1. Disentangling the Role of Forest Structure and Functional Traits in the Thermal Balance of the Mediterranean–Temperate Ecotone.
- Author
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Barbeta, A., Miralles, D. G., Mendiola, L., Gimeno, T. E., Sabaté, S., and Carnicer, J.
- Subjects
LAND-atmosphere interactions ,EVAPORATIVE cooling ,ECOTONES ,ENERGY budget (Geophysics) ,AIR masses ,PLANT-water relationships ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature - Abstract
The thermal balance of forests is the result of complex land–atmosphere interactions. Different climate regimes and plant functional types can have contrasting energy budgets, but little is known about the influence of forest structure and functional traits. Here, we combined spaceborne measurements of surface temperature from ECOSTRESS with ground‐based meteorological data to estimate the thermal balance at the surface (∆Tcan−air) during four summers (2018–2021), at the Mediterranean–temperate ecotone in the NE Iberian Peninsula. We analyzed the spatiotemporal drivers of ∆Tcan−air by quantifying the effects of meteorology, forest structure (stand density, tree height) and ecophysiology (hydraulic traits), during normal days and hot spells. Canopy temperatures (Tcan) fluctuated according to changes in air temperature (Tair) but were on average 4.2 K warmer. During hot spells, ∆Tcan−air was smaller than during normal periods. We attribute this decrease to the advection of hot and dry air masses from the Saharan region resulting in a sudden increase in Tair relative to Tcan. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was negatively correlated with ∆Tcan−air, since the highest VPD values coincided with peaks in heat advection. Nonetheless, Tcan increased with VPD due to decreased transpiration (following stomatal closure), even though sufficient soil water availability enabled some degree of evaporative cooling. Our findings demonstrate that plot‐scale forest structural and hydraulic traits are key determinants for the forest thermal balance. The integration of functional traits and forest structure over relevant spatial scales would improve our ability to understand and model land–atmosphere feedbacks in forested regions. Plain Language Summary: Forests exchange energy with the atmosphere. Different types of forests may result in substantially different energy exchanges, but it is not clear which are the ecological factors causing these differences. This is relevant because during hot spells, the way by which the surface dissipates heat can either intensify or mitigate the air temperature increase. Here, we assessed how canopies exchange heat with the atmosphere depending on the characteristics of the forest cover, in a region densely covered by forests, with great ecological and climatic diversity, in the transition zone between the Mediterranean and the temperate ecotone. We show that recent hot spells were not aggravated by tree energy dissipation into the atmosphere. Instead, we argue that incoming hot air masses, often traveling from northern Africa, reduced the exchange of energy between the surface and the atmosphere, and so, the warming from below was not critical for the aggravation of these hot spells. Yet, we found that there was high variability in the thermal balance of forests along the ecoclimatic gradients of the study region that could not be explained by broad forest type classifications. Instead, differences in the thermal balance and its influence on air temperature were better explained by forests functional and structural characteristics, such as tree height or functional type of the dominant species. Key Points: The thermal balance of forests is estimated at the plot‐scale using ECOSTRESS‐derived canopy temperaturesHot spells are mostly driven by advection rather than by land–atmosphere feedbacksForest structure and species‐specific differences in plant water use correlate with heat dissipation mechanisms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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