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In order to explore the effect of hot air circulation heating on the functional value of radish sprouts, red, green, and white radish sprouts were used as the research subjects in this study. Different temperature and time of hot air circulation heating were used to analyze the changes in active substances such as total phenolic substances, anthocyanins, total phenolic acids, flavonoids, VC, and glucosinolates, as well as the antioxidant activity changes such as DPPH free radical scavenging ability and reducing ability. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted based on the distance method of superior and inferior solutions. The results showed that low-temperature short-term (60 °C for 30 s) hot air circulation heating had the greatest positive effect on the retention rate of anthocyanins and VC content in white radish sprouts, with retention rates reaching 77.8% and 85.3%, respectively. At the same time, the retention rates of total phenolic acids in green and white radish sprouts were 99.3% and 82.5% by short-term (60 °C for 30 s) hot air circulation heating at low temperature, which had a positive effect on the retention of active substance content in the two types of radish sprouts. In addition, the experimental group (100 °C for 60 s) had a certain positive effect on the increase of total phenolic substances, flavonoids, and glucosinolates content in radish sprouts. Moreover, comprehensive evaluation found that short-term hot air circulation heating (60 °C for 30 s) was the best heating condition for maintaining the functional value and antioxidant activity of the three types of radish sprouts. This experiment provided theoretical basis and data support for the in-depth study of hot air circulation heating of sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, different intensities of UV-A were applied to compare their effects on growth, bioactive compounds and hypoglycemia-related enzyme activities in broccoli and radish sprouts. The growth of sprouts was decreased after UV-A irradiation. A total of 12 W of UV-A irradiation resulted in the highest content of anthocyanin, chlorophyll, polyphenol and ascorbic acid in broccoli and radish sprouts. The highest soluble sugar content was recorded in sprouts under 8 W of UV-A irradiation, while no significant difference was obtained in soluble protein content among different UV-A intensities. Furthermore, 12 W of UV-A irradiation induced the highest glucosinolate accumulation, especially glucoraphanin and glucoraphenin in broccoli and radish sprouts, respectively; thus, it enhanced sulforaphane and sulforaphene formation. The α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancrelipase inhibitory rates of two kinds of sprouts were enhanced significantly after UV-A irradiation, indicating UV-A-irradiation-treated broccoli and radish sprouts have new prospects as hypoglycemic functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for healthy foods with high functional value has progressively increased. Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have a promising application in agriculture including the enhancement of plant growth. However, there are few studies on the interactive effects of CNPs and mild salinity on radish seed sprouting. To this end, the effect of radish seed priming with 80mM CNPs on biomass, anthocyanin, proline and polyamine metabolism, and antioxidant defense system under mild salinity growth condition (25 mM NaCl). The results indicated that seed nanopriming with CNPs along with mild salinity stress enhanced radish seed sprouting and its antioxidant capacity. Priming boosted the antioxidant capacity by increasing antioxidant metabolites such as (polyphenols, flavonoids, polyamines, anthocyanin, and proline). To understand the bases of these increases, precursors and key biosynthetic enzymes of anthocyanin [phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid, naringenin, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase (CHS), cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL)], proline [pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), Sucrose, Sucrose P synthase, invertase) and polyamines [putrescine, spermine, spermidine, total polyamines, arginine decarboxylase, orinthnine decarboxylase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase, spermine synthase] were analyzed. In conclusion, seed priming with CNPs has the potential to further stimulate mild salinity-induced bioactive compound accumulation in radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radish sprouts are valued as a key nutrient-dense food in Asian countries. In the current study, we examined how radish sprouts responded to treatments with various carbon sources. The influence of those treatments in parameters such as plant growth and glucosinolate and phenolic compounds levels were analyzed. A positive correlation between plant growth and the accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics was observed. In this study, except for galactose treatment, all other carbon-exposed radish sprouts showed the highest shoot and root length and fresh weight. Seven different glucosinolate and five phenolic compounds were identified in radish sprouts. The total glucosinolates and phenolic compound content were increased after treatments with different carbon sources. Radish sprouts exposed to sucrose showed the highest total glucosinolates and phenolics content, which was 1.22-fold and 1.45-fold higher than that of untreated sprouts, respectively. Moreover, sucrose exposure led to a higher production of glucoiberin, gluconapoleiferin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucoerucin, glucoraphasatin, glucobrassicin, gallic acid, sinapic acid, rutin, and p-coumaric acid compared to that of untreated sprouts. The results obtained in this study will be helpful for researchers around the world to enhance specific glucosinolate and phenolic compounds by treating the radish sprout plants with suitable carbon sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The health benefits of anthocyanins impel researchers and food producers to explorer new methods to increase anthocyanin contents in plant foods. Our previous studies revealed a positive role of nitric oxide (NO) in anthocyanin accumulation in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts. The application of hemin, an inducer of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), can effectively elevate NO production in vivo. Hemin treatment also improves plant growth and stress tolerance. This study is aimed to assess the effects of hemin treatment on anthocyanin production in radish sprouts, and to investigate whether NO signalling is involved in this process. Results: The application of hemin significantly up regulated the expressions of many anthocyanins biosynthesis related structure and regulatory genes, leading to increased anthocyanins accumulation in radish hypocotyls. Hemin treatment also raised NO contents in radish sprouts, probably through enhancing nitrate reductase (NR) activity and Nitric Oxide-Associated 1 (NOA1) expression. Comparing the effects of Zinc Protoporphyrin (ZnPP, HO-1 activity inhibitor), Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) and carboxy-PTIO (cPTIO, NO-scavenger) on anthocyanin and NO production, a positive role of NO signalling has been revealed in hemin-derived anthocyanin accumulation. A positive feedback loop between HO-1 and NO may be involved in regulating this process. Conclusions: Hemin induced anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts through HO-1 and NO signalling network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, it has been considered to secure water and food using seawater desalination technology, and a new simple desalination material for reducing high concentration sodium chloride in seawater is required. In this study, desalting agents were prepared from natural zeolite with addition of calcined Ca-Fe type layered double hydroxide (LDH) to desalinate seawater for agricultural use. Mordenite type natural zeolite from Fukushima, Japan was used. The salinity and pH of seawater used in this study were 3.61% and 8.0, respectively. When more than 250 g/L of natural zeolite was added, the salinity decreased from about 3.56% to about 2.92% (reduction : about 18.0%) after stirring for 1 h. With higher dosage of calcined Ca-Fe LDH, the reduction time of salinity and the increase of pH became faster, while the reduction rate of salinity was almost same and pH value increased. When the mixture was used at the mixing ratio of natural zeolite and calcined Ca-Fe LDH was 5:4, the salinity decreased to 1.0% (reduction : about 70.0%) after stirring for 1 h, and the pH of the solution increased to 9.0 - 9.7. Radish sprouts could be harvested using seawater treated with a mixture of natural zeolite and calcined Ca-Fe LDH (5 : 4), while it was not possible to harvest using seawater and seawater treated with natural zeolite with lower addition of calcined Ca-Fe LDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People have used plants as medications since the beginning of history. With the advancement in science, people headed more towards using synthetic drugs. However, with the rise of problems like the toxic side effects of these drugs as in the case of chemotherapy, and the origin of drug resistant bacteria, the need has come for developing new drugs. The safest source of developing new drugs is natural products from plants. In this study, antimicrobial and anticancer activity of radish sprouts extracts was tested. Radish seeds were planted and watered until they sprouted. Sprouts were then dried and grinded. Radish sprouts were soaked in three different solvents, (100% water, 100% ethanol, and 80% ethanol) for three hours with sonication, and then solvents were evaporated using rotary evaporator at 40 C°. Radish sprouts extracts were then tested for anticancer activity against MCF7 and HT29 cancer cells. Their antimicrobial activity for different types of positive and negative gram bacteria (E. coli, S. pneumonia, and S. aureus) was also tested using disk-diffusion method. Results showed that radish sprouts have anticancer activity against HT29 and MCF7. The most drastic effect was observed for radish sprouts extracted with 100% ethanol against MCF7 cells where 62% of cells were found dead compared to the control. No antimicrobial activity was observed for the radish sprouts extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Se (Selenium) treatment on nutritional quality in radish sprouts. The results showed that 15 µM sodium selenite significantly increased phenolics compounds, flavonoids compounds, anthocyanins, and some essential amino acid content, while improving the total antioxidant capacity of radish sprouts. Besides, the Se‐enriched radish sprouts significantly alleviated the liver damage caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in mice and improved the antioxidant capacity of the liver in mice, whereas the Se‐enriched radish sprouts alleviated the inflammatory reaction and apoptosis caused by CCl4. These results imply that Se‐enriched radish sprouts have a positive impact on mice with CCl4‐induced liver injury, and that in future Se‐enriched radish sprouts could be developed into an effective food and health care product for the liver injury prevention. Practical Application: Because selenium is an essential trace element in the human body, selenium‐enriched sprouts can help eliminate free radicals in the body, relieve aging, and selenium‐deficient diseases. They are easy to grow and have low costs. Hence, selenium‐enriched sprouts have a great potential of being widely consumed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous studies showed that hydrogen-rich water (HRW) promoted the biosynthesis of anthocyanin under UV-A in radish. However, molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis is still unclear. In this study, the role of calcium (Ca2+) in HRW-promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish sprouts hypocotyls under UV-A was investigated. The results showed that a positive effect of HRW on the content of cytosolic calcium and anthocyanin accumulation, mimicking the effects of induced CaCl2. Exogenous addition of Ca2+ chelator bis (β-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) synthesis inhibitor neomycin partially reversed the facilitated effect of HRW. The positive effects of HRW on activity of anthocyanin biosynthetic-enzymes (L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL; chalcone isomerase, CHI; dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR and UDP glc-flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase, UFGT) were reversed by EGTA and neomycin. Further tests confirmed that the upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic related genes induced by HRW was substantially inhibited by calcium antagonists. The possible involvement of CaM in HRW-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis was also preliminarily investigated in this study. Taken together, our results indicate that IP3-dependent calcium signaling pathway might be involved in HRW-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis under UV-A irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucoraphenin, the predominant glucosinolate in radish sprouts, is hydrolyzed by myrosinase to sulforaphene that is implicated to exert anticancerogenic effects. The effects of germination and subsequent cooking processes on the levels of glucoraphenin and its hydrolysis products were investigated in this research. HPLC analysis revealed that the levels of glucoraphenin and sulforaphene decreased with germination time. In agreement with the above results, the antiproliferation activity of radish sprouts extracts on human lung cancer cells was also found to decline gradually in line with the germination process. Furthermore, when we applied three traditional cooking treatments to radish sprouts, the glucoraphenin and sulforaphene were markedly decreased; while the antiproliferation activity of cooked radish sprouts was considerably decreased. This research showed that 3-day-old radish sprouts are an excellent source of bioactive compounds that could potentially benefit human health, while any cooking process appears to cause the devastation of beneficial attributes in radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of nitrogen (N) deficiency and sucrose (Suc) addition on regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and their relationship were investigated in this study. Radish sprouts subjected to N deficiency had 50% higher anthocyanin accumulation than when grown in Hoagland solution (a nutrient medium with all macronutrients). The contents of endogenous soluble sugars (Suc, fructose, and glucose) in the hypocotyls were also markedly increased by N limitation, with Suc showing the highest increase. Inhibition of carbohydrate biosynthesis by addition of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) also eliminated N deficiency-induced anthocyanin accumulation. The latter was further supported by the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis related genes and decreased activities of nitrate reductase in the presence of Suc. Together our results indicate that N deficiency-induced anthocyanin accumulation was, at least partly, dependent on the increase of the soluble sugar, especially Suc. This work is the first comprehensive study on relationship between N deficiency and sugar content on anthocyanin accumulation in the hypocotyls of radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the effects of pretreatment of lettuce during cultivation with 0.001% ε-polylysine (PL) in combination with 0.25% milk serum protein (MSP) on the attachment of Salmonella Enteritidis, lettuce leaves were contaminated with S. Enteritidis after a 1-day treatment with food additives, and harvested after cultivation for 1 day. Viable S. Enteritidis counts on lettuce leaves pretreated with the PL and MSP mixture were significantly reduced from 5.7 log CFU/g to 1 log CFU/g after decontamination by washing with water and a subsequent treatment with NaClO. The viable S. Enteritidis counts on radish sprouts grown for 7 d in the presence of 0.01% PL from seeds inoculated with S. Enteritidis were reduced to 3.1 log CFU/50 sprouts after NaClO decontamination. These counts were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of plants without additive(s). The treatment with additive(s) did not affect the ascorbic acid and chlorophyll contents of both plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Raphanus sativus L. cv. Yanghua sprouts are rich in health-promoting anthocyanins; thus hypocotyls show a red color under light. In this study, effects of UV-B irradiation at 5 W m−2 on anthocyanin biosynthesis in the hypocotyls of radish sprouts were investigated. RESULTS Anthocyanins began to accumulate rapidly from 24 h irradiation and increased continuously until 48 h, showing a similar pattern to phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( PAL) activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.804. The expression of DFR and ANS paralleled the upward trend in anthocyanin accumulation, while CHS, CHI and F3H were upregulated before accumulation. When sprouts were moved into the dark from UV-B, the anthocyanin accumulation did not stop immediately. By contrast, anthocyanin accumulated continuously for more than 12 h in the dark, which was further supported by the significantly higher PAL activity monitored at 24 h after irradiation. Similarly, the transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were much higher over 6 h after 12 h UV-B irradiation. CONCLUSION UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation continues in the dark after irradiation, which was supported by unfading PAL activity and high levels of biosynthesis-related genes. This will provide evidence to produce high-quality sprouts with more anthocyanins but less energy wastage in practice. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incubation conditions using tetrathionate broth (TT) and Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth (RV), which are typically employed as enrichment broths, were investigated for the isolation of Salmonella Brandenburg grown poorly at 42°C from radish sprouts. A small number (10² CFU/ml of broth) of Salmonella with Pseudomonas aeruginosa were injected into TT and RV; however, Salmonella colonies were absent when these broths were incubated at 42°C. No differences were observed in the detection rates of colonies on either TT or RV incubated anaerobically at 35°C and aerobically at 35°C, with the exception of a small number of Salmonella with P. aeruginosa on RV. In case of mixed culture of Salmonella Brandenburg and Escherichia coli in TT and RV at 42°C, there were samples that Salmonella colonies were not detected. In the mixed culture of Salmonella Brandenburg and radish sprouts in TT and RV, the detection rate of Salmonella was better on incubation at 35°C than that at 42°C when a large number of Salmonella Brandenburg was injected (105 or 106 CFU/ml of broth). Moreover, the detection rate at colonies was better at 35°Cthan at 42°C in the case of the injection (10² CFU/ml of broth) into RV. On the other hand, no remarkable differences were observed in the detection rates of colonies on either TT or RV incubated anaerobically at 35°C and aerobically at 35°C. These results demonstrated that the isolation of Salmonella grown poorly at 42°C from radish sprouts using a high temperature incubation was not favorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Multiple infection sources for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) are known, including animal products, fruit and vegetables. The ecology of this pathogen outside its human host is largely unknown and one third of its annotated genes are still hypothetical. To identify genetic determinants expressed under a variety of environmental factors, we applied strand-specific RNA-sequencing, comparing the SOLiD and Illumina systems. Results Transcriptomes of EHEC were sequenced under 11 different biotic and abiotic conditions: LB medium at pH4, pH7, pH9, or at 15°C; LB with nitrite or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; LB-agar surface, M9 minimal medium, spinach leaf juice, surface of living radish sprouts, and cattle feces. Of 5379 annotated genes in strain EDL933 (genome and plasmid), a surprising minority of only 144 had null sequencing reads under all conditions. We therefore developed a statistical method to distinguish weakly transcribed genes from background transcription. We find that 96% of all genes and 91.5% of the hypothetical genes exhibit a significant transcriptional signal under at least one condition. Comparing SOLiD and Illumina systems, we find a high correlation between both approaches for fold-changes of the induced or repressed genes. The pathogenicity island LEE showed highest transcriptional activity in LB medium, minimal medium, and after treatment with antibiotics. Unique sets of genes, including many hypothetical genes, are highly up-regulated on radish sprouts, cattle feces, or in the presence of antibiotics. Furthermore, we observed induction of the shiga-toxin carrying phages by antibiotics and confirmed active biofilm related genes on radish sprouts, in cattle feces, and on agar plates. Conclusions Since only a minority of genes (2.7%) were not active under any condition tested (null reads), we suggest that the assumption of significant genome over-annotations is wrong. Environmental transcriptomics uncovered hitherto unknown gene functions and unique regulatory patterns in EHEC. For instance, the environmental function of azoR had been elusive, but this gene is highly active on radish sprouts. Thus, NGS-transcriptomics is an appropriate technique to propose new roles of hypothetical genes and to guide future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To identify Lactococcus garvieae isolates from radish and broccoli sprouts and compare them with virulent and less virulent mutant strains obtained from yellowtails with regard to KG phenotype, presence of a capsule and virulence towards yellowtails and mice. Methods and Results: Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of six isolates obtained from radish and broccoli sprouts indicated that they were L. garvieae (similarity >99%). They were compared with KG9502, Lg2 and ATCC49156 strains obtained from yellowtails. A less virulent mutant strain Lg2-S was obtained by Lg2 subculture. Biochemical characterization of the six strains resembled that of KG9502, Lg2, ATCC49156 and Lg2-S, except for saccharose and tagatose acidification and the presence of hippuricase. These six strains were nonpathogenic towards yellowtails and mice, nonsusceptible to bacteriophages and demonstrated heterogeneity on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. Using transmission electron microscopy, a capsule was observed in KG9502 and Lg2 but not in ATCC49156 and Lg2-S. Conclusions: We isolated L. garvieae strains that lacked pathogenicity towards yellowtails and mice from radish and broccoli sprouts; these were noncapsulated and exhibited KG+ phenotype. Significance and Impact of the Study: This is the first documentation of L. garvieae isolated from terrestrial plants. These isolates exhibited genetic diversity; however, they were noncapsulated and nonpathogenic towards yellowtails and mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) is a macronutrient important for the survival of plants. To investigate the effects of N deficiency, a time-course metabolic profiling of radish sprouts was performed. A total of 81 metabolites—including organic acids, inorganic acid, amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, amines, amide, sugar phosphates, policosanols, tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and glucosinolates—were characterized. Principal component analysis and heat map showed distinction between samples grown under different N conditions, as well as with time. Using PathVisio, metabolic shift in biosynthetic pathways was visualized using the metabolite data obtained for 7 days. The amino acids associated with glucosinolates accumulated as an immediate response against –N condition. The synthesis of pigments and glucosinolates was decreased, but monosaccharides and γ-tocopherol were increased as antioxidants in radish sprouts grown in –N condition. These results indicate that in radish sprouts, response to N deficiency occurred quickly and dynamically. Thus, this metabolic phenotype reveals that radish responds quickly to N deficiency by increasing the content of soluble sugars and γ-tocopherol, which acts as a defense mechanism after the germination of radish seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydrogen gas (H2) is the most abundant element in the universe, and has been reported to act as a novel beneficial gaseous molecule in plant adaptive responses. Radish sprouts are popular because they contain substantial amounts of antioxidants and health-promoting compounds, such as anthocyanin and glucosinolates. Although radish sprouts accumulated more anthocyanin under UV-A after treatment with hydrogen-rich water (HRW), the molecular mechanism responsible is still elusive. To explore these mechanisms, RNA-seq analysis was used. Results: Four cDNA libraries from radish sprout hypocotyls were constructed, and a total of 14,564 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through pairwise comparisons. By Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, these unigenes were found to be implicated in light signal perception and transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex accounted for the majority of the transcription factors found to be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, and levels of transcripts for this complex were in accordance with the anthocyanin concentrations observed. In addition, other transcription factors (such as NAC, bZIP and TCP) might participate in HRW-promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis. Furthermore, the signaling processes of plant hormones, MAPKs and Ca2+ might be involved in HRW-promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis under UV-A. The expression patterns of 16 selected genes were confirmed using qRT-PCR analysis. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of this study may expand our understanding of HRW-promoted anthocyanin accumulation under UV-A in radish sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]