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The research assessed the inclusion of MRD-Pro®, a bacterial-derived single-cell protein (SCP), in the diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry with an initial weight of 0.12 grams. Using a diet composed of 45% crude protein and 14% crude fat, with an initial fishmeal content of 8.0% (designated as Diet 0.00% SCP, the control), SCP replaced 50% and 100% of the fishmeal on a protein basis, incorporated at levels of 4.25% and 8.50%, respectively. In addition, two more diets were prepared with higher levels of SCP, 14.50% and 21.00%. All diets were isoproteic and isolipidic. Weight gains of fish fed with the control diet (27.26 g) and the 4.25% SCP diet (21.61 g) were statistically comparable among themselves but were significantly greater than those of fish fed the 8.50% SCP (10.45 g), 14.50% SCP (11.54 g), or 21.00% SCP (7.28 g) diets, a trend observed across all growth and feed utilization indices. Increasing dietary SCP significantly reduced the crude fat and dry matter content in fish muscle tissue, while minimal changes in the amino acid profile of fish muscle tissue were observed. The bacterial-based SCP MRD-Pro® is a nutritious feed additive that can be effectively incorporated, within limits, into the diet of tilapia fry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent progress in the development of novel organic scintillators necessitates modern characterization capabilities. As the primary means of energy deposition by neutrons in these materials is n-p elastic scattering, knowledge of the proton light yield is paramount. This work establishes a new model-independent method to continuously measure the proton light yield in organic scintillators over a broad energy range. Using a deuteron breakup neutron source at the 88-in. Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and an array of organic scintillators, the proton light yield of EJ-301 and EJ-309, commercially available organic liquid scintillators from Eljen Technology, was measured via a double time-of-flight technique. The light yield was determined using a kinematically over-constrained system in the proton energy range of 1–20 MeV. The effect of the pulse integration length on the magnitude and shape of the proton light yield relation was also explored. This work enables accurate simulation of the performance of advanced neutron detectors and supports the development of next-generation neutron imaging systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Neutron Scatter Camera (NSC) is a neutron spectrometer and imager that has been developed and improved by the Sandia National Laboratories for several years. Built for special nuclear material searches, the instrument was configured by the design to reconstruct neutron sources within the fission energy range 1–10 MeV. In this work, we present modifications that attempt to extend the NSC sensitivity to neutron energies in the range ∼10–200 MeV and discuss the corresponding consequences for the event processing. We present simulation results that manifest important aspects of the NSC response to those intermediate energy neutrons. The simulation results also evidence that the instrument's spectroscopic capabilities severely deteriorate at those energies, mainly due to the uncertainties in measuring energy, time, and distance between the two neutron scattering interactions. This work is motivated by the need to characterize neutron fluxes at particle accelerators as they may represent important backgrounds for neutrino experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotine, a major psychoactive component of tobacco smoke, alters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) modulation of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Changes in structural neuroplasticity can occur in GABAergic parvalbumin (PRV) positive neurons, which are enveloped by structures of the extracellular matrix called perineuronal nets (PNNs). In the current study, rats were trained to self-administer intravenous nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) for 21 days in 1-hour daily sessions with an incrementing fixed ratio requirement; a control group received saline infusions. At either 45 minutes or 72 hours after the last session, immunofluorescence measurements for PNNs, PRV and c-Fos were conducted. In VTA, nicotine self-administration reduced the number of PRV+ cells surrounded by PNNs at 45 minutes, as well as reducing the intensity of PNNs, suggesting a remodeling of GABA interneurons in this region; the number of PRV+ cells surrounded by PNNs was also reduced at 72 hours. A similar reduction of PNNs occurred in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) but not in medial prefrontal cortex (prelimbic or infralimbic), 45 minutes after the last session; PNNs were not detected in nucleus accumbens (shell or core). The reduction of PNNs in VTA and OFC was unrelated to c-Fos + cells, as the percent of wisteria floribunda agglutinin + cells co-expressing c-Fos was decreased in OFC but not in VTA. Thus, nicotine self-administration remodeled PNNs surrounding GABA interneurons in VTA and its indirect connections to OFC, suggesting a new possible molecular target where nicotine-induced neuroplasticity takes place. PNN manipulations may prevent or reverse the different stages of tobacco addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms of mesenchymal origin. Approximately 80% arise from soft tissue and 20% originate from bone. To date more than 100 sarcoma subtypes have been identified and they vary in molecular characteristics, pathology, clinical presentation and response to treatment. While sarcomas represent <1% of adult cancers, they account for approximately 21% of paediatric malignancies and thus pose some of the greatest risks of mortality and morbidity in children and young adults. Metastases occur in one-third of all patients and approximately 10–20% of sarcomas recur locally. Surgery in combination with preoperative and postoperative therapies is the primary treatment for localized sarcoma tumours and is the most promising curative possibility. Metastasized sarcomas, on the other hand, are treated primarily with single-agent or combination chemotherapy, but this rarely leads to a complete and robust response and often becomes a palliative form of treatment. The heterogeneity of sarcomas results in variable responses to current generalized treatment strategies. In light of this and the lack of curative strategies for metastatic and unresectable sarcomas, there is a need for novel subtype-specific treatment strategies. With the more recent understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of some of these tumours, the treatment of sarcoma subtypes with targeted therapies is a rapidly evolving field. This review discusses the current management of sarcomas as well as promising new therapies that are currently underway in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antineutrinos are electrically neutral, nearly massless fundamental particles produced in large numbers in the cores of nuclear reactors and in nuclear explosions. In the half century since their discovery, major advances in the understanding of their properties, and in detector technology, have opened the door to a new discipline-Applied Antineutrino Physics. Because antineutrinos are inextricably linked to the process of nuclear fission, there are many applications of interest in nuclear nonproliferation. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of applied antineutrino physics relevant for nonproliferation, summarizes recent advances in the field, describes the overlap of this nascent discipline with other ongoing fundamental and applied antineutrino research, and charts a course for research and development for future applications. It is intended as a resource for policymakers, researchers, and the wider nuclear nonproliferation community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Near Detector for the MINOS Experiment at Fermilab is composed of alternating planes of scintillator strips and steel plates, and is read out with 64-channel, multi-anode photomultiplier tubes. The instrumentation uses a custom integrated circuit designed at Fermilab for the front end analog processing, called the QIE. The system can measure single photoelectrons to high precision with a dynamic range of 16 bits. The electronics operates in two modes. It records all events that occur during the 10 μs "fast spill" of the beam from the Fermilab Main Injector at a rate of 53 MHz, using a gate from the beamline controls to force data acquisition. The system can also acquire data from cosmic rays that pass through the detector for calibration. In this case, dynode signals from the photomultipliers are used as the trigger, causing digitization and readout of the associated channels. Zero suppression and normalization are done in the front end electronics. The system is "triggerless" in that there is no global hardware trigger. Instead, each event is tagged with a "timestamp", which is used in postprocessing to reconstruct events and discard noise hits. The system of 10,000 channels is now built and installed, and operational at Fermilab. The components of the system are described and preliminary system performance is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MINOS long-baseline neutrino experiment consists of two detectors separated by 730 km. Both are equipped with identical data acquisition (DAQ) systems, based on continuous, dead time free readout. Data are read from the untriggered front-end electronics by VME single board computers and transferred across high-speed PCI data links for consolidation by data routing processors. An array of Linux computers selects events of interest using software-based trigger algorithms. We present the design of the DAQ system and report on experience gathered during early operation of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fully take advantage of the widespread use of digital imaging systems and to update and eliminate redundant steps involved in medical radiographic publication, we present our experience of processing Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)-3 digital images from the point of acquisition to the point of publisher-ready radiographic images without intervening hardcopies. Copyright (c) 1999 by W.B. Saunders Company [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]