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ABSTRACT: Background: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of anaemia and haemoglobinopathies, particularly beta-thalassemia in the tribal population of the Yadadri-Bhuvanagiri district of Telangana. Methods: The sample consisted of a tribal population (Banjara) that visited voluntary blood camps set up in tribal settlements, local schools, and the Gram-panchayat office, in collaboration with local healthcare workers. Haemoglobin measurements (Anaemia) and Mentzer index of whole blood (EDTA) samples were used as diagnostic screening tools for categorising the population at risk of beta-thalassemia. HPLC was used as a confirmatory test. Results: The study included a total of n = 479 (68% females and 32% males) voluntary adult participants of Banjara. Based on the haemoglobin levels, 105 females (32%) were found to be anaemic as compared to 24 males (15.5%). Among the female population, a small percentage of individuals had severe anaemia (1.9%), while most had mild (80%) or moderate anaemia (18%); on the other hand, males primarily had moderate anaemia. Out of the total screened population, 6.7% (5.2% with low Hb levels (anaemic), 3.3% by MI) were found to be thalassemia based on anaemia and Mentzer index as a screening tool. Conclusion: The prevalence of beta-thalassemia was found 6.7% in the Banjara population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) are a rare heterogeneous group of tumors without evidence of primary gonadal germ cell tumors. They account for 2%-5% of overall malignancies. EGCTs are often not clinically suspected, making them challenging for pathologists. In this retrospective observational study, we describe our institutional experience among EGCTs with clinicopathological correlation. Materials and methods. All patients diagnosed as EGCTs from January 2014 to April 2023 were collected. All relevant clinical data and serum markers were retrieved from hospital medical records. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry slides were reviewed. Results. The present study included a total of 56 patients; 34 (60%) men and 22 (40%) women with a men-to-women ratio of 1.5:1. Of them, 1 patient had congenital/neonatal EGCTs, 21 patients had prepubertal EGCTs, and 34 had post-pubertal EGCTs. The common sites included are mediastinum (45%), sacrococcyx (18%), retroperitoneum (14%), and central nervous system (12%). The other rare sites were the vagina, liver, colon, and duodenum. The common germ cell tumor included mature teratoma (34%), mixed germ cell tumor (27%), seminoma/germinoma (12%), pure yolk sac tumor (11%), immature teratoma (9%), mature teratoma with somatic tumor (5%), and embryonal carcinoma (2%). All histological diagnoses of germ cell tumors were confirmed with IHC markers like PLAP, CD117 (KIT), AFP, LIN28, CD30, and β-hCG. Pre and posttreatment serum tumor marker levels were available in 37 patients. All our treated patients had a decrease or normal tumor marker levels post-therapy. Conclusion. In our study, a heterogeneous group of germ cell tumors was seen. Most of them were seen in post-pubertal adolescents and young adults. Early intervention by platinum-based combination chemotherapy in seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors has significantly improved the prognosis of malignant EGCTs similar to their germ cell counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Superficial spreading cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare phenomenon with few cases reported in the literature. The present case report briefs the findings of superficial spreading cervical SCC in postmenopausal women. A 65-year-old postmenopausal woman presented with bleeding per-vaginum for 1–2 months. On examination, the cervix was healthy with no visible growth. She was diagnosed with an endometrial malignancy on magnetic resonance imaging. On endometrial and cervical biopsy, histopathology revealed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III in ectocervix with SCC in endocervical and endometrial curetting. The patient underwent modified radical hysterectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and histopathology revealed superficially spreading cervical SCC with tumor cells involving endometrium, myometrium, paratubal, paraovarian, vaginal margins without extending to pelvic, and para-aortic lymph nodes. The patient was further managed successfully with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Superficial spreading cervical SCC is very rare phenomenon. Its spread is not only limited to endometrium but can extend to involve myometrium, paratubal, paraovarian, and vaginal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinomycosis, an oral cavity commensal, causes cervicofacial infection in patients associated with an immunosuppression state and local mucosal injuries. Bone involvement by this commensal is rare. In the present case, we report a case of left peri mandibular soft tissue, soft to firm, tender swelling in a 39‐year‐old immunocompetent male diagnosed as Actinomycosis infection on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and cell block preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C4d is a byproduct of the activation of the classic and lectin complement pathways. Being routinely used as a marker for antibody-mediated rejection, the significance of C4d in native kidney disease is currently being widely studied. We evaluated glomerular and extraglomerular C4d staining in 82 biopsies of proliferative and nonproliferative glomerulonephritis diagnosed in our institution. The staining pattern of C4d was tabulated in various glomerular diseases. All biopsies of membranous nephropathy including membranous lupus nephritis (Class V) and immune complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) consistently showed C4d deposits along glomerular basement membrane mirroring the location of immunoglobulin and complement in these conditions. Conversely, other glomerular diseases like IgA nephropathy, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, and diabetic nephropathy showed variable mesangial and capillary wall C4d deposits. To summarize, the consistent pattern of C4d staining in membranous nephropathy (primary and secondary)and immune complex-mediated MPGN can be used as a valuable adjunct tool in establishing the diagnosis, especially when immunofluorescence findings are limited by inadequate sampling.C4d reactivity in other glomerular diseases are variable and may not aid as a diagnostic tool in renal biopsy evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urorectal septum malformation sequence (URSMS) is an uncommon disease characterized by a failure of the anorectal septum to divide the cloaca and fuse with the cloacal membrane. Complete URSMS is usually lethal in newborn due to severe renal dysfunction and pulmonary hypoplasia. Partial URSMS is compatible with life with a single perineal opening draining a common cloaca with an imperforate anus which amenable to surgical management. Antenatal diagnosis of URSMS is challenging because of multisystem, complex abnormalities involving gastrointestinal, urogenital tract, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems. In this case report, we describe a 15-week male fetus with partial URSMS having a spectrum of multisystem structural anomalies associated with fetal neuroblastoma in retroperitoneal location and adrenal neuroblastoma in situ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently published a new lung cytopathology reporting system, which simplifies the diagnostic categories into a five-tier system without subcategorization. The system encourages the use of ancillary diagnostic tests for better categorization of specimens and further management. This correspondence provides a brief outline of the lung reporting system, including standardized nomenclature and the use of terminologies harmonizing with the WHO Blue Book. The system includes categories such as non-diagnostic, benign, atypical, suspicious for malignancy, and malignant, with corresponding risk-based management strategies for clinicians. Ancillary techniques like immunocytochemistry can assist in upgrading the category from suspicious for malignancy to malignancy. The system aims to provide universal simplified criteria for categorizing lung cytology samples and their management options. [Extracted from the article]

Yolk sac tumor is a malignant germ cell tumor, which typically occurs in the gonads with elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Among extragonadal sites, the liver is an uncommon location for primary pediatric yolk sac tumors. Other common hepatic tumors in this age group presenting with elevated serum AFP like hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma must be differentiated from yolk sac tumors for initiating appropriate treatment and accurate prognostication. Lung metastasis with refractoriness to chemotherapy is an extraordinary presentation that has never been documented in the literature. We report our experience with a 2-year-old female child initially misdiagnosed as hepatoblastoma. It was found that LIN28 positivity by immunohistochemistry aided in confirmation of the histopathological diagnosis of primary yolk sac tumor of the liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We undertook this study to find out the spectrum of the cervical smear pattern along with the clinical profiles of patients who underwent cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear evaluation in our newly started tertiary care center. We also tried to find the possible clinical cause for unsatisfactory smears and factors for epithelial cell abnormality. Material and Methods: The present study was a retrospective observational study. Pap smears cases with their clinical findings mentioned on the requisition form and cytopathology observations were retrieved from the archives of the department of pathology. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Five hundred and ninety-four cases were included in the study. The most common age group was 3640 years. White discharge per vaginum was the most common clinical presentation. The negative for squamous intraepithelial lesions or malignancy was the most common interpretation (86.87%). Cervical erosion had statistically significant associations with unsatisfactory smears, while bacterial vaginosis had with satisfactory smears. Epithelial cell abnormality was seen in 4.62% patients. We observed a statistically significant association of cervical mucoid discharge, and inflammation with "no epithelial cell abnormality" cases, while postmenopausal bleeding was associated with "epithelial cell abnormality" cases. Conclusion: In the presence of clinical factors like cervical erosion, which may affect the quality of Pap smear, proper sampling techniques are to be used by health-care providers. The careful evaluation of Pap smears, especially in cases of cervical mucoid discharge, postmenopausal bleeding, and inflammatory smears is required to ensure that epithelial cell abnormalities are not overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the development of a new reporting system for lymph node cytopathology by the World Health Organization (WHO). The system aims to use standardized nomenclature and terminology that aligns with the WHO Blue Book on hematolymphoid tumors. The article explains the process of collaboration between the International Academy of Cytology (IAC), the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the WHO to create this system. It also provides an outline of the possible interpretation categories within the reporting system, including insufficient/inadequate/nondiagnostic, benign, atypical, suspicious for malignancy, and malignant. The authors believe that implementing this standardized reporting system will improve the quality of diagnostic assessment and communication between cytopathologists and clinicians. [Extracted from the article]

Lethal restrictive dermopathy is genodermatoses associated with lamin protein defects resulting in connective tissue abnormalities of skin, musculoskeletal, and adipose tissue. We report one such case with a mutation in the ZMPSTE24 gene which is involved in lamin protein synthesis, resulting in fetal akinesia or hypokinesia deformation sequence. Early recognition in the perinatal period of distinctive clinical and skin histological features followed by molecular diagnosis enabled genetic counseling for the affected family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]