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Background: Phlegmonous and gangrenous appendicitis represent independent pathophysiological entities with different clinical courses ranging from spontaneous resolution to septic disease. However, reliable predictive methods for these clinical phenotypes have not yet been established. In an attempt to provide pathophysiological insights into the matter, a genomewide gene expression analysis was undertaken in patients with acute appendicitis. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and, after histological confirmation of PA or GA, analysed for genome-wide gene expression profiling using RNA microarray technology and subsequent pathway analysis. Results: Samples from 29 patients aged 7-17 years were included. Genomewide gene expression analysis was performed on 13 samples of phlegmonous and 16 of gangrenous appendicitis. From a total of 56 666 genes, 3594 were significantly differently expressed. Distinct interaction between T and B cells in the phlegmonous appendicitis group was suggested by overexpression of T cell receptor α and β subunits, CD2, CD3, MHC II, CD40L, and the B cell markers CD72 and CD79, indicating an antiviral mechanism. In the gangrenous appendicitis group, expression of genes delineating antibacterial mechanisms was found. Conclusion: These results provide evidence for different and independent gene expression in phlegmonous and gangrenous appendicitis in general, but also suggest distinct immunological patterns for the respective entities. In particular, the findings are compatible with previous evidence of spontaneous resolution in phlegmonous and progressive disease in gangrenous appendicitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 14-year-old boy after a Mustard procedure for transposition of the great arteries developed pulmonary hypertension secondary to baffle obstruction. This occurred over several years without apparent significant symptomatology. Systemic-level pressure prevailed in the left (pulmonary) ventricle and provided an opportunity to perform a successful one-stage arterial switch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]