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This article is the product of a research project about the role of image in the creation of the Colombian nation during the nineteenth century. Part of that image depended on the individuals it identified, their social status, their lifestyle, and their occupation. The image of fashion as a characteristic social identifier, as an icon, was a bearer of anthropographic symbols. In nineteenth-century Colombia, those symbols were connected to a republican identity characterized by its colonial heritage, determined by race, and by garments distinctive of specific social classes: formerly subjects and, later, citizens. Thus, the image that fashion conveyed as the "skin of the skin" of the republican ancestors, the elite, and the people constitutes a legacy that encompasses everything, from the manufacture of textiles and the indigenous ruana, to a kind of textile mestizaje with aspects of European provenance. Items from collections in museums, libraries, and archives, were compared to texts composed by travelers and illustrators, in order to unveil elements of national identity in what emerges as the landscape of fashion in Colombia during the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Seed production, quality, germination and seedling establishment are indicators of reproductive success in conifers. Monitoring of these parameters is essential to determine the viability of populations for the purposes of conservation. We analyze cone and seed traits as indicators of reproductive success in the endangered Rzedowski's pine (Pinus rzedowskii (Madrigal et Caballero) and near-threatened veitchii pine (Pinus ayacahuite var. veitchii (Shaw)) in west-central Michoacán, Mexico. These traits were systematically quantified and their variation assessed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMMs). We found that the reproductive success of Rzedowski's pine seems to be critical, presenting low seed efficiency (17.10%), germination (5.0%) and seedling establishment (27.7%), with high levels of inbreeding (0.79). In contrast, veitchii pine presents moderate seed efficiency (54.9%), high germination (71.5%) and seedling establishment (84%-97%) and low inbreeding (0.33). Reproductive indicators differed significantly among zones and populations for each species, where fragment sizes mainly affected seed production and efficiency. This result indicates that fragmentation has played a more important role in the reproductive success of Rzedowski's pine than in veitchii pine, perhaps by limiting pollen flow among zones and populations and producing higher levels of inbreeding and lower seed efficiency in the former species. We propose a conservation strategy for these important pine species in order to increase their long-term genetic viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Insulin resistance precedes overt diabetes in the general population and hypertriglyceridemia is a reliable marker of the disorder. Thus, patients in the waiting list with hypertriglyceridemia may be at risk for new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). Objectives. We investigate whether pre-transplant triglyceride (TG) levels are a risk factor for NODAT and whether they exert a combined effect with the type of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI). Methods. We analysed 314 consecutive non-diabetic recipients [215 cyclosporine A (CsA); 99 tacrolimus (Tacro)] transplanted between 1999 and 2003 with a mean follow-up of 34 months. Outcome was NODAT defined by ADA criteria. Results. NODAT developed in 81 recipients (25.8%). Multivariate analysis which included a propensity score for factors determining CNI allocation showed that age (OR: 1.06; 95% CI: 1.03–1.09), pre-transplant BMI (OR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.02–1.17),TG levels (OR: 1.3 per 50 mg/dl increment, 95% CI: 1.07–1.6) and treated acute rejection (OR: 4.8, 95% CI: 3–11), but not the type of CNI, were independent risk factors for NODAT. A significant interaction between pre-transplant TG and type of CNI was observed. Using CsA as the reference, the combination of Tacro plus pre-transplant hypertriglyceridemia (≥200 mg/dl) showed an OR of 3.26 (1.4–7.8) to develop NODAT, contrasting with an OR of 0.75 (0.34–1.6) in Tacro recipients with pre-transplant TG levels Conclusion. Pre-transplant hypertriglyceridemia was a risk factor for NODAT only in recipients treated with Tacro; it highlights the importance of pre-transplant insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of NODAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]