-II in rodents have not been reported previously. Objectives: To determine the localisation of GPR14 mRNA in rat tissues and to investigate the behavioural and endocrine effects of human U-II (hU-II) following intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration in rats. Methods: Experiments were carried out in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Expression of GPR14 mRNA in rat brain was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Effects of hU-II on general behaviours were assessed by an observer and the motor activity response was measured by an automated activity monitor. Plasma hormones and [DOPAC+HVA]/[DA] and [5-HIAA]/[5-HT] ratios in five brain areas were measured 20 min post-hU-II (ICV). Results: GPR14 mRNA expression was found in whole brain tissue and in all CNS regions tested. GPR14 mRNA expression was also detected in the periphery; highest levels were found in the heart. Following ICV administration, hU-II (3–10 µg ICV) increased rearing and grooming, and increased motor activity in a familiar environment. Further, hU-II increased plasma prolactin and TSH but did not affect levels of corticosterone. hU-II had no effects on dopamine or 5-HT levels or their metabolites in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum and nucleus accumbens. Conclusions: These data provide further insight into the distribution of GPR14 mRNA within the CNS and show for the first time that hU-II causes marked behavioural and endocrine effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Rationale: Orexin-A and orexin-B are hypothalamic neuropeptides derived from a 130-amino acid precursor, prepro-orexin, and are potent agonists at both the orexin-1 (OX[sub 1]) and orexin-2 (OX[sub 2]) receptors. Orexin-A has been ascribed a number of in vivo functions in the rat after intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration, including hyperphagia, neuroendocrine modulation and a role in the regulation of sleep-wake function. The in vivo role of orexin-B is not as clear. Objectives: To investigate the behavioural, endocrine and neurochemical effects of orexin-B in in-vivo tests. In a number of experiments, these effects were compared with those of orexin-A. Methods: Experiments were carried out in male, Sprague-Dawley rats with a guide cannula directed towards the lateral ventricle. The effects of orexin-B (ICV) upon grooming behaviour were compared with those of orexin-A. The effects of orexin-B upon the motor activity response to both novel and familiar environments were assessed in an automated activity monitor. Orexin-B was tested upon startle reactivity and body temperature. Further, plasma hormones and [DOPAC+ HVA]/[DA] and [5-HIAA]/[5-HT] ratios in six brain areas were measured 40 min post-orexin-B or orexin-A. Results: The clearest behavioural response to orexin-B was increased motor activity in both novel and familiar environments. Orexin-B-induced hyperactivity was blocked by an OX[sub 1] receptor antagonist, SB-334867-A, implicating OX[sub 1] receptors in this behavioural response. In common with orexin-A, orexin-B reduced plasma prolactin and failed to influence startle reactivity. However,... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on informed consent and the refusal of medical treatment in the correctional setting. Scope of a prisoner's constitutional right to medical care; Principal cases related to the refusal of prisoners to medications; Definition of the legitimate penological interest standard.

A psychometric comparison of the sex temperament of 50 alcoholics and 50 moderate drinkers reveals that the former group has a significantly lower degree of masculinity than the latter. The role of deficient masculinity and/or latent homosexuality in the etiology of alcoholism is discussed within the framework of role and self theory. The dynamics of addiction are seen to operate as a special case of the general theory which ascribes decisive significance in personality disturbance to the discrepancy between personal characteristics and role expectations. Among the alcoholics, mother preference, broken marriages, odd-numbered ordinal positions, and possibly broken homes are associated with low degrees of masculinity. Both alcoholics and moderate drinkers with a preponderance of male siblings seem to show lower degrees of masculinity than do those with the opposite sibling distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the status of the foreign stock in the Southeast. The Southeastern States were able to draw only a minuscule share of the great body of peoples of foreign origin whose numbers contributed to the rapid expansion of the nation's population from the Civil War on. The utter desolation of the Reconstruction South with its loss of manpower and disorganized economic, political, and social structure, generated restless, almost frenzied, efforts at readjustment. The movement to attract immigrants was one expression of this activity. It is thus impossible to determine from modern census data whether a case of mixed parentage means the marriage of a foreign-born person to a native-born person of the same nationality or of another, or to a native-born person of the second, third, or subsequent generation. The barriers which discouraged the entrance of large numbers of immigrants seem to have resulted in the selection of a smaller body of relatively more assimilable, better educated, and more highly skilled and employable foreign stock in the region than is to be found in the nation as a whole. It appears clear that the ratio of parentage is a function of the sex ratio, implying that an excess of foreign-born males leads to a higher rate of internativity marriage.

The effort to establish the theory of technicways has involved the postulation of several differences between these ways of adjustment to technology and the traditional Sumnerian folkways and mores. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate one of these postulates, namely, that folkways and technicways differ with respect to their controlling power. Specifically, the present investigation concerns the mode and relative strength of the controlling force exercised over individuals by the folkways and the technicways. Wherever possible an attempt is made to establish a junction or correspondence of psychological and sociological factors in the control process. The psychological implications of social factors discussed here are perhaps only superficially explored. Indeed, in several places, the analysis penetrates little beyond the social level. The psychoanalytic approach is followed because of the many insights into social phenomena which it affords but chiefly because it offers a structure of personality compatible with social-cultural categories.

The article discusses self-role strain and drinking disposition at a prealcoholic age level. This article discusses two questions emerging from earlier studies and from an examination of later research: whether indications of deviant sex disposition and self-role strain found among adult male alcoholics will be shown by heavy or excessive drinkers at a prealcoholic age level, and whether alcoholics and heavy drinkers at a prealcoholic age level will show a similar pattern of familial correlates of sex and drinking dispositions. Major findings are presented by drinker categories which approximately represent abstainers and moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers, and quasi-alcoholics. One of the hypotheses tested whether the frequency of broken homes varies positively with the degree of incongruent sexuality and strength of the alcohol disposition. One of the hypotheses tested is whether the frequency of broken homes varies positively with the degree of incongruent sexuality and strength of the alcohol disposition. Another hypothesis is whether the femininity of sibships (proportion of sisters) varies positively with the degree of incongruent sexuality and strength of the alcohol disposition.