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Environmental methodologies are gaining recognition in this modern world. Environmental nanotechnology plays a major role in improving modern fields of environmental engineering and science. Metal oxide nanoparticles have exceptional properties due to their small size, including quantum confinement, surface‐to‐volume ratio, plasmon excitation, high biocompatibility, and surface modifiability. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using fungi, bacteria, and plants through various biotechnological techniques is currently a new paradigm for environmental protection. Synthesis of nanoparticles through plant extract is good because it eliminates the dangers of toxic chemicals, it is environmentally friendly, simpler, and safer as the reaction time is reduced and it can also be increased in size for higher operation. The present study is based on the development of zinc oxide nanoparticles from papaya leaf extract where zinc nitrate is used as a precursor. The biosynthesized nanoparticles are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, UV‐visible spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering analysis. The crystalline phase determination of the zinc oxide nanoparticles is analyzed by X‐ray diffraction and the formation of polycrystalline zinc oxide nanoparticles is confirmed. FT‐IR spectrum reveals the main functional groups and chemical information in zinc oxide nanostructures. Morphological analysis is performed using SEM at different magnification levels. EDAX analysis shows the purity of the composite samples. Optical characterization is performed using a UV–vis spectrophotometer. DLS analysis shows that the nanoparticles formed have a relatively well‐defined dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic methods have been very fruitful in studying the physical properties of binary liquid combinations. In this present study, the thermoacoustic behavior of benzyl propionate with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is observed using ultrasound, density, and viscosity at different temperatures between 308 and 328 K with a phase of 10 °C. Benzyl propionate is a sweet‐smelling liquid that is used in the botanical and fruit fragrance industries, as well as in the flavoring of organic products. DMSO is a dipolar aprotic, naturally soluble compound used for slow drug synthesis, device synthesis, and drug delivery to the body. Estimated values such as adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, internal pressure, and free volume are determined from arbitrary ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity data. The same excess parameters of adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, internal pressure, and free volume support finding the nature of the reaction. The sort of interactions has been accounted for utilizing these qualities. In the present work, benzyl propionate with dimethyl sulfoxide has been characterized by using ultrasonic waves and since this wave is a well‐known tool for NDT, so the mixture is properly characterized. These thermoacoustic parameters with different concentrations of DMSO at different temperatures have been used to study the complex formation and binding through intermolecular forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The binary liquid mixtures of ethanol and benzene are used to understand the behavior of alcohol mixtures by using the ultrasonic waves at different temperatures. The Gruneisen parameter which is originally defined for solids to study the internal structure and other quasi crystalline properties of liquids. For the liquid mixtures, the pseudo counter part of Gruneisen parameter is defined for many liquids, pseudo‐Gruneisen parameter (Г) decreases with increase of temperature except for liquids, water, and for alkali metals. For ethanol and benzene liquid mixtures at 308, 313, 318, and 323 K over the entire range the ultrasonic velocity and also the other acoustical parameters have been measured. The various temperatures starting from 308 K up to 323 K, the thermodynamic interaction of binary liquid mixtures is studied experimentally by using the ultrasonic interferometer at 2 MHz. The study has also measured the density and viscosity in the given temperature range. In addition to this, adiabatic compressibility (βa), free length (Lf), internal pressure (πi), enthalpy (H), solubility parameter (δ), activation energy (G), isothermal compressibility (βT), specific heat ratio (γ), volume expansivity (αT), pseudo‐Gruneisen parameter (Г), reduced volume (Ṽ), and specific heat capacity (C) are calculated. The variations of interactions in binary liquid mixtures have been investigated using these values. The measurement of ultrasonic velocity of the pseudo‐Gruneisen parameter for the liquid mixture at different temperatures is highlighted in conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluid molecular properties, such as acoustical properties, vary widely in system parameters and are influenced by liquid cohesive characteristics. Gelatin is a natural polymer made from the partial hydrolysis of collagen, which allows the triple helix to unfold and split, resulting in a polydisperse mixture of proteins in solution. The use of ultrasonic technology to create nanoparticles from biopolymer base fluids is a novel method of nanofluid synthesis. The focus of this research is to measure the ultrasonic velocity and density of synthesized nanoparticles using gelatin as the base fluid at various weight percentages. The study have synthesized the Copper oxide (CuO) nanofluid by transforming an unstable Cu(OH)2 to CuO as a precursor in aqueous gelatin by ultrasonication process. To characterize the prepared nanoparticles, the XRD and FESEM methods are used. The results of ultrasonic velocity, density, and viscosity measurements are discussed after ultrasonication. Experimental data and a theoretical approach to nanofluids are used to study the stability of nanofluids. The outcomes of ultrasonic spectroscopy and other investigations are very similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]