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This paper studies the level of stakeholder participation in gauging the effectiveness of National Water Policy of Pakistan, 2018. Governance of water resources is dependent upon a proper implementation of the policy and is inherently linked with the stakeholder's inclusivity. There is a need to assess stakeholders' involvement in the governance of water sector in Pakistan. This exploratory research paper utilized qualitative approach; data was obtained using open ended interviews across the study population. Key findings of the paper indicate that although the National Water Policy of 2018 emphasizes stakeholder participation, there have not been any efforts to implement this by the authorities in charge. The study also found a distinct lack of awareness on part of the public, which is detrimental to the water sector. Stakeholder participation needs to be ensured by the water institutions. The populace needs to be educated about their role in water governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective was to determine the frequency of caries in lower anterior teeth bonded with fixed ortho-dontic retainer. It was a randomized controlled trial. This study was carried out at Department of Dentistry, Faryal Dental College, Sheikhupura from February 2022 to July 2022. Total 120 patients having age 15 to 25 years (permanent dentition) and orthodontically treated were enrolled in this study. Patients in Group I received bonded canine-to-canine retainers for their lower front teeth following orthodontic treatment. Group II comprised of patients who had removable retainers. Collected data was entered in SPSS for data analysis. The results demonstrated an increased frequency of caries among our research participants for cen-tral (38.33%) and lateral incisors (31.66%) in Group I when compared to Group II (20.0% and 18.33%) respectively. It may be stated that the experimental group's mandibular central and lateral incisors experienced an equivalent amount of caries compared to one another but more frequently than canines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) are two parts of the erstwhile state of Jammu & Kashmir affiliated with Pakistan. These areas have a unique character as they are neither independent in their administrative affairs nor are they a part of Pakistan for administrative purposes like the other four provinces. Since the question of final status of Jammu and Kashmir remained unresolved, the constitutional development of both AJK and GB has been slow. This study explores the rationale behind peculiar and ad hoc administrative structures of these two regions and their relationship with Pakistan. It examines issues in their administrative and constitutional evolution, the legal and constitutional voids in the systems of these territories and suggests some corrective measures as a way forward. The study relies mainly on data of official archives and structured interviews of policy makers and relevant stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed to investigate the connection between the social networking sites and green entrepreneurship intentions through a mediated-moderated model. The study was based on the Shepero's model of entrepreneurship intentions and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior. The study design reflects that social networking sites and green entrepreneurship intentions are mediated by risk propensity and self-efficacy, while self-efficacy and green entrepreneurship intentions' relationship is further moderated by subjective norms. A well-structured and self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 500 respondents. The data were analyzed, and hypotheses were tested using PLS-SEM. The study findings confirmed that there exists a positive and significant link between social networking sites and green entrepreneurship intentions through the indirect effect of risk propensity and self-efficacy. However, the findings regarding moderating effect indicated that subjective norms have no significant impact between the self-efficacy and green entrepreneurship intentions. The study findings have significant academic and practical implications for government representatives, policymakers, and entrepreneurial educational institutes that can use these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of the use of social networking sites on university graduate students' green sustainable entrepreneurial intentions by developing a mediating effect. This study provided a research framework using Ajzen's theory of planned behavior and Shapero's model to illustrate the relationship between self-efficacy and risk propensity towards green and sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. This research model posited a relationship between the use of social networking sites and green and sustainable entrepreneurship intentions with a mediating role of risk propensity and self-efficacy. The structural questionnaire was adopted, validated, and disseminated to the 300 respondents of university students. This study's findings confirmed that there was a significant positive effect of the use of social networking sites on green and sustainable entrepreneurship intentions with the indirect impact of risk propensity and self-efficacy. These substantial outcomes have essential practices and academic implications for representatives, policy makers, and entrepreneurial institutes, such as how to direct the use of such relative niche technologies for communication and the role of the internet to promote green and sustainable entrepreneurial practices among young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]