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The total mineral content was studied in medicinal plants from roadside and railside biotopes of the Voronezh region. Pharmacopoeial plant raw materials of 10 species were evaluated: roots of Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg and Arctium lappa L.; herb of Polygonum aviculare L., Artemisia absinthium L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Gilib., and Achillea millefolium L.; leaves of Urtica dioica L. and Plantago major L.; and flowers of Tanacetum vulgare L. and Tilia cordata Mill. Plant raw materials were collected near roads and railways of various types in the periods specified in regulatory documents. The total ash content in plant material was used to determine the minimum allowable distances from various roads and railways for collecting plant material. The minimum allowable distance from heavy-traffic motorways was recommended to be 210 m in the forest zone, 240 m in the forest-steppe zone, and 380 m in the steppe zone. A distance of at least 80 m was recommended for secondary low-speed roads and railways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treatments for acute bronchitis is usually a supportive care to relieve upper respiratory symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Plantago major syrup (PMS) on cough severity in acute bronchitis. Methods: Patients (20-75 years-old) referred to the clinic of infectious diseases in Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol, Iran with a complaint of cough and the Bronchitis Severity Scale (BSS) =5 entered the study. The patients randomly received PMS or placebo 30 ml/day for 10 days. Patients were visited before treatment and on days 5 and 10 after treatment. The primary outcome was BSS score and secondary outcome was the life quality that was measured by means of the Persian version of the Leicester Cough Questionnaire (LCQ) at the first visit and on the 10th day. Results: Of the 121 patients diagnosed with acute bronchitis, 80 eligible patients (42.87±11.75 years-old) were randomly divided into PMS and placebo groups. The BSS score in the PMS group after 10 days was significantly lower than that of the placebo group (P=0.001). Frequency of cough (P=0.001), sputum production (P=0.005), and chest wall pain (P=0.008) were significantly lower in the PMS group than in the placebo group. In terms of quality of life, all items, including psychological, physical, and social domains, as well as total scores, were altered significantly in the PMS group compared to placebo. During monitoring of side effects, no significant adverse effects were stated in either group. Conclusion: The study indicates the palliative effects of PMS in relieving the symptoms of acute bronchitis and improving quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral lesions are a common clinical symptom arising from various etiologies and disrupt the patient's quality of life. However, no definite treatment is not yet possible, due to the constantly changing environment of the mouth. In recent years, herbal treatments have gained popularity among patients and physicians due to their availability, safety, affordability, and antimicrobial properties. This research aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of a nano-emulsion of Plantago major standardized extract (PMSE) on oral ulcers in a Wistar rat model using histomorphometry and stereological parameters. Materials and Methods: The study involved 72 Wistar rats divided randomly into 24 groups of 3 each: groups A1 to A4 received one dose to 4 doses of 5% PMSE nano emulsion, groups B1 to B4 received one dose to 4 doses of 10% PMSE nano emulsion, and groups C1 to C4 received one dose to 4 doses of 20% PMSE nano emulsion, groups D1 to D4 received one dose to 4 doses of nano-emulsion without PMSE, groups E1 to E4 received one dose to 4 doses of PMSE, and group F served as the control group. An incision measuring 2 mm in diameter was made in the animals' hard palate using a biopsy punch. A swab containing the necessary material was used to administer the medication orally to the wound. Histological samples were collected on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 and sent to the pathology laboratory for examination. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26 and setting statistical significance at p < 0.05. Results: Group A showed a high rate of complete and normal re-epithelialization of the wound at 66.7%, compared to the other groups. Group D had a re-epithelialization rate of 50%, while groups C, E, and F had rates of 7.41% and group B had 7.16%. In terms of inflammation reduction, 23.88% of group A had no inflammation, a higher percentage compared to the other groups. Group B and D had no inflammation in 3.33% of cases, lower than the other groups. The study evaluated frequency of re-epithelialization and inflammation levels in different groups on days 2, 4, 6, and 8 after four doses of the drug with no significant differences found among the groups. Conclusion: None of the nano emulsions or PMSE enhanced the healing rate of oral ulcers. However, a 5% PMSE nano emulsion displayed an increase in lesion re-epithelialization. Key message: • Design of PMSE nano emulsion on oral wound healing. • Select a superior formulation for PMSE nano-emulsion on oral wound healing. • The composition of 5% PMSE nano emulsion is suggested for healing oral wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) and pressure ulcer (PU) both are common types of ulcers worldwide. The wound healing effect of Plantago major leaves has been shown in a few animal studies. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of P. major hydroalcoholic extract on DFU and PU healing. Methods: In this clinical trial, patients with DFU or PU who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to drug (P. major) or control groups. For patients in the drug group, Plantago extract 10% topical gel was applied on the wound once daily concurrent with dressing and routine wound care for two weeks, while for the control group, an appropriate novel dressing was used along with routine wound care for the same duration. The percentage of wound size reduction at the end of the seventh and 14th days of intervention was recorded and compared between the groups. Results: Fifty and 44 patients in drug and control groups, respectively, completed the interventions. Plantago extract gel significantly resulted in more reduction in the wound size compared to control at the end of the first (64.90 ± 29.75% vs. 33.11 ± 26.55%; P < 0.001) and second week (86.85 ± 24.34% vs. 52.87 ± 32.41%; P < 0.001). Furthermore, the number of patients with complete wound healing in the drug group (n = 32, 64%) was significantly more than the control group (n = 9, 20.45%; OR: 3.129, 95% CI: 1.685-5.809, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The use of 10% topical gel of P. major leaf extract results in the acceleration of DFU and PU healing. Key points: Application of P. major topical gel results in the acceleration of diabetic foot ulcer and pressure ulcer healing. - P. major extract helps reducing the wound's erythema. - P. major leaf extract assists decreasing the wound size. - The number of patients completing wound healing process is higher among whom undergoing P. major dressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Mustansiriyah Journal for Pharmaceutical Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plantago major (Plantaginaceae) is a medicinal plant in Chinese folk culture, known for its famous medicinal components such as plantagomain. In this study, we conducted genome sequencing of P. major using Illumina sequencing technology. The assembled complete chloroplast genome had a length of 165,044 bp, comprising a large single-copy regions (82,963 bp), a small single-copy regions (4,633 bp), and a pair of inverted repeat regions (38,724 bp). A total of 140 genes were detected, including 94 CDS, 38 tRNA, and 8 rRNA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close genetic relationship between P. major and P. rigida. These findings provide valuable data for a comprehensive understanding of the biological characteristics of P. major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genus Plantago of Plantaginaceae family is bestowed with a repertoire of structurally diverse secondary metabolites that have not only been used as therapeutics but also effect the plant physiology by conferring adaptive advantages under stress. Assuming that domestication process in plants has influenced their secondary metabolites, we performed a comparative transcriptome of wild and cultivated species of Plantago to analyze the variation in the expression of genes related to secondary metabolite pathways. GO and KEGG analysis of DEGs in wild species showed their enrichment in abiotic stresses, oxidation–reduction and secondary metabolite related pathways. Overall, we found upregulation of genes of carotenoid, flavonoid and phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, terpenoid and alkaloid pathways in wild species of Plantago in particular, P. lanceolata while mucilage pathway-related genes showed higher expression in P. ovata. Moreover, transcriptome data presented putative transcription factors associated with terpenoids, carotenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways which were also identified using co-expression analysis of cluster 9 (secondary metabolite enriched gene cluster). Taken together, the genomic resource obtained from the present study form a valuable repository of genetic information for elucidating and exploring the secondary metabolic circuitry of Plantagos. Further, information on the regulatory aspects of genes related to secondary metabolites, shall aid in the enhanced production of valuable metabolites in these plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Lasallista de Investigación is the property of Corporacion Universitaria Lasallista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Objectives: Strawberries are prone to spoilage post-harvest majorly due to the mold growth and decay, leading to a shortened shelf life. This study aimed to investigate storage of fresh strawberries using Plantago major seed mucilage incorporated with grapefruit essential oil as an edible coating. Materials and Methods: The study investigated storage of an edible coating prepared from Plantago major seed mucilage containing grapefruit essential oil on the physical and chemical characteristics (pH, acidity, total soluble solids and firmness), microbial quality (fungal count) and sensory attributes (color, odor, texture and overall acceptability) of refrigerated strawberries. Strawberries were coated with Plantago major seed mucilage alone or Plantago major seed mucilage with three various concentrations (0.2, 0.6 and 1%) of grapefruit essential oil and then stored at 4 °C for 10 d. Results: Microbial load increased significantly with prolonged storage time in all the treatments. While Plantago major seed mucilage coating alone modestly slowed microbial growth, combining Plantago major seed mucilage with 1% grapefruit essential oil substantially delayed microbial growth by 18%, compared to the control sample. By the end of the storage, fungal counts orderly included 4.80, 3.95, 3.83, 3.66 and 3.45 log CFU/ml for the control, Plantago major seed mucilage, Plantago major seed mucilage and 0.2% grapefruit essential oil, Plantago major seed mucilage and 0.6% grapefruit essential oil, and Plantago major seed mucilage and 1% grapefruit essential oil coated strawberries, respectively. Physicochemical and sensory characteristics (pH, acidity, total soluble solids, firmness, color, odor, texture and overall acceptability) of strawberries treated with the coating consistently outcarried out those of the untreated control. While Plantago major seed mucilage coating alone showed preservation benefits, combination of Plantago major seed mucilage with grapefruit essential oil was further effective. Conclusions: This study suggests that a Plantago major seed mucilage coating incorporating 1% of grapefruit essential oil can serve as a bioactive packaging solution to extend shelf life as well as serving as an alternative to pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greater plantain (Plantago major), a medicinal plant species, is used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases in many countries of the world. Different studies have shown that the bioactive components contained in the plant have a dual effect. It was also reported that in vivo and in vitro studies showed different results. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of P. major extract on the hemocyte-mediated and humoral immune responses of the invertebrate model organism Galleria mellonella, which is widely used in immune studies. In the evaluation of these effects, total hemocyte count, encapsulation, melanization, phenoloxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, malondialdehyde and total protein parameters were evaluated. The results of the study showed that the total hemocyte count did not change, that the encapsulation responses decreased, that the melanization responses and phenoloxidase activity increased and that the superoxide dismutase activity decreased. As a result, it was determined that high doses of P. major had negative effects on cell-mediated immunity and antioxidant defence and positive effects on melanization. High doses and continuous use of P. major may have negative effects on living things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since ancient times, many scientists and doctors have used various herbs to treat diseases. Conventional drugs often have side effects, and pathogens are becoming resistant to these types of drugs. In such circumstances, the study of traditional medicinal plants is an effective and logical strategy for finding new herbal medicines. One such herb is Plantago major, a perennial plant in the Plantaginaceae family that is found throughout the world. The Plantago major plant has been used as a medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Studies have shown that plant extracts of Plantago major exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory effects, and have wound-healing properties. This review collects and presents the results of various studies of Plantago major plant extracts with antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, which demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic possibilities of Plantago major plant extracts and have a huge potential for use as a medicinal raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differences in viability, root length, and pro/antioxidant features of Plantago major seedlings identified in seed progeny formed in areas of radioactive and chemical contamination can persist in subsequent generations after the elimination of the stress. The seed mixtures of F1 generation were collected from P. major natural populations (P plants) growing for a long time in the East Ural Radioactive Trace, the Karabash Copper Smelter zone, and background area. The seeds of F2 generation were obtained from F1 generation plants grown on experimental plots with 'clean' agricultural background; F3 generation was grown from F2 generation on the same plots. The viability of seed progeny was estimated by survival rate and root length. Pro/antioxidant features were determined spectrophotometrically by malondialdehyde content, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and total content of low molecular weight antioxidants in seedlings. The hypothesis about the persistence of effects from chronic exposure to ionizing radiation and chemical contamination in the generations' sequence of P. major after the removal of stress was confirmed only partially. The data obtained indicated that changes in the prooxidant and antioxidant features of plants in response to low doses of ionizing radiation can persist for at least in two generations after the stress removal. In the case of long-term exposure to chemical contaminants, we observed the persistence of the effect in a succession of generations only on the morphological indicator of root length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago is a major genus belonging to the Plantaginaceae family and is used in herbal medicine, functional food, and pastures. Several Plantago species are also characterized by their global distribution, but the mechanism underpinning this is not known. Here, we present a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of Plantago major L. a species of Plantago , by incorporating Oxford Nanopore sequencing and Hi-C technologies. The genome assembly size was approximately 671.27 Mb with a contig N50 length of 31.30 Mb. 31,654 protein-coding genes were identified from the genome. Evolutionary analysis showed that P. major diverged from other Lamiales species at ~62.18 Mya and experienced two rounds of WGD events. Notably, many gene families related to plant acclimation and adaptation expanded. We also found that many polyphenol biosynthesis genes showed high expression patterns in roots. Some amino acid biosynthesis genes, such as those involved in histidine synthesis, were highly induced under metal (Ni) stress that led to the accumulation of corresponding metabolites. These results suggest persuasive arguments for the global distribution of P. major through multiscale analysis. Decoding the P. major genome provides a valuable genomic resource for research on dissecting biological function, molecular evolution, taxonomy, and breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesised using Plantago major seed extract through an environment-friendly, economic, and easy procedure. The nanoparticles were characterised by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, BET surface area analysis, and VSM. The Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 MNPs were investigated as a nanoadsorbent for removal of reactive blue 21 (RB 21) and the results showed that the nanoparticles were effective for adsorption of RB 21. More than 93% of RB 21 was removed by the nanoadsorbent after a short time of 10 min (60 mg of nanoadsorbent dosage at concentration of 20 ppm for RB 21). The effect of initial concentration of RB 21 and nanoparticle dosage on dye adsorption were investigated. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models used for adsorption equilibrium of RB 21 on Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 MNPs. The isotherm studies showed that the Langmuir model (KL = 2.76 L/mg, qmax = 18.08 mg/g) provides more compatible than the Freundlich model and thus RB 21 adsorb on the surface of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 MNPs by a mono layer adsorption. The adsorption kinetics studies for the adsorption of RB 21 on Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 MNPs were conducted using the pseudo first-order, the pseudo second-order, and the intraparticle diffusion models and the results indicated that the pseudo second-order model (qe = 15.19 mg/g) provides more compatible than the other models for the adsorption of RB 21 on Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 MNPs. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined as 16.65 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to establish the hairy root (HR) culture of Plantago major to evaluate the accumulation of apigenin, catalpol and gallic acid after elicitation and investigate the biological activity of its methanolic extraction. The highest transformation frequency was obtained by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4, 0.5 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine in pre-cultivation medium, 150 µM acetosyringone in co-cultivation medium (1/2 MS), and immersion method for inoculation of leaf explants. The production of apigenin, catalpol and gallic acid compounds were significantly affected by treatment of 1.18 mM AgNO3 at 24 h which yielded 4.30, 8.24 and 2.89-fold increase, respectively. The assessment of anti-bacterial activity showed that the methanolic extracts of the HRs elicited with 1.18 mM AgNO3 were significantly active against Proteus vulgaris (PTCC 1182) (MIC = 25 mg/mL and MBC = 25 mg/mL). Furthermore, the MTT assay revealed that the methanolic extracts of the HRs were cytotoxic on the SW-480 cell (IC50=337.56 ± 1.82 µg/mL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago major of the plantain family has been observed as a wound-healing plant species on account of its ursolic acid (UA) content. The study's objectives were twofold: to prepare UA gels from P. major and validate the analytical method using TLC-densitometer. Here, vacuum and open column chromatography were used to isolate UA from the methanol extract of P. major. Afterward, data on the compound's physical properties and infrared (IR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR, 13C NMR) results were analyzed. Carbomer and hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were used as gelling agents to make the UA gel. To validate the analytical method, TLC-densitometer was performed using TLC silica gel 60 F254 plates (the stationary phase) and a mixture of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (8:2:0.1, the developing solvent). The results showed that the UA gel was successfully prepared using both gelling agents and that its physical properties (i.e., visual forms, viscosity, and flow behavior) and pH values were maintained throughout the 90-day accelerated stability test (40±2°C; 75±5% RH). In addition, the method validation results indicated compliance with relevant parameters: linearity (r=0.998), limit of detection (4.55 ng/spot) and limit of quantification (15.17 ng/spot), recovery (95.04-116.82%), intraday precision (RSD=1.24-1.96%) and interday precision (RSD=6.29%). Overall, the UA gel is stable for 90 days (accelerated stability test), and the TLC-densitometry proposed in the research can be used to identify and measure the chemical content of a gel preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago major is a known and widely used bioindicator of air quality, being common in urban habitats. This species responds pretty well to different variations in numerous environments. Thus, the aim of this study was to comparatively analyze Plantago major behavior in an urban habitat, using different methods. Non-invasive methods permit a quick and cheap assessment and can be used repeatedly for same vegetal individual. The research was conducted during Octomber 2022, in two different environments: urban and urban green zones, in the city of Timisoara, Romania. The urban zone was represented by a population from Cuvin streets and urban green zone was within Copiilor Park. The analyzed indices were chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents. The chlorophyll content was determined using a non-invasive approach, with OPTISCIENCES CCM-300 Chlorophyll Content Meter and the results were presented in mg m-2. The anthocyanin content was determined with OPTI-SCICENCES ACM-200 Plus Anthocyanin Content Meter and the results were presented in ACI. Also, spectrophotometric qualitative determination of chlorophyll was realized. Data analysis was done using Microsoft Office Excel 2016 and statistical processing was realized with PAST software v4.03. The results of the study confirm its capacity for being an indicator of urban habitat health. Plantago major has a bigger chlorophyll content in urban green zone. Also, this plant adapts to urban green areas through a deposition of anthocyanin at foliar level, but chlorophyll in the leaves from this environment is lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Ruminant Research / Pizhūhish dar Nushkhvār/Kunandigān is the property of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gaceta Médica Boliviana is the property of Universidad Mayor de San Simon, Facultad de Medicina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plantagos are important economical and medicinal plants that possess several bioactive secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, iridoids, triterpenes, and alkaloids. Triterpenoids are the ubiquitous and dynamic secondary metabolites that are deployed by plants for chemical interactions and protection under biotic/abiotic stress. Plantago ovata, a cultivated species, is the source of psyllium, while Plantago major, a wild species, has significant therapeutic potential. Wild species are considered more tolerant to stressful conditions in comparison to their cultivated allies. In view of this, the present study aimed to decipher the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway operative in P. ovata and P. major using a comparative transcriptomics approach. Majority of terpenoid biosynthetic genes were observed as upregulated in P. major including rate limiting genes of MVA (HMGR) and MEP (DXR) pathways and genes (α-AS, BAS, SM, and CYP716) involved in ursolic acid biosynthesis, an important triterpenoid prevalent in Plantago species. The HPLC output further confirmed the higher concentration of ursolic acid in P. major as compared to P. ovata leaf samples, respectively. In addition to terpenoid biosynthesis, KEGG annotation revealed the involvement of differentially expressed unigenes in several metabolic pathways, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, biosynthesis of antibiotics, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. MYB was found as the most abundant transcription factor family in Plantago transcriptome. We have been able to generate valuable information which can help in improving terpenoid production in Plantago. Additionally, the present study has laid a strong foundation for deciphering other important metabolic pathways in Plantago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Herbal residues from the production and processing of medicinal plants are usually discarded as waste material. Plantago major is an edible plant, traditionally used for medicinal purposes, having wide application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry, usually in the form of liquid extracts and tinctures. In this work, extracts of P. major leaves waste remaining after industrial tincture production and dried leaves used initially for tincture production were investigated and compared. Methods: The chemical composition was obtained by FTIR analysis, whereas polyphenolic profile was assessed by HPLC. Antioxidant activity, sun protection factor (SPF), cytotoxic activity against colon carcinoma (HCT116) and melanoma (Hs294T) human cell lines as well as antistaphylococcal activity against S. aureus ATCC strains and one clinical isolate were also evaluated. Results: FTIR analysis revealed wider chemical diversity in waste samples than in initial plant material. Among detected phenolics, chlorogenic acid, luteolin, and rutin were the most abundant in all extracts, whereas luteolin was even higher in the waste. Waste extracts had a significantly lower sun protection factor (SPF) when compared to initial dried leaves. On the contrary, cytotoxic activity of waste extracts against tested human cell lines were more efficient when compared to initial dried leaves, which can be attributed to the higher luteolin content in tincture residues. Both waste and initial dried leaves extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against all tested S. aureus strains at higher tested concentrations. Conclusion: P. major waste remaining after industrial tincture production represents high-value material with great valorization potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Botany is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses a study conducted on the efficacy of plantago major extract and pentoxifylline in an experimental ischemic colitis model in rats. The study aimed to investigate the effects of these substances on ischemia reperfusion injury. The results showed that both plantago major extract and pentoxifylline were effective in reducing the symptoms of ischemic colitis compared to the placebo group. However, there was no statistically significant positive effect on ischemia. The study demonstrated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of plantago major extract. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A central challenge in ecology and evolutionary biology is to understand how variation in abiotic and biotic factors combine to shape the distribution, abundance, and diversity of focal species. Environmental gradients, whether natural (e.g., latitude, elevation, ocean proximity) or anthropogenic (e.g., land-use intensity, urbanization), provide compelling settings for addressing this challenge. However, not all organisms are amenable to the observational and experimental approaches required for untangling the factors that structure species along gradients. Here we highlight herbaceous plants in the genus Plantago as models for studying the ecology and evolution of species interactions along abiotic gradients. Plantago lanceolata and P. major are native to Europe and Asia but distributed globally, and they are established models for studying population ecology and interactions with herbivores, pathogens, and soil microbes. Studying restricted range congeners in comparison with those cosmopolitan species can provide insight into abiotic and biotic determinants of range size and population structure. We highlight one such species, P. rugelii , which is endemic to eastern North America. We give an overview of the literature on these focal Plantago species and explain why they are logical candidates for studies of species interactions across environmental gradients. Finally, we emphasize collaborative and community science approaches that can facilitate such research and note the amenability of Plantago for authentic research projects in science education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Acute cough in children often causes discomfort to children and parents, reducing their quality of life. Despite the extensive utilization of over-the-counter remedies for cough, the efficacy of most of these treatments in children has not been confirmed.Methods: We conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 106 children with acute cough to evaluate the efficacy and safety of KalobaTUSS®, a paediatric cough syrup based on acacia honey and on Malva sylvestris extract, Inula helenium extract, Plantago major extract, and Helichrysum stoechas extract by using a validated 6 points Likert scale.Results: Children were orally treated with KalobaTUSS® or placebo for 8 days. Children receiving KalobaTUSS® showed an early and significant reduction in night-time and day-time cough scores measured using a specific scale and a shorter duration of cough than children treated with the placebo.Conclusions: KalobaTUSS® is well tolerated and produces positive effects by reducing the severity and shortening the duration of cough in children.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov no. NCT04073251 . Retrospectively registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are a new alternative to toxic organic solvents. Their constituents are primary metabolites, non-toxic, biocompatible and sustainable. In this study four selected NADES were applied for the extraction of two medicinal plants: Sideritis scardica, and Plantago major as an alternative to water-alcohol mixtures, and the antimicrobial and genotoxic potential of the extracts were studied. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by measuring the extracted total phenolics, and total flavonoids. Best extraction results for total phenolics for the studied plants were obtained with choline chloride-glucose 5:2 plus 30% water; but surprisingly these extracts were inactive against all tested microorganisms. Extracts with citric acid-1,2-propanediol 1:4 and choline chloride-glycerol 1:2 showed good activity against S. pyogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Low genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were observed for all four NADES and the extracts with antimicrobial activity. Our results confirm the potential of NADESs for extraction of bioactive constituents of medicinal plants and further suggest that NADES can improve the effects of bioactive extracts. Further studies are needed to clarify the influence of the studied NADES on the bioactivity of dissolved substances, and the possibility to use such extracts in the pharmaceutical and food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this project, low-fat composite (wheat-quinoa) cup cake was produced. Plantago major L. gum and water (1.5-7.5, 3-15, 4.5-22.5 and 6 -30%) was used as a fat replacer in levels of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % in cup- cake. PH, specific gravity, viscosity, moisture, firmness, crust color and overall acceptability were evaluated. PH and b* value were decrease and moisture and a* value were increased by increasing of Barhang gum. The samples containing 1.5 and 3 % gum had the lowest specific gravity and the highest specific volume and L* value. Also, the highest viscosity was indicated in the sample containing 3 % gum. On the other hand, the sample containing 3 % gum had the lowest firmness in 2 hours and 1 week after baking. Finally, the samples containing 1.5 and 3 % gum had the best overall acceptability. Therefore, it can be said that the removal of 50% of oil in cake formulation was performed successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), we investigated the effect of plantain syrup on HMB. This randomized clinical trial was performed on 68 women with HMB who were referred to the traditional medicine clinics of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The intervention group received placebo capsule and plantain syrup, whereas the control group received mefenamic acid capsule and placebo syrup in the first 5 days of menstruation for three menstruation cycles. Patients were asked to complete pictorial blood assessment chart one cycle before the intervention and three intervention cycles. Hemoglobin was measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. The results showed that the bleeding duration and severity diminished in both groups. No significant difference was observed between two groups in severity of bleeding after intervention (Cohen's d = .24), but duration of bleeding in mefenamic acid group was reduced significantly in comparison with plantain group (Cohen's d = .57). Although mean hemoglobin alterations in mefenamic acid group had a significant difference before and after the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups in mean hemoglobin alterations postintervention. Plantain syrup could be suggested as a complementary treatment for HMB, but further studies are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to determine the protective effects of Plantago major L (PM) leaf extracts on the testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D)-induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Twenty-four mature male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-220 g, were selected. They were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each: Sham (sham-operated rats; all the surgical steps were performed but T/D was not induced), TDC (Control group; T/D was induced and the right testicular torsion of 720° lasting two hours was followed by detorsion), TDP50 (T/D-operated rats received 50.00 mg kg-1 of PM extract daily for seven days intraperitoneally after detorsion) and TDP100 (T/D-operated rats received 100 mg kg-1 of PM extract daily for seven days intraperitoneally after detorsion). After seven days of treatment, the right testicles were collected. Histopathological and biochemical analyses including levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) and peroxidase activities were determined in testicular tissues of the rats. Tissue sections were taken from testis, Hematoxylin-Eosin staining was done, and the slides were examined by a light microscope. The level of MDA was significantly increased in the testes of the TDC group. The CAT activity levels were decreased significantly after I/R. The post-torsion treatment with PM, particularly at 100 mg kg-1, prevented the increase in lipid peroxidation and reduced the CAT activity levels. The PM also prevented I/R-induced cellular damage and histological changes in the testicular tissues. According to the results of the current study, PM leaf extracts had significant positive effects on the testicular T/D-induced I/R injury. The possible mechanism of reduction in biochemical and histological injuries by PM extracts could be due to antioxidant property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nephropathy is the severe destruction of the kidney that glomerulosclerosis and declining glomerular filtration rate are two critical hallmarks of this disease. Increasing inflammation and oxidative stress are considered as significant diagnostic references in nephropathy. Investigating the role of Plantago major as modulator of inflammation and oxidative stress against doxorubicin as an important known anti-cancer that induces renal toxicity is an essential aim of present study. Methods and Materials: Rats were divided into 8 groups: control, DXR, Ext (extract) 600, Ext1200, dexamethasone+DXR, vitamin E+DXR, Ext600+DXR, and Ext1200+DXR. Duration of the study was 35 days and DXR was intravenously injected on the 7th day of the experiment. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression levels as important immunohistochemically markers were assessed in the left kidney. Results: DXR caused a significant increase in renal expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α as compared to control group. However, in group of DOX-treated rats with Plantago major, expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α significantly decreased as compared to DXR group. Conclusion: The current study shows that hydroethanolic extract of P.major protected renal tissue against DXR induced renal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Evaluation of the effect of Plantago major (P. major) seed on ulcerative colitis (UC) symptoms . Methods and Materials: In this randomized double-blind clinical trial, 61 subjects received 3600 mg/day roasted P. major seed in intervention group (n=31) and roasted wheat flour in control group (n=30), for 8 weeks, as a complementary to standard medications. Variables were assessed using the Lichtiger Colitis Activity Index (LCAI) at baseline, week 4, and week 8. Results: 51 patients completed the trial (n=28 in Plantago and n=23 in placebo groups). Abdominal tenderness (p=0.011), gastroesophageal reflux and gastric pain (p=0.049 for both), were significantly less severe in P. major group. Visible blood in stool (p=0.001), distension (p=0.001), and anal pain (p=0.051), decreased significantly in P. major group, although no significant difference was observed between the two groups: (p=0.224), (p=0.283), and (p=0.455) respectively . Conclusion: P. major seems to be effective in complementary management of UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adriamycin (ADR) is an antineoplastic antibiotic against many cancers, including bladder, kidney, and cervix malignancies. Plantago major is a herbaceous plant with many pharmacologic effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antiapoptotic actions. This study was done to assess the possible protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Plantago major in renal toxicity caused by Adriamycin. Methods and Materials: 40 rats divided into 4 groups: 1- control, 2- Adriamycin (5mg/kg), 3- Plantago major extract (600mg/kg) +ADR, 4- Plantago major extract (1200mg/kg) +ADR. The animals received the extract orally for 35 days, and an intravenous injection of Adriamycin was done through the tail vein on the seventh day of the study. At the end of the study, animals were humanely killed, and kidneys were removed to assess oxidative stress and histopathology. Result: The results of this study showed that Adriamycin significantly decreases renal SOD and CAT activities when compared to the control group. However, Plantago major extract, especially at the dose of 1200 mg/kg, significantly increased the activity of these antioxidant enzymes. The percent of kidney tissue damage in the ADR group was also significantly higher than that of the control group, and the extract could significantly improve these morphological changes compared to the ADR group. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the hydro-alcoholic extracts of Plantago Major at doses used in the study could reduce oxidative stress and renal tissue damage caused by Adriamycin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The vasculature of higher plants is important with transport of both nutrient and information molecules. To understand the correspondence of this tissue in molecular responses under phosphate (Pi) deficiency, Plantago major, a model plant for vasculature biology study, was chosen in our analysis. After RNA-Seq and de novo transcriptome assembly of 24 libraries prepared from the vasculature of P. major, 37,309 unigenes with a mean length of 1571 base pairs were obtained. Upon 24 h of Pi deficiency, 237 genes were shown to be differentially expressed in the vasculature of P. major. Among these genes, only 27 have been previously identified to be specifically expressed in the vasculature tissues in other plant species. Temporal expression of several marker genes associated with Pi deficiency showed that the time period of first 24 h is at the beginning stage of more dynamic expression patterns. In this study, we found several physiological processes, e.g., "phosphate metabolism and remobilization", "sucrose metabolism, loading and synthesis", "plant hormone metabolism and signal transduction", "transcription factors", and "metabolism of other minerals", were mainly involved in early responses to Pi deficiency in the vasculature. A number of vasculature genes with promising roles in Pi deficiency adaptation have been identified and deserve further functional characterization. This study clearly demonstrated that plant vasculature is actively involved in Pi deficiency responses and understanding of this process may help to create plants proficient to offset Pi deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nephropathy is defined as rational loss of renal function related with glomerulosclerosis and declining glomerular filtration rate. Inflammation and oxidative stress play a critical role in nephropathy. Plantago major has antioxidant effects. The aim of present study is the investigation of the effect of Plantago major hydroalcoholic extract on the oxidative stress and renal function in kidney of rat. Methods: Rats were divided into five groups: control (Co), doxorubicin (DOX), doxorubicin+vitamin E (DOX+Vit E), 600mg/kg Plantago major (PM)+doxorubicin (PM600+DOX), 1200mg/kg Plantago major (PM)+doxorubicin (PM1200+DOX). DOX (5mg/kg, IV), Vit E and PM extract (600 and 1200mg/kg, PO) were administrated for 35 days. Finally, urine, blood samples and renal tissue were collected to measurement of redox markers, functional parameters and renal index percentage. Results: The renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total thiol and functional parameters significantly reduced and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased in DOX group in comparison with control group. The renal SOD, catalase activities and total thiol content were significantly increased and MDA level decreased in PM treated groups along with DOX group in comparison with DOX group. The functional parameters significantly enhanced in treated groups with PM in comparison with the DOX group. The extract did not relive enhanced % renal index induced by DOX. Conclusion: Hydro-alcoholic extracts of PM, specially at its high dose led to an improvement in DOX-induced renal function and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plantago major is an indicator of environmental pollution in the city. The plant grows along the traversed paths, close to the sidewalks. Contaminating substances accumulate on the leaves of the plantain. In the summer of 2016, samples of plants were collected in the central Murmansk region for analysis using a scanning electron microscope to identify dust particles on their surface, and to study leaves using the ICP-MS method to determination of heavy metals content. A relatively serious concentration of lead, zinc, copper, nickel as well as high arsenic and chromium content has been demonstrated in the city center, along with ties with human activities (vehicular traffic). High iron content is associated with peat soils used in the city for fertilization. The remaining metal content is relatively low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The levels of pollution by heavy metals and arsenic in top soil layers and medicinal plant raw materials in Voronezh Region were studied using Urtica dioica and Plantago major leaves as examples. The analyses were carried out using atomic absorption spectrometry on a graphite-furnace MGA-915MD spectrometer. Samples were collected from districts with different anthropogenic impacts across the whole region. Leaves of P. major characteristically had the highest coefficients of accumulation from the soil for Cd, As, and Ni. Leaves of U. dioica typically had high accumulation coefficients for Ni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni) in Plantago major leafs was comparatively studied in an urban (Cluj-Napoca) and a post-industrial area (Baia-Mare) from Romania. These two sites were selected for study as in Cluj-Napoca the dominant metal pollution sources are related to traffic, urban runoff, residential heating and municipal landfill, while in Baia-Mare the main pollution sources are the former ore processing activities and the remaining metal rich mining wastes. The average concentrations of Zn and Pb were higher in the soils collected from the postindustrial area, while the Cr and Ni in those from the urban area. The Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni in plantain leafs were comparable in both areas, while Pb and Zn were higher in the post-industrial area. Based on the enrichment factor and the metal accumulation index, plantain was found to be tolerant to high metal contents and moderate accumulator of Cu and Zn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of Plantago major (P. major) extract against doxorubicin (DXR)-induced renal inflammation in rats. Materials and Methods: 80 male albino rats were randomly divided into 8 groups as follows: control, DXR, Ext (extract) 600, Ext1200, dexamethasone+DXR, vitamin E+DXR, Ext600+DXR, and Ext1200+DXR. Duration of the study was 35 days and DXR was intravenously injected on the 7th day of the experiment. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression levels were assessed in the left kidney. Serum creatinine concentration and osmolarity were determined on the 1st, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th days of the experiment. Results: DXR caused a significant increase in renal expression of MCP-1 and TNF-α production compared to control animals. Administration of dexamethasone, vitamin E and P. major extract significantly improved the expression of these inflammatory mediators compared to DXR group. Compared to day 1 in DXR group, serum osmolarity showed a significant increase on days 21, 28 and 35. Also, on these days, serum osmolarity in DXR group was significantly higher than that on the same days in control group. In Vit E+DXR and Ext 1200+DXR groups, there was no significant changes in serum osmolarity among different days of the study. However, in these groups, serum osmolarity on days 21, 28 and 35 showed a significant decrease compared to the same days in DXR group. Conclusion: Present results suggest that hydroethanolic extract of P. major protected renal tissue against DXR-induced renal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by bio-inspired route, a cost effective and fast synthesis method. Structural and morphological characterization of nanoparticles was performed by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The cytotoxic activity of both nanoparticles and Plantago major extract containing nanoparticles against a human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) was studied in vitro. MTT (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays were performed using various concentrations of P. major extract (alone) and extract containing AgNPs ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 µg/ml. Data analysis showed significant level of cytotoxic activity. The potential cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in the treatment of breast cancer is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur dioxide (SO) is considered as a main air pollutant in industrialized areas that can damage vegetation. In the present study, we investigated how exposure to SO and foliar application of iron (Fe) would affect certain physiological characteristics of Plantago major. The plant seedlings exposed or unexposed to SO (3900 μg m) were non-supplemented or supplemented with Fe (3 g L) as foliar spray. Plants were exposed to SO for 6 weeks in 100 × 70 × 70 cm chambers. Fumigation of plants with SO was performed for 3 h daily for 3 days per week (alternate day). Lower leaf Fe concentration in the plants exposed to SO at no added Fe treatment was accompanied with incidence of chlorosis symptoms and reduced chlorophyll concentration. No visible chlorotic symptoms were observed on the SO-exposed plants supplied with Fe that accumulated higher Fe in their leaves. Both at with and without added Fe treatments, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activity was higher in the plants fumigated with SO in comparison with those non-fumigated with SO. Foliar application of Fe was also effective in increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT and POD. Exposure to SO led to reduced cellulose but enhanced lignin content of plant leaf cell wall. The results obtained showed that foliar application of Fe was effective in reducing the effects of exposure to SO on cell wall composition. In contrast to SO, application of Fe increased cellulose while decreased lignin content of the leaf cell wall. This might be due to reduced oxidative stress induced by SO in plants supplied with Fe compared with those unsupplied with Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plantago major has been reported to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Moreover, which plant parts are more suitable as starting materials has not been explored. Objectives: To investigate the antiproliferative activity of P. major extracts against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLaS3, A549, and KB cancer cell lines as well as their effects on inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and interferon [IFN]-γ) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Materials and Methods: The methanol and aqueous extracts of P. major from different plant parts and its chemical compounds, i.e., ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA), and aucubin were tested in this experiment. Results: Methanol and aqueous extracts of P. major seeds exhibited the greatest antiproliferative activity. The methanol extracts of seeds also demonstrated the highest inhibition of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ production. Interestingly, the roots, which were commonly discarded, exhibited comparable activities to those of leaves and petioles. Furthermore, UA exhibited stronger activities than OA and aucubin. Conclusions: The seeds are being proposed as the main source for further development of anticancer and anti-inflammatory products, whereas the roots could be included in the preparation of P. major derived products with respect to anti-inflammatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Plantago major's (P.major) water extract added into broiler diets at different levels on serum protein fractions. A total of 112 Ross 308 broiler chicks were used in the study. Experiment consisted of control and 3 treatment groups with a 28 chicks within each group. Each experimental group was divided into four subgroups consisting of 4 chicks. A basal (control) diet was prepared and three experimental diets were established by addition of P.major into basal diet; P.major 1 (5 g/kg feed), P.major 2 (10 g/kg feed), P.major 3 (15 g/kg feed). Broiler chicks were fed with these diets for 42 days ad libitum. Total protein levels of P.major 3 group were lower than other groups and controls. It was determined that the albumin percentages and levels became decreased in a significant ratio in the P.major 1 and P.major 2, (P<0,05), Alpha 1 globulin percentage and concentration were found significantly high in P.major 2 group than the other groups (P<0.05), Alpha 2 level and percentage in P.major 1 group was seen significantly higher than the control group, the A/G ratio in P.major 1 and P.major 2 was seen significantly lower than the control group. There was no significant difference between groups for beta and gamma globulins as percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) formed between plants and AM fungi (AMF) can alter host plant quality and thus influence plant-herbivore interactions. While AM is known to affect the development of generalist chewing-biting herbivores, AM-mediated impacts on insect behavior have been neglected until now. In this study, the effects of Rhizophagus irregularis, a generalist AMF, on phenotypic and leaf metabolic traits of Plantago major plants were investigated. Further, the influence of AM-mediated host plant modifications on the development and on seven behavioral traits of larvae of the generalist Mamestra brassicae were recorded. Tests were carried out in the third (L3) and fourth (L4) larval instar, respectively. While shoot water content, specific leaf area, and foliar concentrations of the secondary metabolite aucubin were higher in AM-treated compared to non-mycorrhized (NM) plants, lower concentrations of the primary metabolites citric acid and isocitric acid were found in leaves of AM plants. Larvae reared on AM plants gained a higher body mass and tended to develop faster than individuals reared on NM plants. However, plant treatment had no significant effect on any of the behavioral traits. Instead, differences between larvae of different ages were detected in several behavioral features, with L4 being less active and less bold than L3 larvae. The results demonstrate that AM-induced modifications of host plant quality influence larval development, whereas the behavioral phenotype seems to be more fixed at least under the tested conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the phytoremediation potential of Plantago major L. to remediate lead (Pb) contaminated water and soil. Results of this investigation indicated that P. major L. roots exhibit a significant increase in Pb uptake relative to P. major leaves from polluted water and soil. In polluted water (40 mg/L Pb), P. major showed unusually high concentrations of Pb in their roots (9284.66 mg/kg) within 25 days as the rhizofiltration suggesting that an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance exist widely in him. In soil, P. major has the potential for phytostabilization. In Pb-contaminated soil at 20 mg/kg, P. major roots efficiently accumulated Pb (50.53 mg/kg and 77.12 mg/kg) after 10 and 20 days, respectively. Pb was taken up by P. major leaves to a lesser extent than the roots (13.87 mg/kg and 30.4 mg/kg) after 10 and 20 days, respectively. The results suggest that P. major may be considered a bioaccumulator species for Pb and can be used as a bioindicator of pollution with lead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Plantago major liquid extract on serum antioxidant vitamin and mineral concentrations of broiler. The experiment consisted of the control and 2 treatment groups, composed of 28 Ross 308 broiler chicks (Total, 84). A basal (control) diet was formulated. P. Major was added to the control diet as following: PM1 (5 g/kg feed), PM2 (10 g/kg feed). The chicks were feed for 42 days ad libitum. The serum micronutrients (Retinol, α- tocopherol, vitamin D, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, and zinc) levels were determined. The retinol, α-tocopherol, Fe, Mg, Mn levels were not affected, and the Zn levels decreased in the PM1 and PM2. The supplementation of P. major has affected the serum vitamin D and Zn levels for this study, and should be analyzed for the alterations on the metabolism in subsequent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]