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The paper presents the results of a simulation on a 3D model of undeformed chips and cutting forces during three-pass gear cutting using the power skiving method. At the level of individual blades and teeth in successive angular cutting positions, the main component of the cutting force and the tangential force on the cutter axis are shown. The analysis of the forces acting on a single gear tooth and the continuous cutting forces allowed the development of a methodology for the selection of rational cutting modes - the value of the axial feed, the number of passes with different cutting depths in order to ensure the minimum time consumption and to achieve the required accuracy of the gears in terms of the parameter of the permissible angular deviation of the profile of the cut gear. It is shown that, provided the required machining accuracy is ensured, higher productivity is achieved by increasing the axial feed at a lower depth of cut and increasing the number of passes, rather than by reducing the feed and increasing the depth of cut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the institution of Transatlantic Slavery, across the Americas white enslaver control extended to the physical movement of those they held in bondage. This article adopts an extended conceptualization of creolization – the transformation of cultures, societies, and populations within the context of the contact between Europeans, enslaved Africans, and colonized and enslaved Indigenous peoples in the Americas – to explore the intersection of and conflicts between knowledge production and enslaved mobility. Through two case studies that analyse fugitive slave advertisements and the use of passes in the eighteenth-century British province of Quebec, I argue that these primary sources reveal evidence of a creolized counter-knowledge through which the enslaved resisted enslaver control through self-directed mobility in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Inteligência Competitiva is the property of Revista Inteligencia Competitiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study detailed here has sought to assess the physical and technical activity engaged in by football players in the light of the direction of travel in which time zones were crossed as players transferred from training centres to match venues, in the context of matches played at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. The material consisted of 945 observations of 340 players. Analysed: total distances covered [km], distances covered with high-intensity running (20–25 km/h) [m], numbers of sprints, numbers of shots, numbers of passes, pass accuracy [%] and the official ranking of national teams. Three categories of time-zone shift (training centre → match venue) were taken account of, i.e. (1) West→East (WE), (2) Same Zone (SZ) and (3) East→West (EW). Analysis of results revealed that players in the EW and SZ categories were able to achieve results significantly better than those moving WE (total distances covered H = 11.815(2); p = 0.003; numbers of passes H = 7.630(2); p = 0.022), and this in relation to team placings in the end-of-tournament ranking (H = 18.099(2); p = 0.001). The results will be valuable in searching places for training centres during future FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study attempts to assess changes in soccer players' physical and technical activity profiles due to thermal stress, measured with the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), in training centres and during matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. The study also verifies the theoretical models of soccer players' physiological parameters. The study sample consisted of 945 observations of 340 players of national teams taking part in the World Cup in Russia. The measured variables included physical activities: total distance covered, distances covered with an intensity of 20–25 km/h, number of sprints; technical activities: number of shots, number of passes, pass accuracy and physiological indicators: evaporative water loss and heart rate. In addition, the final ranking places of each national team were also used in the study. The UTCI was calculated based on meteorological data recorded at training centres and during matches. The UTCI records were then classified into two ranges: NTS—no thermal stress (UTCI 9–26 °C) and TS—thermal stress (UTCI > 26 °C). Climatic conditions at soccer training centres assessed as involving "no thermal stress" are found to be more beneficial for increasing the total distance covered and the number of sprints performed by players during a match. The theoretical models for determining soccer players' physiological parameters used in the study reduce the players' heart rate effort and evaporative water loss, which is in line with findings in studies by other authors. The climatic conditions at soccer training centres and during tournament matches should be taken into account in planning preparations for future World Cup tournaments, especially those in hotter countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the technical demands on football players, based on their various playing positions, during the qualifying matches for the European Football Championship. Data were obtained from the InStat database. The sample consisted of 314 players grouped into the following five playing positions: central defenders (n = 89), wide defenders (n = 58), central midfielders (n = 85), wide midfielders (n = 51), and forwards (n = 31). The results showed that forwards had a significantly (p < 0.01) greater number of shots than players in other positions. Central midfielders performed a significantly (p < 0.01) greater number of passes than players in other positions, with a large effect when compared to forwards (ES: 1.38). Furthermore, wide midfielders made the highest number of crosses compared to players in other positions, but they showed a trivial difference when compared to wide defenders (ES: 0.10). Forwards' tendency to lose the ball was significantly (p < 0.01) higher than that for other positions, with a very large effect when compared to central defenders (ES: 2.41). These results may assist football coaches in preparing players to meet the game's technical requirements, thus increasing the likelihood of qualifying for the European Football Championship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science & Sport is the property of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to analyze in FIFA World Cup Tournament 2018 focusing on the technical and tactical offensive actions of the male goalkeepers when being under pressure and to evaluate if their actions correlated with the outcome of the match. The sample consisted of the g oalkeepers (n = 41). A descriptive analysis and a hierarchical clusters analysis were performed to identify the goalkeepers' classes. Furthermore, a factor analysis was conducted to locate the goalkeepers' style of play and the statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The results showed that the total percentage of correct passes under pressure was 46.5% and that the goalkeepers preferred using the air and long distance passes with one or two touches. In addition, out of the 4 groups that were formed with cluster analysis, the goalkeepers of group 2 and 3 stood out concerning the quality of their actions. The incorrect actions were correlated with defeat and the correct actions were correlated with a win (p < 0.001, r = 0.663). In conclusion, a male goalkeeper, nowadays, needs to have all the technical actions of his feet at a good level so he can contribute to his team's build-up, especially those of distributing the ball with his feet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction stir processing (FSP) was evolved as a potential technique for producing surface composites. Processed surface properties of soft and hard materials such as; hardness, abrasive, erosive and corrosive resistance, tensile strength, fatigue life, ductility, formability and corrosion resistance can be improved through FSP without changing the base material properties. Initially, FSP was limited to fabricating soft materials like aluminum and magnesium and its alloys. But now, it has been slowly introducing for hard materials and high temperature also such as; steel, titanium and nickel, cobalt and iron-based alloys. The leading concerns of this progressive research are to review and highlight the various process parameter effects on resultant microstructure, mechanical properties and related defects. The fundamental strengthening mechanisms during FSP of several surface composites are also discussed with various existing models and simulations. This review article has exhibited few research gaps on surface composites obtained through FSP and provide useful guidelines to academicians and researchers in effective surface composite fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods of self-programming of the tool trajectory in CNC lathes are considered for the example of turning. By adaptive control, the longitudinal supply is regulated in accordance with the load that acts in cutting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Apunts: Educació Física i Esports is the property of Institut Nacional d'Educacio Fisica de Catalunya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study aimed to examine the performance frequency of selected technical activities by soccer teams playing in the UEFA EURO 2016 in relation to match outcome and match status. Thirty-six matches of the group stage were analysed. The data were retrieved using an OPTA Sportsdata Company system. The notated technical activities: shots, passes, were expressed as frequency of performance (playing time/number of activities); while ball possession was expressed in percentage terms. There was a large effect size in frequency of shots on target (η2 = 0.201), of shots from inside the penalty area (η2 = 0.163) in relation to match outcome. A medium effect size was then found in frequency of passes (η2 = 0.102), short passes (η2 = 0.060) and ball possession (η2 = 0.113) in relation to match status. A team’s playing effectiveness requires a concurrent scrutiny of players’ technical activities in relation to match outcome and match status. Key technical activities affecting a successful match outcome are frequencies of different types of shots. However, when the team is playing to change an unfavourable score (losing and drawing in match status), the most important are frequencies of different types of passes and higher percent of ball possession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the fact that the subjective evaluations of a coach or by a group of experts can not give a definite conclusion on the real engagement of players in the football field during a given match it is necessary that the evaluations on the contribution of players during a football game play to be relied on the contemporary information technology. The aim of the paper work is to analyze the impact of some technicaltactical parameters on the success of the game in football in some of the best teams of the three European championships during 2008/09: The Italian Championship, the German Championship, and the English Championship. In the research were analyzed 7 championship games of 3 European countries, teams from Italian, English, and German championship. The following matches have been analyzed: Italian championship: Inter Milan 1 - Sampdoria 0; Inter Milan 2- AC Milan 1; English championships: Manchester U 1 - Liverpool 4; Hull C 0 - Manchester U. 1, German championship: Hamburg 1 - Bayern Munich 0; Bayern Munich 3 - Borussia Dort. 1; Bayern Munich 4 - Wolfsburg 1. The parameters of the technique of the game are considered as variables in this paper, and they are made by computer measurements of 13 technical parameters, for the 7 matches of the three strongest championships in Europe, the championship of 2008/09. The obtained results show that short negative passes have a significant impact on determining the winner in the football game. The wrong short passes create better opportunities for organizing and mobilizing of the opponent players to score goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface composites were fabricated on AA6063-T6 base metal using silicon carbide (SiC) reinforcement particles by friction stir processing (FSP). Influence of multiple FSP passes was investigated on the SiC particle distribution, processed zone dimensions, and microhardness of fabricated composites. The rotational speed, traverse speed, and tool tilt were kept constant and the numbers of passes were varied at 2, 4, 6, and 8. The particle distribution in processed zone was analyzed using OM and SEM, while microhardness were evaluated by Vickers indentation test. The results reveal that with increase in FSP passes there is increase in processed zone dimensions and elimination of defects such as agglomeration of particles and void. The microhardness of reinforced region was increased uniformly with increasing passes which is attributed to homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles. The peak microhardness value of 81.9 Hv was obtained in sample which is processed with eight numbers of FSP passes. Processed zone indicates good bonding with the substrate and grain refinement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction. Having possession of the ball makes it possible for the players of a team to undertake a greater number of actions that can help the team win the match. The aim of the current study was to determine the number and completion rate of passes made from different distances in relation to percentage ball possession and the outcome of the match in the group stage of the FIFA World Cup held in Brazil in 2014. Material and methods. The study included 32 teams who participated in the final tournament. The performance of 266 players (682 observations) who played 48 matches in the group stage was examined. Only players who took part in the entire match were included in the research, and goal-keepers were excluded. The data used in the study, which had been recorded by means of the Castrol Performance Index system, were obtained from the FIFA official website. The total number of passes and the percentage of completed passes were analysed, which were classified as short, medium, and long, in relation to the team's percentage possession of the ball (over and below 50%) and the outcome of the match (win, loss, or draw). Results. Out of the three types of passes which were examined in the study, teams playing in the World Cup in Brazil most often made medium passes. The number of these passes was the highest in matches won. These matches were also characterised by a significantly higher percentage of completed long passes. Conclusions. Players from teams who were in possession of the ball more than 50% of the time performed a higher number of all types of passes, regardless of the outcome of the match. The completion rate for these players was significantly higher only for short and medium passes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the effect of a smaller, lighter ball on kicking speed and technical- tactical and physical match performance in high-level adult female footballers. In the laboratory test setting, the peak ball velocity was 6 % higher with the new ball (NB) than the standard ball (SB) (26.5 ± 0.5 vs. 25.1 ± 0.5 m ⋅ s-1, p < 0.05). However, during match-play, no differences were observed in mean heart rate (87 ± 5 vs. 87 ± 5 %HRmax; p > 0.05), blood lactate (90 min: 4.7 ± 1.7 and 4.0 ± 1.7 mmol ⋅ l-1; p > 0.05), total distance covered (10.6 ± 0.9 and 10.4 ± 0.8 km; p > 0.05), intense running ( > 16 km/h) (2.08 ± 0.42 and 1.94 ± 0.38 km; p > 0.05) and match-induced decrement in Yo-Yo IR1 performance (28 vs. 31 %, respectively, p < 0.05) using NB compared to SB. Likewise, no difference was observed in the number of short, medium-range or long passes during matches played with the 2 ball types, and there was no difference in passing success rate (NB: 68 ± 1 % and SB: 68 ± 1 %, p > 0.05). In conclusion, high-level adult female footballers had a higher kicking speed when using a smaller, lighter ball, but no differences were observed during matchplay with the 2 ball types in respect of technicaltactical and physical match performance. The physical loading was high for the players when playing with both ball types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether the use of more active teaching–learning methods has a positive impact on academic performance remains unanswered. This article seeks to contribute to the issue by conducting a study of an Operations Management course with almost 1000 students per year over three consecutive academic years. The study compares three scenarios with differing degrees of student involvement and Information Technology usage. The findings show no differences in terms of exam grades, but there is an increase in the percentage of passes in the most active scenario analysed, in which continuous assessment tests are used. Notwithstanding, student involvement in the optional assessable activities was found to be a significant factor for predicting the likelihood of passing the subject, especially when continuous assessment tests are used, since their grades show a higher correlation with exam grades. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revija Šport is the property of Sport: Revija Za Teoreticna in Praticna Vprasanja Sporta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A study is made of the effect of the degree of ovality of the passes in the finishing stands of an FQM mill on the accuracy and deformation characteristics of the rolled product with the use of a system of 384-mm passes. The transverse distribution of wall-thickness at the outlet of the deformation zone in the fourth and fifth stands is determined for different degrees of ovality of the finishing-stand passes. Relations are obtained to calculate the degree to which the mandrel is enveloped by the metal, the increase in the thickness of the semifinished product, and its spreading for different pass ovalities in the finishing stands of the FQM mill. It is established that it is best to regulate pass ovality in the leader stand in order to significantly improve the accuracy of the rolled pipe's geometric dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revija Šport is the property of Sport: Revija Za Teoreticna in Praticna Vprasanja Sporta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science & Sport is the property of Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sport & Society / Sport si Societate is the property of Altius Academy Foundation and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND Spray boom systems, an alternative to the predominantly-used spray guns, have the potential to considerably improve crop protection management in glasshouses. Based on earlier experiments, the further optimization of the deposits of a medium spray quality extended range flat fan nozzle type using easy adjustable spray boom settings was examined. Using mineral chelate tracers and water sensitive papers, the spray results were monitored at three plant levels, on the upper side and the underside of the leaves, and on some off-target collectors. In addition, the deposition datasets of all tree experiments were compared. RESULTS The data showed that the most efficient spray distribution with the medium spray quality flat fan nozzles was found with a 30° forward angled spray combined with air support and an application rate of 1000 L ha-1. This technique resulted in a more uniform deposition in the dense canopy and increased spray deposition on the lower side of the leaves compared with the a standard spray boom application. Applying 1000 L ha-1 in two subsequent runs instead of one did not seem to show any added value. CONCLUSION Spray deposition can be improved hugely simply by changing some spray boom settings like nozzle type, angling the spray, using air support and adjusting the spray volume to the crop. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1916 and 1981, 17.25 million black South Africans were arrested for pass-law infringements. Though passbooks were pivotal texts in the lives of many South Africans, scholarship has focused mostly on their role in administering labour influxes. Thus the implications of having books facilitate state power have been largely unexplored. This article considers passbooks as books to examine how they narrated lives and conditioned various political and racial modes of subjectivity. It argues that despite passbooks’ unparalleled control over South Africans’ everyday lives, passbooks failed to mould all life stories into the rigid forms promulgated by apartheid doxa. Counter-narratives in black and ‘coloured’ writing of the period provide a useful framework for re-evaluating the role of reading and writing in the production of power. As interventions in the apartheid state’s monopoly of public discourse, such writing insisted that there be alternative ways of writing the apartheid subject into the archive. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of playing formation on high-intensity running and technical performance during elite soccer matches. Twenty English FA Premier League games were analysed using a multiple-camera computerized tracking system (n = 153 players). Overall ball possession did not differ (P > 0.05) between 4-4-2, 4-3-3 and 4-5-1 formations (50%, s = 7 vs. 49%, s = 8 vs. 44%, s = 6). No differences were observed in high-intensity running between 4-4-2, 4-3-3 and 4-5-1 formations. Compared with 4-4-2 and 4-3-3 formations, players in a 4-5-1 formation performed less very high-intensity running when their team was in possession (312 m, s = 196 vs. 433 m, s = 261 vs. 410 m, s = 270; P < 0.05) but more when their team was not in possession (547 m, s = 217 vs. 461 m, s = 156 vs. 459 m, s = 169; P < 0.05). Attackers in a 4-3-3 performed ∼30% more (P < 0.05) high-intensity running than attackers in 4-4-2 and 4-5-1 formations. However, the fraction of successful passes was highest in a 4-4-2 (P < 0.05) compared with 4-3-3 and 4-5-1 formations. The results suggest that playing formation does not influence the overall activity profiles of players, except for attackers, but impacts on very high-intensity running activity with and without ball possession and some technical elements of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the relation between the number of passes made by a football team and the number of goals. We analyze the 380 matches of a complete season of the Spanish national league "LaLiga" (2018/2019). We observe how the number of scored goals is positively correlated with the number of passes made by a team. In this way, teams on the top (bottom) of the ranking at the end of the season make more (less) passes than the rest of the teams. However, we observe a strong asymmetry when the analysis is made depending on the part of the match. Interestingly, fewer passes are made in the second half of a match, while, at the same time, more goals are scored. This paradox appears in the majority of teams, and it is independent of the number of passes made. These results confirm that goals in the first half of matches are more "costly" in terms of passes than those scored in second halves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Soccer Science / Revista Brasileira de Futebol is the property of Revista Brasileira de Futebol and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Trichosanthes cucumerina L., Cucumis sativus L., Coccinia grandis L. Voigt, Trichosanthes dioica Roxb., Cucúrbita pepo L are some common food plants consumed throughout India. They belong to the cucurbitaceae family. Cucurbitacin E and their glycosides are abundant in these plants having different pharmacological activity along with some toxic effects. The present work deals with the standardization of these common food plants with cucurbitacin E and their screening their antilipase activity. Hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of these plants were prepared and subjected to phytochemical analysis. The extracts were then standardized and validated by HPTLC and RP-HPLC with the phytomarker cucurbitacin E. Henceforth they were screened for lipase (Porcine pancreatic lipase Type-II) inhibitory activity using p-nitrophenyl caprylate (pNPC) as the substrate and Orlistat as standard. The reaction was monitored in microplate reader and absorbance recorded at 405 nm at 37 °C. The activity of different concentrations of control, test and standard were compared. Cucurbitacin E was found to be in a range of 0.12-1.7% w/w both HPTLC and RP-HPLC studies. It was found that Cucumis sativus L possessed significant lipase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 1.85 pg/ml when compared to standard Orlistat (IC50-0.25pg/ml). it was then followed by Coccinia grandis L. (3.87 pg/ml) Trichosanthes dioica Roxb (5.8 pg/ml Trichosanthes cucumerina L., (19.87 pg/ml) Cucúrbita pepo L(39.87 pg/ml) This study shows the potential of these plants to be a source of antiobesity drug in future. Further work is underway to explore the mechanism of inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passing is a common performance indicator in rugby since this action is performed by all players. Evaluating the indicators such as number of kicks, rucks, mauls, passes, and tries can provide valuable insight into team performance and may be used to predict the future performance of rugby union teams. Increases in passes, tackles, rucks, tries, and ball-in-play time were associated with the advent of professionalism Therefore, this study evaluated the number of passes during the 2013 Super rugby season and to determine if the number of passes discriminated between winning and losing teams. Data was gathered from 30 games during the 2013 Super Rugby season using the Verusco TryMaker Pro. Data collected were statistically analysed to show the number of kicks made during a season of Super Rugby. The results of this study suggest that losing teams tend to pass the ball more (157.41) than winning teams (127.02). In agreement with these results, winning teams have higher counts of kicks. The study shows a significant difference between winning teams and losing teams regarding total passes, bad passes, and good passes (p = <0.05). It can be concluded that factors such as the individual playing position, skill level of players, weather and game plan can determine the outcome of passing as a variable. Different teams use a variety of game plans and can influence the number of passes or kicks per match, and so also the outcome of the game. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]