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Ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) is an extremely rare malignant odontogenic tumour arising from odontogenic epithelium. It was classified into primary type and secondary type. A previous study revealed that primary ameloblastic carcinoma cases were associated with more favourable prognosis than secondary cases. The aim of the present work was: to report the clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ploidy status, and therapeutic details of four cases of primary AC, and to review the literature with regard to clinical, follow-up, prognosis, histopathological, and immunohistochemical information of primary AC. The Medline database was searched using the term ameloblastic carcinoma and primary type. The review of English literature revealed that primary ameloblastic carcinoma favours the posterior mandible with profound male predilection and appears as an ill-defined radiolucency. Metastasis and invasion are more likely to occur in maxillary cases. The treatment of choice is wide surgical resection with or without cervical lymph node dissection. Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy is beneficial in incomplete resection cases and advanced soft tissue invasion. The most specific diagnostic methods of AC, as concluded from review, are α-SMA in epithelial cells in conjunction with Ki-67 index value and SPF more than 11.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to explore the practices of business colleges in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region to reveal their engagement with the society and the factors affecting their engagement with the community. The study utilized a content analysis approach in collecting data from the websites of business colleges in 2016. The sample size comprised 142 business colleges from 20 countries in the MENA region. A regression model was established for the relationship between the independent variables (age, type and academic accreditation of business school and income level, population density and Internet user rate in the country of the college) and the dependent variable (behavior of business schools in disclosing their societal role on their websites). The results indicate that situation and economic stability are central factors influencing the level of disclosure about the business schools' engagement with the community. This gives an impression that university practices of social responsibilities come as a result of economic and social development, not as a result of the needs of the society itself. Accordingly, the study recommends that business schools in less developed societies reemphasize their roles according to their community needs and facilitate technology in the process of fulfilling this responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]