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Background: Lachninae (Insecta: Aphididae) represent a fascinating group of aphids that are traditionally divided into five tribes. Among these, members of the tribe Tuberolachnini exhibit remarkable morphological and biological diversity. One genus of this group, Miyalachnus, known from Japan, is characterized by unique features. Our study aimed to re-examine the tribal classification within Lachninae, with a focus on the diverse Tuberolachnini and the previously understudied genera Miyalachnus and Sinolachnus. Results: We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis using four genes (COI, COII, CytB, and EF1α), employing both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods on a combined dataset. Our findings challenge the monophyly of Tuberolachnini. The analyses revealed that Miyalachnus and Sinolachnus are phylogenetically distinct from the core Tuberolachnini genera (Nippolachnus, Pyrolachnus, and Tuberolachnus), instead showing a closer relationship with Tramini. Specifically, the Miyalachnus clade forms a sister clade to the clade containing Sinolachnus and Tramini. Conclusions: On the basis of these molecular results, corroborated by morphological evidence, we propose to erect a new tribe within the Lachninae-Miyalachnini trib. nov. with Miyalachnus as the type genus. We also provide updated taxonomic diagnoses for the remaining tribes and discuss their relationships as well as distinguishing features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cosmetic-tattoo industry is evolving every year and the microstructures of the equipment have the great potential for semi-permanent makeup applications. Present paper explores the materials and microparticles of semi-permanent makeup tattoo needles. The surface of the five-round-shader tattoo needle used in semi-permanent makeup process was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and its elemental composition was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The comparison of five-round-shader needles have undergone thorough observation: original five-round-shader needle and distorted five-round-shader needle. The diameter of the sharp and rounded needle tip was measured at approximately 6.80 μm, while the deformed needle tip was approximately 16 μm thick, about 2.5 times thicker than the rounded needle tip. Many rosette-shaped lead (Pb) particles and irregular clusters adhere to the welded areas and closely adjacent needle shaft surfaces. The lead particles have a diameter ranging from 4 μm to 5 μm and exhibit a grid-like structure with a consistent thickness of plate-like shape. The distorted structure of Pb in rosette-shaped formations is shown to have originated from the grinding and polishing processes during needle manufacturing. To produce sterilized tattoo needles, high-quality tattoo needle inspection processes are necessary to remove any unhygienic substances adhering to the needle surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Uricase is a bio-drug used to reduce urate accumulation in gout disease. Thus, there is a continuous demand for screening soil samples derived from a variety of different sources in order to isolate a strain that possesses a high potential for producing uricase. Methods: Streptomyces sp. strain NEAE-5 demonstrated a significant capacity for uricase production was identified based on the physiological, morphological and biochemical characteristics, as well as 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Using a Plackett–Burman statistical design, the impact of eighteen process factors on uricase production by Streptomyces griseorubens strain NEAE-5 was investigated. Using central composite design, the most important variables that had a favourable positive impact on uricase production by Streptomyces griseorubens strain NEAE-5 were further optimized. Results: It is clear that the morphological and chemotaxonomic features of Streptomyces sp. strain NEAE-5 are typical for the Streptomyces genus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Streptomyces sp. strain NEAE-5 belongs to the genus Streptomyces and closely related to Streptomyces griseorubens which it has a 95–96% identity in 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Accordingly, the strain is proposed to be identified as Streptomyces griseorubens strain NEAE-5. The three factors that had the significant positive impacts on uricase production were uric acid, hypoxanthine, and yeast extract. As a result, the best conditions for achieving the highest experimental uricase production by Streptomyces griseorubens strain NEAE-5 after central composite design were (g/L): uric acid 6.96, glycerol 5, hypoxanthine 5.51, MgSO4.7H2O 0.1, KNO3 2, CaCl2 0.5, K2HPO4 0.5, NaCl 0.5, yeast extract 1.08. In addition, the period of incubation is seven days, pH 7.5 and 37 °C with an inoculum size of 2 mL (105 cfu/mL) /100 mL medium. Conclusions: After optimization, the obtained uricase activity was 120.35 U/mL, indicating that the Streptomyces griseorubens strain NEAE-5 is a potent uricase producer and that the statistical approach used for optimization was appropriate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the chemical properties of peat microparticles modified asphalt (Pt.M.A.). The originality of the study resides in the examination of the chemical characteristics of peat microparticles (Pt.) modified asphalt (Pt. M.A.) utilising FTIR, SEM, SFE, and XRD methodologies. This encompasses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface free energy (SFE), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Initially, FTIR examined the functional groups of both unaltered and altered asphalt binders. The SEM images reveal improved compatibility, showcasing superior diffusion of the modifier across the asphalt. A further critical factor is that improved adhesion properties, according to the SFE study, indicate that modified binders generally offer more SFE compared to unmodified binders. The XRD measurements revealed a semi-crystalline structure in the Pt. modifier and an amorphous structure in the basal asphalt binder. The integration of Pt. into the asphalt cement resulted in modifications to the phases of both constituents, culminating in the emergence of a new semi-crystalline phase inside the modified asphalt binder. These data suggest that peat microparticles (Pt.) can improve the efficacy of asphalt binders by enhancing compatibility, adhesion, and resistance to ageing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Consumers are assumed to engage in external information search only after exhausting their internal information sources. Guided by the accessibility/diagnosticity and ease-of-retrieval frameworks, and the elaboration likelihood model, the current study investigates this phenomenon. Design/methodology/approach: To test the relationships between internal information accessibility/diagnosticity and the importance of external search, and the moderating role of involvement in these relationships, 308 responses were collected on Amazon MTurk. Then, structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. Findings: The analyses showed that while accessibility and diagnosticity of internal information have an impact on external information search, involvement with the product class has a consequential moderating effect on these relationships. In particular, in the low-involvement group, only the diagnosticity of internal information had a negative effect on external information search. On the contrary, in the high-involvement group, only accessibility of internal information had a negative effect. Research limitations/implications: These findings highlight the possibility of drawing erroneous conclusions resulting from not incorporating involvement, in conjunction with information accessibility and diagnosticity, in the study of the consumer external information search behavior. Practical implications: The findings also imply that if practitioners aim to prime consumers to engage in external information search, they need to take into account that the effects of internal information's accessibility and diagnosticity on consumers' external search behavior may be different depending on their levels of involvement. Originality/value: This study's results showed that without considering the moderating effect of involvement, spurious conclusions may be made about the relationships between accessibility and diagnosticity of internal and external information importance. This finding may explain the discrepancy between the accessibility/diagnosticity and ease-of-retrieval frameworks, thus enriching the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aims at the in-depth study on wear behavior of a novel hybrid aluminium based nano-composite. CP-Al + 2 wt.% TiN and CP-Al + (1 wt.% AlN + wt.% TiN) nano-composites were synthesized by stir casting method. The composites were subsequently studied for microstructural features using optical as well as scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hardness measurements were taken and compared with monolithic CP-Al alloy. Furthermore, wear studies were carried out in a pin-on-disk wear testing apparatus at room temperature at different loads up to 2000 m sliding distance at a sliding speed of 1 ms−1. Worn surfaces and wear debris were studied in a field emission SEM (FESEM). Results indicate massive grain refinement and improvement in hardness values in composites when compared with monolithic CP-Al alloy. Both TiN and AlN acted as nucleation sites in the nano composites. Moreover, engulfment of AlN particles due to its higher thermal conductivity caused presence of AlN particles within the grains. Wear results indicate greater improvement in wear resistance in case of nano-composites compared to monolithic CP-Al alloy. CP-Al + 2 wt.% TiN nano-composite exhibit ultra-mild wear at 20N load and mild wear at 40 and 60N load. On the other hand, hybrid nano composite exhibit ultra-mild wear upto 40N load. This is due to the presence of both TiN and AlN nano-particles which resist microcutting abrasion and delamination wear respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the sol-gel auto-combustion (SGAC) approach was used to synthesis praseodymium (Pr3+) substituted Zinc-Cobalt (ZC) ferrites, having general formula Co0.7Zn0.3PrxFe2−xO4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20). X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed a secondary phase (PrFeO3) with a composition of x ≥ 0.10 and the presence of FCC structure. The crystallite size (D) of Pr3+ doped ZC SFs decreased from 17.36 nm to 12.44 nm as the amount of Pr3+ doping increased. Additionally, the lattice constant saw an enhancement from 8.34 a (Å) to 8.96 a (Å) with the incorporation of Pr3+ into the ZC SFs. XRD and FTIR analysis verified the replacement of Pr3+ into ZC SFs. Inhomogeneous grain size distribution was seen in samples by applying the Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) technique. It was discovered that the dielectric loss decreased with the applied frequency, which is helpful for high frequency device applications. The substitutions of Pr3+ ions resulted in remanence (Mr (emu/g)), saturation magnetization (Ms (emu/g)) and coercivity (Hc (Oe)) maximum at x = 0.00 and minimum for x = 0.20 in ZC SFs, respectively. The maximum microwave frequency in GHz maximum for x = 0.00 (18.8 (GHz)) and minimum at sample x = 0.20 (7.86 (GHz)). According to the findings of our research, Pr3+ substituted spinel ferrites appear to be very useful in radar, satellite communication, space communication, and microwave frequency applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to (1) develop a structural equation model in understanding the relationships between corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and contractor competitiveness and (2) test the moderating effect of firm sizes on this relationship. Design/methodology/approach: A literature review showed an urgent need to investigate the relationship between CSR implementation and contractor competitiveness holistically. CSR and contractor competitiveness variables were identified through the literature review and discussions with experienced professionals. Using a survey questionnaire, a total of 252 completed questionnaires were received. A structural equation modeling technique was then applied to analyze the data collected. Multigroup analysis was employed to test the moderating effect of firm sizes on the relationship between CSR implementation and contractor competitiveness. Findings: The results indicated a strong relationship between CSR implementation and contractor competitiveness. This relationship is not moderated by firm size. Originality/value: This research is one of the first studies to holistically explore the linkages between CSR implementation and contractor competitiveness. The findings can be served as a solid foundation to promote CSR performance in construction firms. Contractors of different sizes are suggested to implement CSR activities to foster competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are a diverse class of materials designed for selective molecular recognition. These polymers are synthesized with particular binding sites that are suited to a target molecule or a collection of structurally similar molecules through the use of a process called molecular imprinting. MIPs were synthesized in this work to specifically remove direct violet 51 from occupational leachates and aqueous solutions. Methacrylic acid functioned as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker, 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator, and alcohol as a porogenic solvent. To improve the dye removal effectiveness, a number of factors were optimized, including time, pH, analyte concentrations, and MIP/NIP dosages. The findings showed that MIPs had a much greater capacity for direct violet 51 adsorption than nonimprinted polymers (NIPs), with MIP adsorption capacity reaching 42.553 mg g−1 and NIP adsorption capacity reaching 7 mg g−1. The pseudo 2nd-order model described the adsorption kinetics, and the rate constant (K2) for MIPs was found to be 0.00251 mg g−1 min. Furthermore, a high rebinding efficiency of 94 % was observed when the selectivity of MIPs for direct violet 51 was assessed against structurally similar templates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VMXm joins the suite of operational macromolecular crystallography beamlines at Diamond Light Source. It has been designed to optimize rotation data collections from protein crystals less than 10 µm and down to below 1 µm in size. The beamline has a fully focused beam of 0.3 × 2.3 µm (vertical × horizontal) with a tuneable energy range (6–28 keV) and high flux (1.6 × 1012 photons s−1 at 12.5 keV). The crystals are housed within a vacuum chamber to minimize background scatter from air. Crystals are plunge‐cooled on cryo‐electron microscopy grids, allowing much of the liquid surrounding the crystals to be removed. These factors improve the signal‐to‐noise during data collection and the lifetime of the microcrystals can be prolonged by exploiting photoelectron escape. A novel in vacuo sample environment has been designed which also houses a scanning electron microscope to aid with sample visualization. This combination of features at VMXm allows measurements at the physical limits of X‐ray crystallography on biomacromolecules to be explored and exploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) continues to grow in popularity with numerous articles, books, courses, and workshops available to help researchers become proficient with SEM quickly. However, few resources are available to help users gain a deep understanding of the analytic steps involved in SEM, with even fewer providing reproducible syntax for those learning the technique. This work builds off of the original work by Ferron and Hess to provide computer syntax, written in python, for the specification, estimation, and numerical optimization steps necessary for SEM. The goal is to provide readers with many of the numerical and analytic details of SEM that may not be regularly taught in workshops and courses. This work extends the original demonstration by Ferron and Hess to incorporate the reticular action model notation for specification as well as the estimation of variable means. All of the code listed is provided in the appendix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pilostyles, an endoparasitic genus within the Apodanthaceae family, grows inside host stems with flowers and fruits being the only external manifestations. Previous studies of P. berteroi growing on Adesmia trijuga provided limited details of the endophyte and omitted the origin of flowers and sinker structure. This study, using classical methods of optical microscopy applied to the analysis with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, expands the understanding of the P. berteroi/A. trijuga complex. We find that P. berteroi develops isophasically with its host, forming endophytic patches between the host's secondary phloem cells. The parasitized Adesmia stem's cambium primarily produces xylem parenchyma, with limited vessel production and halting fiber formation. The radial polarization of endophytic patches led to the formation of floral meristems. Flowers develop endogenously and emerge by the breakthrough of the host stem. Flowers are connected to the host cambium via chimeric sinkers, combining P. berteroi parenchyma and tracheoids with Adesmia vessels. Unlike previous studies that show uniformity among Pilostyles species, our analysis reveals new insights into the structural interaction between P. berteroi and A. trijuga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 41% of households and 2.8 billion people worldwide depend on solid fuels including coal. The available coal reserves in Indonesia are 31.7 billion tons and only enough for the next 65 years. This makes the government encourage the development of research on the utilization of biomass waste as alternative energy. Efforts are made to convert biomass waste in the form of rubber wood into alternative solid fuels through the pyrolysis process. Biochar is produced from biomass through pyrolysis, resulting in excellent combustion quality. Biochar from pyrolysis is combined with brown coal and molasses adhesive to create coal biobriquettes as an alternative solid fuel. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal composition of brown coal and biochar in producing coal biobriquettes with the best quality. The pyrolysis process of rubber wood waste was carried out at a temperature of 350-400 °C for 2 hours. This study used variations in the composition of biochar (75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%) and brown coal (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) and 15 mL molasses adhesive. Testing the combustion quality of coal biobriquettes through proximate analysis and value. The results showed that the most optimal product was a sample with a composition of 85% biochar and 15% brown coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the existing era, international trade is boosted by maritime freight movement. The academicians and Government are concerned about environmental contamination caused by maritime goods that transit global growth and development. Digital technologies like blockchain help the maritime freight business to stay competitive in the digital age. This study aims to illuminate blockchain technology (BCT) adoption aspects to alleviate early industry adoption restrictions. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopts a two-stage approach comprising of structural equation modeling (SEM) with artificial neural networks (ANN) to analyze critical factors influencing the adoption of BCT in the sustainable maritime freight industry. Findings: The SEM findings from this study illustrate that social, organizational, technological and infrastructual and institutional factors affect BCT execution. Furthermore, the ANN technique uses the SEM data to determine that sustainability enabled digital freight training (S3), initial investment cost (O5) and trust over digital technology (G1) are the most essential blockchain deployment factors. Originality/value: The hybrid approach aims to help decision-makers and policymakers examine their organizational blockchain adoption goals to construct sustainable, efficient and effective maritime freight transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Microscopy Research & Technique is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper includes a comprehensive taxonomical study based on seed morphology of 31 Euphorbia L species from Türkiye. The studied Euphorbia taxa have been examined for morphological traits such as seed color, dimensions, surface ornamentation, cell wall structures, lipid granule presence, and caruncle shape and dimensions with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and stereo microscopy to develop a better understanding of the basis of its species. The outcomes show that the species differ based on seed shape and color. The seed width dimensions are between 0.55 and 3.83 mm and the length dimensions are between 1.03 and 5.87 mm. Euphorbia lathyris, E. prostrata, and E. nutans are marked differently from the rest of the studied species based on their seed dimension. The seed surface ornamentation is classified into 12 different types: tuberculate, reticulate, areolate, colliculate, verrucate, alveolate, rugose, alveolate‐reticulate, slightly reticulate, reticulate‐areolate, pusticulate, and ruminate. The most common form is reticulate, found in eight species. The tuberculate (in E. helioscopia), areolate (in E. oblongata), slightly reticulate (in E. amygdaloides), and ruminate (in E. herniariifolia) ornamentation types are each characterized by only one species. The presence of lipid granules and anticlinal and periclinal cell walls disclose interspecific relationships within the examined taxa. Also, an identification key is offered for the studied species based on seed characters. Research Highlights: The seeds of Turkish Euphorbia species have been studied in depth.The morphological characters of seeds of Turkish Euphorbia species have been examined utilizing SEM and light microscopy for the first time and discussed the taxonomic practice of these characteristics.A dichotomous key containing seed morphological data has presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Tilia L. belongs to Malvaceae and it is represented by four species in Turkey. These are T. cordata, T. platyphyllos, T. rubra subsp. caucasica, and T. tomentosa. Tilia species have medicinal importance, especially to treat colds, flu, and coughs, and are also used as sedatives. Inflorescence with bract is recorded in the pharmacopeia as used parts. This study aimed to investigate the differences in leaf and bract characteristics in distinguishing Tilia species. Leaves and bracts were examined anatomically and micromorphologically under light and scanning electron microscopes (LM and SEM). There is no comparative anatomical and micromorphological study of Tilia species from Turkey. Microscopic examination allows for the observation of stomata types, trichomes, and other anatomical structures. These features can vary among species and can aid in differentiation. Features of bract that is medicinally used part were evaluated to find efficient diagnostic characters. The leaves also possess distinct characteristics, and leaf morphology is already used in the identification key in Flora. The emphasis is on identifying the species of medically used drugs. A diagnostic key was created using LM and SEM based on bract features to differentiate taxa for the first time. Research Highlights: Leaf and bract anatomy of Tilia taxa was studied via LM and SEM.The raw plant material is inflorescence with bract so identification by bract is important for species adulteration.An diagnostic key based on bract features was created for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), six Salsola species from Iran were examined for their epidermis, seed, and fruit micromorphology. Among them were S. brachiata from section Heterotricha, S dendroides, S. incanescens, and S. orientalis from section Caroxylon, S. kali from section Kali, and S. turcomanica from section Physurus. Epidermal cells are divided into three types. There were diamond, irregular, and polygonal cells, as well as straight and undulated walls. Studied species of Salsola have smooth or sculptured fruit surfaces, and there are three main types of fruit surface ornamentation. There is a significant difference between these species based on the type of hair and density of the fruit. Seed shape and color have little systematic significance. The seed epidermis is composed of polygonal, elongated polygonal, irregular, and diamond cells. Although polygonal and irregular testa cells are most common, their size and shape can provide additional information and useful diagnostic characteristics at both specific and infraspecific levels. For taxonomic separation, the current study provides novel insights at micromorphological levels. Research Highlights: This article reports halophyte are shown as models for adaptation to extreme habitats.These plants are placed among the ecological communities of xerophytes. Here, for the first time, the microstructural analysis of Salsola has been investigated.Additionally, it provides new insights into plant species' response to extreme conditions, as well as possible adaptation strategies at the micromorphological level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passivity breakdown mechanism of high-strength 7068 alloy is studied. Breakdown potential varied linearly with log aCl‒, pH, and square root of scan rate in potentiodynamic polarization tests. Mott-Schottky analysis showed that the dominant defect is cation vacancy. Passive layer characteristics like cation vacancy density and defect annihilation rate are determined. Critical cation vacancy density for pitting obtained from point defect model and the theoretical values are somewhat compatible. Chloride concentration of 0.01 M is too dilute to cause severe localized corrosion, whereas beyond 0.5 M, saturation is achieved in terms of breakdown potential and the cation vacancy density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to cemented soils in terrestrial natural environments, cemented soils in littoral and marine geotechnical engineering face numerous difficulties. In coastal and marine geotechnical engineering, cemented soils are frequently degraded by ion erosion, tidal scouring, and temperature variations. Long-term marine environments present numerous challenges for cemented soil foundation projects. In marine geotechnical engineering, addressing and enhancing these degradation issues has become a crucial topic. To address this engineering problem, Nano-SiO2 is added to cement-stabilized soils to enhance their engineering performance. To investigate the mechanical effects and erosion mechanisms of Nano-SiO2 cemented soil subjected to chloride ion erosion and tidal alternation scouring, laboratory experiments, including immersion erosion tests with sodium chloride solution and dry-wet cycle tests, were designed. On specimens subjected to dry-wet cycles after chloride ion erosion at varying concentrations, unconfined compressive strength tests (UCS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The objective was to investigate the impact of chloride ions and Nano-SiO2 on the microstructure and strength of cemented soil. Adding 2.5% Nano-SiO2 can promote cement hydration reactions while preventing the entry of chloride ions into the cemented soil, thereby increasing the density and compressive strength of the cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of laser treatment parameters on the tensile behavior of H13 tool steel in both quenched and tempered conditions. The effects of varying laser parameters on ultimate tensile strength and elongation at fracture which is the aim of this research were explored by employing a bionic unit to apply laser treatment with two parallel lines on the steel surface. These parameters are crucial for understanding material performance under tensile stress. Statistical analysis, including an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and fractographic analysis using SEM were conducted to analyze the results. The findings reveal a significant enhancement in the ultimate tensile strength of the laser-treated samples, with values ranging between 1342.27 and 1497.25 MPa, surpassing the non-treated substrate's strength of 1247.23 MPa. However, a decrease in elongation at fracture was observed, indicating increased brittleness post-laser treatment, with elongation values notably lower than the non-treated sample's 14.71%. The hardness values within the laser-treated zone exhibited a high variance, with the highest values found in the hardened zone ranging from 65.7 to 61.4 HRC, suggesting the formation of fine carbides and lath martensite due to rapid cooling and martensitic transformation. Furthermore, the depth of the laser-transformed zone, significantly influenced by laser power, varied between 1.30 and 1.9 mm, highlighting the critical role of laser parameters in affecting material properties. The study highlights a critical balance between ductility and strength in laser-treated H13 tool steel, which is essential for optimizing the material's performance for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient use of softwood in biorefineries requires harsh pretreatment conditions to overcome biomass recalcitrance. Following harsh pretreatments, the hemicellulose is solubilized. Here, we studied the material characteristics of Norway spruce following steam pretreatment at six different severities, relating chemical and structural information to the enzymatic hydrolyzability. Steam pretreatment conditions were defined by two different temperatures (180 °C and 210 °C), with and without the addition of various acids (CH3COOH, H3PO4, H2SO4, SO2). Structural knowledge of the streams is a cornerstone for developing an efficient saccharification process. This study combines advanced structural characterizations to gain fundamental understanding of the influence of severity of pretreatment on spruce. Structural knowledge is a cornerstone in developing an effective saccharification process by modulating pretreatment conditions and enzymes employed. Overall structural properties were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of stream pretreatment severity on lignin and lignin-carbohydrate bonds was investigated by two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance. Finally, cellulose ultrastructure was studied by applying small/wide-angle X-ray scattering. The structural characteristics of the six pretreated softwood substrates were related to the enzymatic hydrolyzability. With increasing pretreatment severity, surface defibrillation, and lignin depolymeryzation were observed. Further, lignin-carbohydrate complexes signals were detected. Cellulose analysis revealed the rearrangement of microfibrils leading to the formation of larger microfibril aggregates. This microfibril rearrangement likely contributed to the observed increase in enzymatic hydrolysis yields as better enzyme accessibility resulted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sophisticated engineering machining, ceramic materials are in great demand in today's precision industries because they have a wide range of potential applications, including automobiles, aircraft, and biomedical engineering. Silicon nitride ceramics (Si3N4) are difficult to manufacture using conventional machining processes. Modern technology allows Ultrasonic Micro-machining (USMM) to create almost any kind of material. Abrasive particles made of silicon carbide are used in this research work to look into the Si3N4 USMM process parameters. The physical structure and chemical composition have been examined in a scanning electron microscope with an integrated energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. Particle swam optimization and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) desirability were the two types of optimizations used to find the best USMM process parameters. It has been shown that both techniques can be used together to get the best Material Removal Rate (MRR). The best settings were Slurry Concentration: 50 (g/l), Power Rating: 329 (W), and Tool Feed Rate: 1.06 (mm/min). Similarly, to minimize Overcut (OC) and Taper Angle (TA), the ideal method is to use a slurry concentration of 50 (g/l), a power rating of 400 (W), and a tool feed rate of 1.2 (mm/min). Finally, using the RSM, the USMM process was optimized in a way that maximized the MRR while minimizing OC and TA. It was found that the slurry concentration of 42.7 g/l, the power rating of 357.6 W, and the tool feed rate of 1.2 mm/min were the ideal settings for the USMM process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study argues on how digital technologies and digital transformation challenge exporting firms across the globe. To respond upon this challenge, present study attempts to solve multi-fold problems. The constructs that influence the digital transformation process are conceptualized. The empirical results of the study are based on 285 responses collected from export and international managers from Indian manufacturing exporting firms. The proposed hypotheses are tested by applying structural equation modelling (SEM). The results reveal that the technology, environment, ethics, and business process organization impact the 'digital transformation adoption', thereby increasing efficiency. The results confirm that the performance of exporting firms is correlated with advanced digital technologies, digital transformation capabilities, and strategic imperatives. The study offers critical decision variables and a complete transformation roadmap to exporting firms, especially those aspiring to digital transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transverse corner cracks are among the most common defects in high carbon and high carbon micro-alloyed grade slab casting. Calculation and analysis were done to minimize the negative strip time of mold oscillation, which is responsible for reducing the depth of the oscillation mark formed on the slab surface. The value of negative strip time decreases with an increase in the frequency of mold oscillation. Based on the trial results, it was suggested that the oscillation proportionality be adjusted from 1.2 to either 1.25 or 1.3. This adjustment will reduce the depth of oscillation marks and the tendency to form transverse cracks. The transverse crack on the narrow face of the slab was examined for crack analysis and compositional analysis. Microstructural analysis revealed that the crack has no branching and consists of an iron scale inside it. Furthermore, it is observed that the crack propagates across the allotriomorphic ferrite grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Fashion companies have been among the first to ride the new trend and develop projects for the Metaverse, considering Generation Z (Gen Z) as a relevant target. The paper aims to investigate Gen Z consumers' intention to use digital fashion items in the Metaverse. Design/methodology/approach: The study relies on the technology acceptance model (TAM). The authors include specific aspects of the Metaverse: the user-avatar identification and the development of an alternative identity; fashion innovativeness is discussed as a moderator variable. The model is tested on Gen Z consumers, with 329 survey responses collected in 2022 and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings: The paper shows that the two external and explanatory variables the authors added, i.e. user-avatar identification and alternative identity, positively and directly impact the individual attitude to use digital fashion items in the Metaverse. Moreover, according to the proposed research model, the moderating effect concerning fashion innovativeness has positive and negative consequences. Originality/value: Using TAM, the authors explored consumers' perceptions (perceived usefulness and ease of use), attitudes and intentions regarding the new technology context (digital fashion in the Metaverse). This study enriched TAM with new consumer marketing constructs (user-avatar identification and alternative identity) and their relationships with consumers' intention to use digital fashion items in the Metaverse. This study also contributed to TAM by exploring the relevance of moderating the effects of consumer fashion innovativeness on consumers' intentions and attitudes in the novel context of digital fashion in the Metaverse. The paper contributes to the academic debate by focusing on the individual and personal sphere of the consumer moving in the Metaverse digital environment. The marketing-focused study develops research on Gen Z consumers to provide new insights and possible opportunities for marketers in the Metaverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of superconducting samples including pure Bi2Sr2Ca2C3O10 (BSCCO), Pb-doped BSCCO (Bi1.35Pb0.65Sr2Ca2Cu3O10), Mg-doped BSCCO (Bi1.65Mg0.35Sr2Ca2Cu3O10), and optimally co-doped Pb-Mg-BSCCO with an optimal formula of BiPb0.65Mg0.35Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 (108K superconductor) were carefully synthesized and optimized with a maximum ratio of incorporated lead and magnesium, achieving both quality of structural features and an improved Tc offset of 108 K. The optimized porous sample was well characterized via x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (3D-AFM). In addition, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) specific surface area was estimated at 11.9 m2g−1. Porous Mg-doped BPSCCO exhibited high performance efficiency for H2 storage, recording maximum H2 uptake of 5.92 wt.% at a temperature of 270°C and pressure of 14 bar. A mechanism of loaded hydrogen was proposed. Magnesium and lead incorporated in 2223-BPSCCO were suggested to play a vital role in hydrogen storage as Mg hydride and Pb as plumbane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection with worldwide distribution and high impact on human health. It has a limited clinical resolution with the available drugs, making it challenging to treat. Quercetin, which possesses biological and pharmacological qualities including antiparasitic, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, is a possible substitute for the current medications. Marine invertebrates can produce a vast array of different molecules, many of which are biologically active substances with distinct characteristics. In this study, we assessed the in vitro nematocidal effect of both quercetin and venom of Cassiopea andromeda Research highlights: Biological activity of quercetin could be used as chemotherapy for larval stages of parasitic nematode.Bioactive products in jellyfish venom is positively affect the larval stage of Toxocara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, air plasma treatment was utilised to activate the surfaces of 100% grey and bleached cotton fabrics in preparation for metallic pigment printing. The study delved into the surface morphology, wettability, and surface chemistry properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed roughness and grooves in the treated samples. The contact angle witnessed a 29% and 41% increase for grey and bleached fabrics, respectively, compared to their untreated counterparts. Surface chemistry analysis using FTIR and XPS provided crucial insights into the functional polar groups, such as OH and C=O, along with significantly elevated O1 peaks in both plasma-treated grey and bleached cotton fabrics. These findings contributed to the enhanced surface free energy of the fabrics, preparing them for the subsequent pigment printing process. The study explores the impact of plasma treatment on the colour fastness of grey and bleached cotton fabrics printed with gold and silver metallic pigments. Untreated fabrics exhibited poor durability, with low colour change and staining-resistance ratings, particularly for gold pigments. Plasma treatment significantly improved colour retention, adhesion, and resistance to staining for both metallic pigments, with silver outperforming gold. Rubbing fastness tests revealed that plasma treatment moderately enhanced durability, though gold remained susceptible to friction damage. Light fastness was excellent for both pigments, and plasma treatment further improved performance. Perspiration tests showed that plasma treatment bolstered resistance, particularly for gold. These findings suggest that plasma treatment enhances the stability of metallic pigments, offering potential applications in the textile industry for improved product quality and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deformation of expansive soil in seasonally frozen regions caused by freeze–thaw cycles has severely affected the long-term performance of engineering applications. The alteration of expansive soil microstructure has resulted in many geotechnical engineering failures, such as soil cracking and settlement. Consequently, the micropore contraction and expansion mechanisms of expansive soil have drawn extensive attention. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is widely used as a rapid, non-destructive detection technique for moisture monitoring and microstructure evolution characterization in porous media. In addition, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can visualize the migration pattern of pore water under different numbers of freeze–thaw cycles. SEM is the most effective and direct method to reveal the structure of particle and micropore arrangement. This paper investigates the pore size evolution and pore structure distribution characteristics of saturated expansive soil via 6 freeze–thaw cycle tests using NMR and SEM techniques. The evolution law of saturated expansive soil under freeze–thaw cycles is obtained. The results show that pore water migrates from the center to the periphery under freeze–thaw cycles. The pore size decreases as the number of freeze–thaw cycles increases and small particles increase significantly. During the freeze–thaw cycle, the arrangement pattern changed from surface-surface contact to stacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botrytis bunch rot or gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, is a significant disease affecting grapevine clusters. While previous studies focused on leaf resistance, this research delves into the ultrastructural changes of grape inflorescence and fruit infected with Botrytis cinerea. Here, we investigated four grape varieties: a highly resistant Chinese wild grapevine, Vitis amurensis 'Beibinghong' (BH), a resistant grapevine, Vitis labrusca × Vitis vinifera 'Shine Muscat' (SM), a susceptible grapevine, Vitis vinifera 'Daqing' (DQ), and a highly susceptible Vitis vinifera 'Red Globe' (RG). Using light microscopy (LM), stereo microscope (SM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining of inoculated grape inflorescences and peels, we observed and compared the prevalence of B. cinerea infection in RG, DQ, SM, and BH, following the order: BH > SM > DQ > RG. After 72 h of inoculation, RG exhibited the highest mycelium count, accompanied by inflorescence and peel decay. In contrast, BH showed minimal mycelium on inflorescences and peels, maintaining a relatively intact epidermis. DAB staining of inflorescences revealed distinct H2O2 accumulation in susceptible varieties within 24 h of inoculation, whereas disease-resistant varieties showed minimal staining. Notably, highly resistant BH displayed H2O2 accumulation only after 72 h of inoculation. Overall, these results provide insights into the intricate interactions between the grape inflorescences, peels, and B. cinerea. Moreover, the study underscores the potential of highly resistant Chinese wild mountain grapes for developing new varieties with robust gray mold resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the influence of water glass on the strength and microscopic mechanism of loess, water glass with different content and Baume degree was used to solidify loess. Unconfined compressive strenght test, particle analysis tests, mercury intrusion tests and SEM tests were carried out to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the strength characteristics and microstructure changes of loess and water glass solidified loess under different conditions. The results showed that the unconfined compressive strength of water glass solidified loess increased with the increase of the water glass content, the Baume degree and the curing period. After 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength reached the maximum value when the Baume degree of water glass was 52 Be’ and the content was about 20%. The incorporation of water glass gradually increased the cements attached to the loess skeleton particles and their surfaces. The particle diameter increased and the macropores were filled with cements. The macropores in the soil gradually decreased and the integrity was enhanced. The reason for the increase in the strength of water glass solidified loess was that the cementing material generated by the hydration reaction of water glass enhanced the degree of cementation between soil particles and increased the mutual friction between particles, which made the soil structure more stable and improved the soil strength. The research results provide a reference for the selection of relevant parameters in the design of improved loess engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As a commonly engine coolant, ethylene glycol can produce corrosive acid byproducts at high temperatures when the car is running, specifically oxalic acid (OA), which can shorten the service life of engine. At the same time, chloride ions can also be introduced during coolant preparation processes. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the synergistic corrosion behavior of Cl− and OA on ADC12 aluminum alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The electrochemical tests, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) were used. Findings: The results showed that the corrosion rate of the aluminum alloy increased with the increase of OA and Cl− concentrations. After adding Cl−, the surface film of the aluminum alloy was further damaged, Cl− has a synergistic effect with OA and their interaction further accelerated the corrosion of the aluminum alloy. Nevertheless, as the immersion time increased, the corrosion rate of the aluminum alloy gradually diminished due to the formation of aluminum oxalate. Originality/value: The corrosion of ADC12 aluminum alloy was studied in OA, Cl− and their mixed solutions; the synergistic effect of OA and Cl− on the corrosion of ADC12 aluminum alloy was discussed, and aluminum oxalate formed inhibited its corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation focuses on the study of the effect of process parameters like peak current ( I p) , base current ( I b) , pulse frequency (F) , shielding gas flow rate (Q) on mechanical properties like yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and flexural strength (FS) of the welded joints during pulsed TIG welding of SAILMA 450 and EN14 B steels. Taguchi's L 2 5 orthogonal array has been used for conducting the tests. Multi-objective optimization has been performed using Grey relational analysis (GRA) in order to maximize the mechanical strength and to find out the optimal set of parameters. The optimum parametric combination is obtained at a peak current of 220 Amps, base current of 120 Amps, pulse frequency of 5 Hz and shielding gas flow rate of 17 l/min. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to predict the significant process parameters. It has been observed from the ANOVA analysis that peak current and pulse frequency have more influence on the output responses than the shielding gas flow rate and base current. The results of the confirmatory test show an improvement of 0.5801 in the GRG, which is satisfactory. A microstructure study has been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the optimal set of process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panchatikta is an Ayurvedic multiherbal combination containing five bitter‐tasting drugs—Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia, Justicia adhatoda, Solanum virginianum, and Trichosanthes dioica. The objective of this study is to develop standards for Panchatikta ingredients using pharmacognostic parameters and to analyze the chemical composition. The plant materials were collected from different natural habitats, authenticated, dried, ground, and the combination was prepared by mixing the ingredients in equal amounts followed by macroscopic, organoleptic, microscopic, histochemical, and physicochemical characterization according to the standard protocol of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Special morphological characteristics of the A. indica (stem bark), T. cordifolia (stem), J. adhatoda (roots), S. virginainum (roots), and T. dioica (aerial parts) were identified. The anatomical structure of each drug was observed, and microscopic markers were developed for identification. Histochemical deposits such as starch, oil, lignin, and tannin were located in each plant material. Powder characters such as fibers from phloem with pointed ends and narrow lumen, parenchyma cells containing starch grains, crystal fibers, fragments of bordered pitted vessels, fragments of pitted vessels, cells containing black powdery masses, and epidermal cells from leaves in surface view with an anomocytic stomata were identified as the key features for the Panchatikta combination. The organoleptic characterization of component drugs and combinations was performed. The physicochemical evaluation of parameters such as ash content (5.53 ± 0.29), water‐insoluble ash (4.57 ± 0.32), acid‐insoluble ash (1.55 ± 0.31), alcohol‐soluble extract (5.9 ± 1.21), water‐soluble extract (9.19 ± 0.21), fiber content (33.27 ± 1.37), total sugar (1.83 ± 0.65), and reducing sugar (1.73 ± 0.40) were evaluated for the Panchatikta combination. Preliminary phytochemical tests were carried out to verify the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, glycosides, and steroids. The HPTLC profile comparison of ethanolic, hydroalcoholic, and aqueous extracts of Panchatikta and single drugs showed some type of synergy and antagonistic activities among the chemical principles present. Marker‐based screening of azadirachtin, betulinic acid, and lupeol was done in Panchatikta ethanol using HPTLC. As Panchatikta is prescribed for various life‐threatening diseases including cancer, the standards developed here ensure the authenticity of the ingredients, which in turn ensures the quality of the prepared medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics are used widely in almost every field of life, but their synthetic and persistent nature makes them harmful for the environment. The aim of this research was to evaluate the degradation abilities of Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Acremonium sclerotigenum on microplastics (MPs). MP pieces of 4 ± 1 mm, including polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polystyrene, were incubated with fungal inoculums for 30 days. The degradation of treated MPs was determined by biofilm formation, weight loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform analyses. The results indicated that the polyethylene MPs treated with Aspergillus niger exhibited the highest level of biofilm formation (optical density 1.595) and percentage weight loss (16%). In the case of polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene MPs, Acremonium sclerotigenum and co‐culture showed weight loss of 6% and 10%, respectively. Candida albicans was observed to be the least effective in biodegradation analyses. SEM observation revealed the surface modifications as holes, pits, cracks, and increased roughness in treated MPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that the chemical structure of each polymer exhibited some variations. The study concluded that the fungal strains play an important role in the biodegradation of plastics and can be utilized to mitigate environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sonication method was used to prepare a new set of CuO and CuO/Ag nanocomposites. The particle size was estimated using XRD and HR-TEM while the morphology of the nanoparticles was investigated with SEM. The average particle sizes of CuO and Ag falls in the 29.32–35.80 nm and 35.13–45.95 nm ranges, respectively. XRD declared that CuO has the space groups C 1 c 1 (9) and C 1 2/c 1 (15), while silver has space group F m -3 m (225). XPS analysis indicated the presence of Ag as Ag0 and Cu as Cu2+. Nano-oxide and nanocomposites were used to synthesis CuO and CuO/Ag doped lithium–zinc borosilicate glass. Physical parameters of the glass samples were calculated including density, V m , V o , V m B , OPD, d B - B , n b , and N, R p , and R i depending on Ag and CuO mole fractions. The physical properties of glass indicated an increase in density and an initial expansion in glass structural network with the addition of silver metal due to its larger size followed by a compression as its molar ratio increase due to its higher C no . XRD measurements were reported for the glass samples doped with nanoparticles, proving the amorphous phase. ESR measurements were determined for all glass samples to detect the nature of the doped nanoparticles when incorporated inside a glassy matrix where CuO was found as tetragonal in octahedral sites and silver can be transformed after melting inside the glass matrix into Ag+ to form more stable Ag y x + clusters.The fabricated sample of CuAgB-4 with significant nano silver doping (7.32% mol) has the maximum LAc and effective atomic number. Nano silver content increases the γ -RdSg in the lithium–zinc borosilicate glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dementia-related stigma is a prominent barrier for people living with dementia, leading to poor well-being and social isolation. Adolescents are an under-researched group in society that may already have experience of dementia and are more susceptible to attitudinal change which makes them ideal targets for anti-stigma initiatives outlined by public health policy. For the development of evidence-based anti-stigma initiatives in adolescents, it is important to understand which socio-demographic groups are most likely to develop stigmatising attitudes and why. This study aims to identify factors of dementia-related stigma in adolescents. Methods: A total of 1,044 adolescents (aged 11–18 years) from across six regions of England were included in the analysis of this cross-sectional, survey-based study. Descriptive statistics and multiple regressions were employed to explore the association between demographic variables, modifiable factors of dementia-related stigma and the outcome of dementia-related stigma. A path analysis via a structural equation model was employed to test for direct and mediatory effects. Results: Multiple regression models revealed that younger adolescents, those with higher levels of contact with dementia, higher levels of empathy, higher levels of dementia knowledge, and higher affinity to older adults, are associated with more positive dementia attitudes in adolescents (p < 0.05). Within the accepted structural equation model, empathy, level of contact and dementia knowledge were key mediators of dementia-related stigma (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights that modifiable factors such as level of contact, ageism, and empathy have a potentially important role in how dementia-related stigma may start to form in the adolescent years. Developing contact-based strategies that stimulate empathetic responses may be useful targets for stigma reduction initiatives for adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dementia-related stigma is a prominent barrier for people living with dementia, leading to poor well-being and social isolation. Adolescents are an under-researched group in society that may already have experience of dementia and are more susceptible to attitudinal change which makes them ideal targets for anti-stigma initiatives outlined by public health policy. For the development of evidence-based anti-stigma initiatives in adolescents, it is important to understand which socio-demographic groups are most likely to develop stigmatising attitudes and why. This study aims to identify factors of dementia-related stigma in adolescents. Methods: A total of 1,044 adolescents (aged 11–18 years) from across six regions of England were included in the analysis of this cross-sectional, survey-based study. Descriptive statistics and multiple regressions were employed to explore the association between demographic variables, modifiable factors of dementia-related stigma and the outcome of dementia-related stigma. A path analysis via a structural equation model was employed to test for direct and mediatory effects. Results: Multiple regression models revealed that younger adolescents, those with higher levels of contact with dementia, higher levels of empathy, higher levels of dementia knowledge, and higher affinity to older adults, are associated with more positive dementia attitudes in adolescents (p < 0.05). Within the accepted structural equation model, empathy, level of contact and dementia knowledge were key mediators of dementia-related stigma (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights that modifiable factors such as level of contact, ageism, and empathy have a potentially important role in how dementia-related stigma may start to form in the adolescent years. Developing contact-based strategies that stimulate empathetic responses may be useful targets for stigma reduction initiatives for adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the degradation of six different types of absorbable surgical threads commonly used in clinical practice, focusing on their response to exposure to physiological fluids. The threads were subjected to hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation in physiological saline, bile, and pancreatic juice. Our findings demonstrate that bile and pancreatic juice, particularly when contaminated with bacterial strains such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterococcus faecalis, significantly accelerate the degradation process. Using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile strength testing, we observed distinct differences in the chemical structure and mechanical integrity of the sutures. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the FTIR spectra revealed that PDS threads exhibited the highest resistance to degradation, maintaining their mechanical properties for a longer duration compared with Monocryl and Vicryl. These results highlight the critical role of thread selection in gastrointestinal surgeries, where prolonged exposure to bile and pancreatic juice can compromise the suture integrity and lead to postoperative complications. The insights gained from this study will contribute to improving the selection and application of absorbable threads in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of chromium oxide catalysts supported on SiO2 with 5 wt % chromium were synthesized and studied. Silica gel was synthesized by a procedure using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide template and hydrocarbons capable of solubilization in CTMABr micelles, namely, hexane, cyclohexane, and toluene as "extenders." The resulting series of supports and catalysts were characterized by physicochemical methods: low-temperature adsorption of N2, XRD, SEM–EDX, and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The highest catalytic activity in propane dehydrogenation in the presence of CO2 was exhibited by the 5Cr/SiO2–hexane sample, whose surface contains Cr(III) coexisting with Cr(VI). At 750°C propane conversion was 59.8%; propylene selectivity, 56.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduced work deals with the microscopic analysis of metallographically prepared selected metal materials structures, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prepared samples of seamless steel pipes were subjected to a thorough microscopic examination from the outer surface to the inner regions in order to interpret the specific structure, including the change in the inner surfaces due to wear. The experiment demonstrated that the microstructure and character of the surfaces play a key role in the behavior of metallic materials in real conditions of hot water heating. Four pipe samples were monitored according to their use. The unused steel pipe (designated as sample No. 1) exhibited a rough outer surface with identified inclusions, while the used pipe (designated as sample No. 2) showed marks of intergranular corrosion and significant wear after long-term use. The older pipe (designated as sample No. 3) showed a decarburized area and inclusions containing sulfides and aluminum. The steel pipe with corrosion layers (designated as sample No. 4) exhibited a continuous corrosion layer with cavitation and cracks. The results of this study offer a comprehensive view of the influence of the nature of microstructure and wear on water flow in metal pipes, with an emphasis on the identification of possible risks associated with geometry change, corrosion, and wear. The findings form the basis for predicting degradation and appropriate maintenance in order to ensure their long and reliable service life under real conditions of use. They offer the possibility of continuing and expanding research and analysis of the use of metallic materials in comparison with polymers and composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cassia auriculata strengthened trimetallic (Ag/Pd/Ni) and monometallic (Ag, Pd, and Ni) nanoparticles and were prepared using the green method. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SE-M), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), transmission electron microscopy (TE-M), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BE-T), and Fourier transform infrared (FTI-R) were used to carry-out an exhaustive analysis and characterization of the material. The X-RD analysis of synthesized nanoparticles reveals that their crystal planes are similar. FTI-R spectroscopy employing a variety of vibrational bands confirmed the existence of trimetallic. According to UV–Vis spectroscopy, the bandgap of the Ag/Pd/Ni nanocomposite was 3.4 eV, making it a useful photocatalyst. From the SE-M examination, polydisperse Ag/Pd/Ni NPs have the shape of spherical. Ag/Pd/Ni NPs have a BE-T surface area of 10.611 m2/g, which is very high for a nanoscale material. TE-M studies reveal that the (111) and (200) faces of Ag/Pd/Ni spheres are the most prominent. In brief, using 10 mg of the developed photocatalyst and exposing it to UV light for 25 min, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency achieved 98% with 10 mg/L of safranin O dye (5 mL). The degradation rate constant (kMB) for SO dye was 0.00859 min− 1, and it has been postulated and addressed that UV light irradiation may increase photocatalytic activity. Reusability after 5 cycles, the rate of deterioration braked to 94.1%. In addition, a potential mechanism for photocatalytic degradation by the as-prepared photocatalyst was presented. In light of the findings, this innovative nanomaterial is used to expand and engage in extensive exploitation to clean up the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkable increase of neurodegenerative diseases has become a serious public health problem. Considering the lack of effective treatments to address these diseases and the difficulties in accessing the brain due to the blood–brain barrier, to attain a successful strategy to improve drug delivery to the brain, the administration route becomes a point of interest. In this emergence, the present investigation is designed to develop the chitosan-coated peptide-loaded nano-lipid carrier (CSPepNLC) and characterized by various physico-chemical methods such as laser light scattering for particle size and size distribution, zeta-potential, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), loading, and association efficiency and peptide release rate. The stability of CSPepNLC is screened in plasma, erythrocytes, and genotoxicity in pUC18. In addition, we examined the hatching rate, heart rate, survival rate, mortality rate, deformities, and apoptosis and embryo toxicity in Danio rerio model. Initially, NLC-S1, S2, S3, and S4 and nano-lipid carriers are formulated, and NLC-S4 is selected for the CSPepNLC formulation. CSPepNLC exhibited a particle size of 113.33 nm with PDI 0.301 and zeta potential + 28.18 mV. The association, loading efficiency, and release rate of CSPepNLC were observed to be 94.41 ± 0.943%, 11.54 ± 0.572%, and 57% at 30 h. Formulated CSPepNLC was spherical in shape whose size ranges 110–120 nm. Finally, FTIR results confirmed the formation and stability of CSPepNLC. The CSPepNLC exhibited 85% stability at 150 min when incubated with plasma; miniscule hemolysis and absence of hemagglutination are noticed after incubation with erythrocytes. The CSPepNLC revealed the absence of genotoxicity in the pUC18 plasmid DNA nicking assay. The embryo toxicity of CSPepNLC in zebrafish is observed in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Our proposed results concluded that CSPepNLC is observed to be nontoxic at lower concentrations (12.5–100 μg/ml). In specifically, 200 μg/ml of CSPepNLC causes slight zebrafish embryo deformities while screening. Finally, although these results seem promising, further modifications in the CSPepNLC formulation are defensible to enhance the percentage of particles reaching the brain after their administration. This desirable drug carrier system demonstrates advantages such as good biocompatibility, low toxicity, drug release modulation, and the possibility of established mass production. The emergence of nanomaterial research is an important and new prospect to develop unique techniques widely used against several pharmaceutical applications. In this study, the obtained results proved that biogenic nanomaterial are great promising biological activity for a developing sustainable ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work attempts to discover the alternative for the synthetic fibers due to increased demand of environment-friendly materials. In order to accomplish this, a detailed characterization of novel fibers extracted from the Jatropha integerrima plant stems was conducted. In order to check the fiber reinforcement potentials, various properties such as chemical composition, tensile testing, water absorption, thermal stability, fiber roughness, and morphology were evaluated. The characterization results revealed important properties of Jatropha integerrima fiber (JIF). The fiber composition analysis indicated a cellulose content of 75.3 ± 2.4%, hemicellulose content of 7.84 ± 0.4%, and lignin content of 7.63 ± 0.2%. This composition provides insights into the fiber's chemical makeup and its potential for various applications. The crystallinity index (CI) of JIF was determined to be 57.14%, indicating a well-defined crystalline structure. This crystallinity is important for understanding the fiber's properties and its behavior in composite materials. The fiber also demonstrated excellent thermal stability, as evidenced by its ability to endure temperatures up to 395 °C based on thermogravimetric experiments. This high-temperature resistance makes JIF suitable for applications where heat resistance is crucial. The functional groups present in the fiber were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), providing further information about its chemical characteristics. The tensile strength of JIF was found to be 326.7 ± 6.9 MPa, with a strain rate of 2.6 ± 0.2%, highlighting its mechanical properties and potential as a reinforcement material. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed significant surface roughness, which can have implications for fiber-matrix interactions and the bonding in composite materials. Overall, these characterization results provide a comprehensive understanding of JIF's composition, crystallinity, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and surface morphology. The practical applications of JIF extend to a wide range of industries, including construction, automotive, aerospace, and packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the ion-releasing capability of three different restorative systems at the restoration/tooth interface elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray technique. Additionally, micromorphological patterns of the restoration/tooth interfaces was investigated. Materials and methods: Eighteen freshly extracted sound human premolars were collected for the study. The premolars were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n = 6) based on the type of restorative materials used: Giomer (Beautifill II), ion-releasing composite (Activa Presto), and RMGI (Riva Light Cure). Half of the specimens in each group were tested after 24 h (the "immediate group"), while the remaining half were tested after 6 months of storage in deionized water (the "delayed group"). Standardized box-shaped cavities along the cervical area of teeth crowns and restored them with the assigned restorative material following manufacturers' instructions. The specimens were sectioned buccolingually into 2 halves. One half of each specimen was subjected to elemental analysis using energy-dispersive X-ray technique (EDX), while the remaining half was sputter coated and underwent micromorphological analysis of the restoration/tooth interface using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The collected data from elemental analysis test were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The two-way ANOVA test showed significant differences in both phosphorus and calcium levels among the tested restorative systems (p < 0.05). In the immediate subgroup, RMGI recorded the highest phosphorus level (0.1527), followed by the ion-releasing composite (0.1172), while Giomer exhibited the least levels (0.0326) (p < 0.05). The ion-releasing composite group had the highest calcium level (0.2797), followed by RMGI (0.248), and Giomer (0.2385) respectively (p < 0.05). In the delayed subgroups, Giomer recorded the highest phosphorus level (0.1526), followed by the ion-releasing composite (0.1058), and RMGI group (0.0466) respectively (p < 0.05). RMGI had the highest calcium level (0.2801), followed by the ion-releasing composite (0.2659), and Giomer had the lowest level (0.1792) (p < 0.05). The micromorphological analysis of the restoration/tooth interfaces showed good adaptation between the composite and tooth substrate in different restorative groups. Conclusions: The ion-releasing capability of the three restorative systems appears to be comparable. The rate of mineral release and diffusion is affected by time and composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of red mud as a sustainable material for road base construction, particularly in combination with bottom ash. Red mud, a by-product of the Bayer process used in alumina extraction, is known for its high alkalinity and heavy metal content. For this reason, this waste material causes environmental challenges. Red mud sourced from the Eti Aluminum Factory in Seydişehir, Konya (Turkey), was stabilized with bottom ash. Then, these waste materials were tested through a number of experiments, such as in relation to their Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), and microstructure through a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The results highlight that the UCS of stabilized red mud samples significantly improved with the addition of bottom ash and longer curing periods. Specifically, the UCS values increased from 0.5 MPa to 2.5 MPa after 28 days of curing. Moreover, RM specimens stabilized with 25% bottom ash achieved a CBR value of 146.64% after 28 days, far exceeding Turkey's road fill material requirement, which mandates a minimum unsoaked CBR value of 15%. These findings indicate that red mud stabilized with bottom ash not only meets but exceeds the structural requirements for road base materials. This approach provides a sustainable solution for the environmental management of red mud while contributing to infrastructure development. Through the recycling of these industrial by-products, this study presents a viable method to reduce waste and support economic and environmental sustainability in road construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During extensive field explorations of the Lateritic area in West Bengal, one remarkable wild Russuloid macrofungus, ethnically termed "Kend Patra," was collected. The species was known to enrich the diet of the local people, being considered as income source for some tribal groups. Using morphological characters and molecular analysis of this collection, provide a unique placement of the taxon in the Russula subgenus Compactae (Fr.) Bon. Further in order to find functional constituents for biopharma applications, methanolic extract was prepared that shows the existence of a substantial amounts of phenol, flavonoid, ascorbic acid and carotenoids. Antioxidant activity was determined where the fraction demonstrated strong DPPH, ABTS, and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities, high Fe2+ ion chelating ability, and a reducing power with EC50 values ranging from 538.69 to 891.75 µg/ml. The extract was found to be effective against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the extract exhibited potent anticancer activities as it inhibited A549 cell proliferation, caused morphological changes, elevated ROS levels, hindered the clonogenic ability and migratory potential of cancerous cells, arrested cell cycle progression at S phase, and induced apoptosis by modulating the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Overall, this study contributes a new species to the world's myco-diversity and presents an exciting opportunity for future researchers to conduct comprehensive investigations on this unique species in order to uncover potential new medications for human use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenolic, antioxidant and metabolic profiling of a new white variety guava fruit Arka Mridula (AM) was performed during its storage at the room temperature (28 ± 2 °C). The comparative profiles were generated at three ripening stages (pre-ripe, ripe and over-ripe) of the fruit. Generally, a steady decrease of the phenolic and antioxidant content from the pre-ripe to the ripe stage and a subsequent increase from the ripe to over-ripe stage was observed. Further, a powerful correlation between the phenolic content and antioxidant principles was noted through the principal component analysis. We could identify 53 compounds for the hydro-methanolic fruit extract through LC and GC-MS aided metabolic analysis, and the identified compounds were dominated by phenolics (~ 44%). The statistical analysis revealed that phytochemicals catechin, myricitrin, myricetin, kaempferol glycosides and n-hexadecanoic acid contributed significantly towards the ripening process of AM, during the storage. The present study is expected to provide important insight into the ripening biochemistry of AM. Subsequently, it may help in the future development of metabolically stable guava cultivars with extended post-harvest shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the role of religion on Indonesia' Muslim consumers' emotional bonding and loyalty. Design/methodology/approach: The sample consists of 505 and structural equation modelling was used to confirm research hypotheses. Findings: The results indicated that religion has a positive and significant effect on Muslim consumers' emotional bonding; furthermore, emotional bonding play an important role in mediating the relationship between consumers' religiosity and consumers' loyalty. Research limitations/implications: Future research is required to confirm the validity of this study throughout the sector and among Muslim banking consumers. Practical implications: Bank managers also promote their consumers as change agents to recommend their companies to others. It is also essential in strengthening the relationship between consumers and the companies. Originality/value: This study provided the Muslim consumers' loyalty standpoint, the study enlightened bank managers about consumers' loyalty through religiosity and emotional bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]