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Aims: To describe the natural history of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) compared with a control group and to identify predictors of adverse events. Methods and results: Three hundred and five patients [age 56.6 ± 16.9 years old, 191 (62.6%) male patients] with HCM and SARS‐Cov‐2 infection were enrolled. The control group consisted of 91 131 infected individuals. Endpoints were (i) SARS‐CoV‐2 related mortality and (ii) severe clinical course [death or intensive care unit (ICU) admission]. New onset of atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, shock, stroke, and cardiac arrest were also recorded. Sixty‐nine (22.9%) HCM patients were hospitalized for non‐ICU level care, and 21 (7.0%) required ICU care. Seventeen (5.6%) died: eight (2.6%) of respiratory failure, four (1.3%) of heart failure, two (0.7%) suddenly, and three (1.0%) due to other SARS‐CoV‐2‐related complications. Covariates associated with mortality in the multivariable were age {odds ratio (OR) per 10 year increase 2.25 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–4.51], P = 0.0229}, baseline New York Heart Association class [OR per one‐unit increase 4.01 (95%CI: 1.75–9.20), P = 0.0011], presence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction [OR 5.59 (95%CI: 1.16–26.92), P = 0.0317], and left ventricular systolic impairment [OR 7.72 (95%CI: 1.20–49.79), P = 0.0316]. Controlling for age and sex and comparing HCM patients with a community‐based SARS‐CoV‐2 cohort, the presence of HCM was associated with a borderline significant increased risk of mortality OR 1.70 (95%CI: 0.98–2.91, P = 0.0600). Conclusions: Over one‐fourth of HCM patients infected with SARS‐Cov‐2 required hospitalization, including 6% in an ICU setting. Age and cardiac features related to HCM, including baseline functional class, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and systolic impairment, conveyed increased risk of mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous reports describe the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of polyphenols-rich plant extracts. The aim of this study was to determine the total polyphenols content (TPC), and the in vitro (DPPH, FRAP and TEAC) antioxidant and antibacterial activity of leaves and wood of six native woody species (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanct, Sarcomphalus mistol, Geoffroea decorticans, Prosopis chilensis, Larrea divaricata and Larrea cuneifolia) from Catamarca. Also, the phenolic profile was determined in the species with higher activity. L. cuneifolia leaf extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity followed by L. divaricata and S. mistol, while S. mistol wood extracts showed the highest. Furthermore, Larrea species showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. faecalis strains showing cidal effects mainly against S. aureus. Fifty-nine polyphenols were identified in leaves and wood of Larrea and S. mistol species, which are likely to be responsible for the different activities observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the Franco dictatorship's use of football to gain popular support. Specifically, the article focuses on the Francoists' utilization of F. C. Barcelona and Athletic Club de Bilbao to foster a regionalized idea of Spain where Catalonia and the Basque Country played a central role. The article challenges the idea that Francoism sought the destruction of Catalan and Basque cultures and shows how regional identities were disciplined and manipulated to the dictatorship's benefit. The piece also demonstrates the limits of the Franco regime when it came to promote its regionalized, far-right idea of Spain. The study of Francoist regionalisms via F. C. Barcelona and Athletic Club demonstrates the contingent nature of national identities and the instrumental and mutable character of football clubs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local arena provides an excellent framework for the study of practices linked to the reproduction of national identities. This article analyzes the different manners in which Spanish national identities were transmitted and assimilated at the local level during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–1930). The paper takes a micro-historical approach and examines the process of mass nationalization in the town of Alagón, an industrial locality 15 miles north of Saragossa. It focuses on the different manners in which the local population 'experienced' the nation in public, semi-public and private spheres of nationalization. The article shows the limits of government-controlled, top-down nationalizations and underlines the importance of material culture and daily consumption in the transmission and assimilation of national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local arena provides an excellent framework for the study of practices linked to the reproduction of national identities in interwar Europe. This article analyses the transmission and reproduction of a democratic and secular national identity on a local level during the Spanish Second Republic (1931–6). Using a micro-historical approach, the study examines the processes of nationalization of the population in the town of Alagón, an industrial locality 15 miles north of Saragossa. More specifically, the article explores how municipal institutions in Alagón nationalized residents in the public sphere, paying special attention to policies concerning education, political and religious symbols, and holiday celebrations. The text also investigates how private associations transmitted identities, including folk groups, religious brotherhoods, and the local theatre and cinema. Finally, the article explores how the nation was reproduced in the family and the domestic realm. Drawing comparisons with other European cases, the investigation shows the limits of government-controlled, top-down nationalizations and underlines the importance of material culture and daily consumption in the transmission and assimilation of national identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the processes of nationalisation in Catalonia and the Basque Country in the period 1980-2015. It focuses on the competing narratives that Spanish, Catalan and Basque nationalists disseminated and the different 'spheres of nationalisation' through which individuals acquired their identities. The study combines the historical analysis of national narratives with survey data to examine the production and reproduction of identities. The research shows the limits of both state-led and sub-state-led nationalisations and underscores the importance of changing historical contexts in determining the social impact of national narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the propagation of national narratives through football in both the Spanish and the European media in the period 2008–2012. The Spanish national team's victories in the 2008 and 2012 Euros and the 2010 World Cup resulted in the consolidation of a domestic “narrative of success” that depicted Spain as a flourishing, modern European country. Yet as the economic crisis increased, Spanish governments, mass media, and corporations promoted this narrative of success as a “.compensation mechanism,” aiming at making up for the country's dire financial situation. In the European media, the initially benign portrait of Spaniards was gradually transformed into a new representation that depicted Iberians as slackers and scroungers of European Union funds. The article shows the re-emergence of derogatory stereotypes as a manner of making Spaniards scapegoats for the economic crisis, while reinforcing nationalist narratives among Europeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cross-sectional studies of children with prevalent nephrotic syndrome (NS) have shown 25-vitamin D (25(OH)D) deficiency rates of 20-100 %. Information on 25(OH)D status in incident patients or following remission is limited. This study aimed to assess 25(OH)D status of incident idiopathic NS children at presentation and longitudinally with short-term observation. Methods: Multicenter longitudinal study of children (2-18 years old) from 14 centers across the Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium with incident idiopathic NS. 25(OH)D levels were assessed at diagnosis and 3 months later. Results: Sixty-one children, median age 5 (3, 11) years, completed baseline visit and 51 completed second visit labs. All 61 (100 %) had 25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml at diagnosis. Twenty-seven (53 %) had 25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml at follow-up. Fourteen (28 %) children were steroid resistant. Univariate analysis showed that children prescribed vitamin D supplements were less likely to have 25(OH)D deficiency at follow-up (OR 0.2, 95 % CI 0.04, 0.6). Steroid response, age, and season did not predict 25(OH)D deficiency. Multivariable linear regression modeling showed higher 25(OH)D levels at follow-up by 13.2 ng/ml (SE 4.6, p < 0.01) in children supplemented with vitamin D. Conclusions: In this incident idiopathic NS cohort, all children at diagnosis had 25(OH)D deficiency and the majority continued to have a deficiency at 2-4 months. Supplemental vitamin D decreased the odds of 25(OH)D deficiency at follow-up, supporting a role for supplementation in incident NS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the Franco dictatorship's utilization of football for nationalist indoctrination. It focuses on the Francoist appropriation of Spanish football victories and the promotion of a collective identity that portrayed Spaniards as ferocious, passionate and quixotic. The paper challenges the traditional view that Francoists sought to obliterate regional identities after the Spanish Civil War. As in the case of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, Francoism cultivated certain types of regional identities via sports, seeking to introduce an element of populism and grassroots activism into the dictatorship. Football was also used by the anti-Francoist opposition to foster counter-hegemonic national identities. This article analyses how Spanish democrats, Catalan regionalists and Basque nationalists found in football a suitable means to build alternative identities. The conclusions show that whereas the political nationalism fostered by the Franco regime had little impact on Spaniards, the cultural features and stereotypes associated with the Spanish nation were adopted by different sectors of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out a theoretical model of the processes of mass nationalisation. The paper is divided into three sections. The first part shows nationalisation as a process of identity transmission that includes messages (national narratives), channels (national agencies) and recipients (national individuals). The second section analyses the processes of identity transmission into three spheres of nationalisation: the official public sphere, the non-official public sphere and the private sphere. The last part looks at the process of mass nationalisation from below and reflects on the mechanisms of individual acquisition and reproduction of national identities on a daily basis. The general model of nationalisation presented here is developed in a deductive way and is applicable to a number of countries all over the world. In this article, I illustrate the general model by giving examples of mass nationalisations in Spain over the last two centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss the articles in this issue, including one on Spanish nationalism, one on popular culture, and one on the Catholic Church in Spain.

In recent years, it has been a common complaint among scholars to acknowledge the lack of research on Spanish nationalism. This article addresses the gap by giving an historical overview of 'ethnic' and 'civic' Spanish nationalist discourses during the last two centuries. It is argued here that Spanish nationalism is not a unified ideology but it has, at least, two varieties. During the 19th-century, both a 'liberal' and a 'conservative-traditionalist' nationalist discourse were formulated and these competed against each other for hegemony within the Spanish market of ideas. In the 20th-century, these two discourses continued to be present and became backbones of different political regimes. However, after the emergence of the Basque and Catalan nationalist movements, Spanish nationalists unified as a counter-force to these regional sources of identity. In fact, one can see 20th-century Spanish nationalism as a dialectical struggle between the centre and the periphery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an historical overview of Spain's nation-building process from the nineteenth century to the present time. Using Stein Rokkan's centre-periphery paradigm, the paper argues that a pervasive feature in contemporary Spanish history is the dialectical relationship between the Spanish nation and the peripheral nations of Catalonia and the Basque Country. From this perspective, the Spanish nation-building process is understood as one of the main triggering events for the emergence of peripheral nationalisms at the end of the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, tensions between the core and the periphery help to explain why Spain has a quasi-federal institutional structure. Recent interest in 'constitutional patriotism' for example, can only be understood in relation to Catalan and Basque initiatives to reform their autonomy status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]