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Due to structural sexism, women frequently encounter barriers that result in lower rankings on performance indicators such as productivity data and appraisals by others. The fairness literature offers unclear predictions about the extent to which observers would judge allocations that fail (vs. attempt) to account for such structural barriers as fair. We suggest that past conceptual discussions and empirical designs did not factor in the causal ambiguity embedded in information about structural barriers and the variance in how individuals interpret such information. Hence, we propose that beliefs in the causes of success, anchored in the endorsement of meritocratic ideals, shape fairness judgments by determining the weight given to performance indicators and structural barriers. Such effects emerge in the presence of information about structural barriers in the context of the decision, a feature that is absent from past studies. We discuss our theory and findings in the context of calls for bridging organizational fairness and social justice research and for a nuanced understanding of people's responses to violations of the meritocratic ideal within organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social construction of pregnancy emphasizes the mother's responsibility for the developing fetus. Hence, certain activities, such as participation in competitive sport, are often constructed as inappropriate during pregnancy. While expert opinion tends to stress caution, the diversity of athlete mothers' experiences challenge these dominant discourses. Less is known about how peers and other stakeholders in sport view the participation of pregnant athletes. Knowledge of such attitudes is essential to understanding the position of women in a specific society and the barriers to their autonomy. Hence, we examined survey responses from different sport stakeholders (N = 540) in Finland. Drawing on relational dialectics theory (Baxter, L. A. (2011). Voicing relationships. Sage.), we used contrapuntal analysis to identify different discourses on the compatibility of pregnancy and sport, and their interplay. Three discourses were identified: an equality discourse, which emphasizes that sport belongs to everyone, and that pregnant people should be accepted and supported in sporting environments; a responsibility discourse, which constructs pregnancy as fragility and sport as potentially dangerous for the athlete and the fetus; and an incompatibility discourse, which constructs pregnancy as a disease and unacceptable in sporting environments. Our analysis shows that medicalized, authoritative knowledge is the master strategy used to keep women out of male social spaces during pregnancy. The findings of our study highlight the ongoing struggle for reproductive justice in a patriarchal world order. To advance women's position in society and support the autonomy of all individuals, viable professional guidelines and organizational policies must be formulated and applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we show how capitalism and feudalism reinforce each other to enable the former's success in the higher education context. In this regard, Polish universities are an interesting case due to Poland's capitalist shock therapy in the 1990s, its Western European membership in the European Union in the 2000s and due to recent reforms intended to modernize Polish academia. Based on 36 interviews with Polish early career academics from urban universities with experience working in watchdogs of higher education, we examine respondents' perspectives on the current capitalist reforms. They treat ongoing changes as a solution for the problems experienced and defined as "feudal": political labeling, abuse of power and discrimination against women. Understanding capitalism and feudalism through their organizing principles, the main contribution of this study is that it demonstrates how capitalist organizing principles fix existing feudalist organizing principles to flourish in Polish university. Hence, it is difficult for early career academics to recognize that capitalist organizing principles are in fact reinforcing rather than eliminating (as the advocates of capitalist reforms often claim) feudal problems in Polish academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the model of intersectional invisibility, we tested the consequences of work‐related misbehavior for women of Turkish and German descent (i.e., misbehavior involving mistakes that are stereotypically associated with masculine or feminine traits, eliciting negative evaluations). Across a series of four preregistered experiments (Ns = 746, plus two pre‐registered experiments in an Additional Supplement), we investigated evaluations of female targets in a male‐typed, highly qualified job context. We focus on exclusion and promotion decisions. A single‐paper meta‐analysis substantiates findings across samples who have different experiences regarding racism and in personnel selection. Our findings reveal a nuanced picture: Misbehavior associated with stereotypically feminine traits led to more negative consequences for Turkish women than for German women, resulting in more frequent exclusion and less frequent promotion for Turkish women. In contrast, misbehavior associated with stereotypically masculine traits led to more favorable outcomes for Turkish than German women. Thus, revealing a complex relationship between type of misbehavior and ethnicity, we identify leader prototypes as an explanatory mechanism, rather than aversive racism or shifting standards. Results suggest that Turkish women are discriminated against most for showing stereotypically feminine behavior confirming gendered racialized steretoypes, but may experience less backlash when showing counter‐stereotypical behavior than German women. We find double standards in evaluations of highly qualified women of Turkish versus German descent, with interactions with the type of misbehavior suggesting complex interplays of gender, ethnicity, and information provided about the individual in career advancement and exclusion. Public significance statement: Across a series of experiments, we show that women of Turkish descent (being part of the biggest group experiencing racism in Germany) may face double standards when they show some form of misbehavior in the workplace. Compared to women of German descent, they tended to be promoted less and excluded more from their team when misbehavior was associated with stereotypically feminine behavior. In contrast, they were evaluated more positively when they showed misbehavior associated with stereotypically masculine traits and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Recently, women have been taking leadership positions in the hope of reducing gender inequality. However, it is unclear whether these female leaders have made a significant contribution to closing the gender gap. Guided by social role theory, this research explored the roles of female principals in reducing gender inequality in primary schools. Methods: The study used a multisite case study design. Data were collected from 39 respondents: female directors, male and female students, and male and female teachers. Focus group discussions and interviews were the tools for gathering relevant data. The study utilized a six-staged thematic analysis approach with the help of NVivo 11 versions of qualitative analysis software. Results: The study revealed that, besides being role models and counselors to female students, the role of female directors in minimizing gender inequality was insufficient due to the deeply entrenched traditional discrimination against women. Discussion: Gender inequality in education stems from social roles, and female principals are assumed to help avoid or minimize gender disparity in a male-dominated world. However, achieving gender equality requires the collective efforts of parents, principals, society, and the government. Future quantitative or mixed-method research is important to determine the extent to which female principals have contributed to reducing gender inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Primary health care (PHC) is the most common model for providing primary care, and PHC services are the most common points of care that immigrants and refugees attend as a first step. Most immigrants travel to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet only a few studies have examined their health conditions and their access to PHC in these countries. We have attempted to identify the barriers and facilitators that immigrants and refugees encounter when using PHC in these countries. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest, Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, and OpenGrey in this scoping review from its inception to the end of October 2023. Moreover, we manually searched key journals, reference lists, and citations from included studies to identify any missed studies. We extracted data from each selected study using a predefined form. Finally, a thematic analysis approach was utilized to synthesize the collected data from the included qualitative studies. Results: 17 qualitative studies were included in this review, which were from Iran (n = 3), Brazil (n = 3), Kenya (n = 2), Jordan (n = 2), Eastern Sudan (n = 1), Lebanon (n = 1), Bangladesh (n = 1), India (n = 1), Turkey (n = 1), Thailand (n = 1), and Malaysia (n = 1). Among the most common and important reported barriers are language differences, insufficiency of trained carers, unemployment, inability to pay the costs of hospital and medicines, no insurance coverage for immigrants, no clear referral and care system for immigrants, discrimination against women, and improper residence locations. Insurance coverage, awareness programs, and the study of immigrants' needs, along with their social and financial support from family, are among the most essential facilitators. Conclusion: For LMICs, funding is always a limitation, and increasing PHC utilization is the best choice for improving health. Knowing the challenges and facilitators of PHC utilization from the point of view of each stakeholder is a promising way to decide and make policies that can improve the health of both immigrants and refugees, as well as society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article aims to verify the relationship between discrimination against women in access to high-level positions and their discrimination in the choice of their jobs, their return to the labour market, their education in technical subjects and the promotion of their participation in management decision-making. Design/methodology/approach: The first part of the article includes a literature review that introduces the concept of labour market inequality, with particular emphasis on gender inequality. The next step involved analysing the relationship between the response variable and the explanatory variables. The results of a pilot survey conducted in early 2024 were used for this purpose. The GRETL econometric package was used to determine the degree of correlation between the variables, based on which the parameters of the ordered logit model were found using the ordinary least squares method (OLS). Findings: The parameters of the developed logit model allowed us to conclude that there is a significant relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables. According to the respondents, women who are discriminated against in terms of their jobs or return to the labour market after a long break are also discriminated against in terms of access to high-level positions. Research limitations/implications: An analysis of the results obtained showed that discrimination against women in the labour market is considered a widespread social problem. Consequently, it was assumed that this research should be expanded to include issues aimed at identifying solutions to prevent such practices, among other things. Further, to gain insight into the motivations of the opposite side, surveys should be addressed directly to employers. The survey was a pilot and, as such, no limitations were identified during its implementation. Social implications: The survey results indicate that gender inequality in the labour market is a widespread problem that generates negative emotions in society. This points to the need for a strategy that can prevent such practices and reduce prejudice at the same time. Originality/value: The considerations in this article highlight the problem of gender inequalities in the labour market. Particularly noteworthy in this regard is the issue of discrimination against women in access to leadership positions. The article is primarily aimed at women in the labour market and employers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigated whether and (if so) how one's perception of gender discrimination would vary as a function of age and gender in Korea. Since gender-related conflicts have escalated in Korea especially among younger adults, we predicted that (1) there would be gender differences in one's perception of gender discrimination in Korea and (2) such differences would be particularly large among younger adults. Consistent with the predictions, we found that Korean men underestimated discrimination against women and overestimated discrimination against men, relative to Korean women. Also, such tendency was more pronounced among younger men than among older men without significant differences in sexism between them. Moreover, young men claimed that men were at least as discriminated against as women in Korea unlike other groups who believed that discrimination against women was larger than discrimination against men. Our data also suggest that such perception of gender discrimination among younger Korean men is possibly due to their beliefs that social atmosphere in Korea is disadvantageous to their gender. We further showed that gender differences in perception of gender discrimination were associated with corresponding differences in emotional reactions (i.e., anger) to gender discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Female circumcision (FC) is a deep-rooted tradition in Malaysia, influenced by religious, cultural, and health beliefs. However, it has drawn criticism for its similarities to Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in Africa, particularly during the 2018 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) by the United Nations Human Rights (UNHR). Amidst this backdrop, this study aimed to investigate parents' perspectives and experiences concerning female circumcision, as well as the factors driving its persistence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This qualitative study used phenomenological approach and 20 in-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire until data saturation were reached. We employed convenience and snowball sampling methods. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using NVivo 12 software. We used thematic analysis to identify key themes in the data. RESULTS: Three themes emerged from the interviews: (1) FC is a 'fitrah', (2) maintaining good health is the main influence; and (3) FC causing no harm. The main influences on this practice are religious, cultural, and health factors. Parents described the procedure as simple and harmless for the baby and themselves, both physically and emotionally. CONCLUSIONS: This research shown that FC in Malaysia is not solely religious but deeply embedded in culture. The blend of cultural and religious aspects makes it a crucial practice for some. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarly investigations have greatly advanced our understanding of gender stereotypes as they pertain to leadership roles. However, an examination of citizens' evaluations of the personal and political characteristics of ministers using an experimental design is still lacking. In this article, we aim to determine whether individuals exhibit discrimination against women occupying the position of finance minister (FM), which presents an opportunity to assess the impact of stereotypes within one of the most 'masculine' cabinet portfolios. We implement a conjoint analysis in Spain to isolate the influence of appointees' attributes on their selection. The results suggest that women are preferred for this post. In contrast to established knowledge derived from legislative studies, being single benefits female ministers more than it does their male counterparts in obtaining the position of FM, as agentic attributes can hold more value in these positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the use of corporal punishment on children in Australia, arguing that it is both ineffective and harmful. The authors provide evidence that a significant number of young Australians have experienced corporal punishment, but note that attitudes and actions are changing, particularly among younger generations. The article also discusses the legal and human rights implications of corporal punishment and the need for legislative reform. It emphasizes the importance of education, support, and cultural change in reducing the prevalence of corporal punishment. The author of the text focuses on studying child and adolescent development, with a specific interest in how environmental factors can impact brain development and the risk of mental disorders like depression during adolescence. They approach their research from a neurobiological and psychological perspective. [Extracted from the article]

Research on television representations has identified the discrimination top-level women athletes are subjected to and the ways in which they are discredited. In particular this research has identified the process of gendering competitions (so-called "women's sports"), the infantilization of women athletes, emphasis on "appropriate femininity," stigmatization of transgressive female athletes, sexualization of athletes, and compulsory heterosexuality. More recent research has uncovered a shift in gendered representations of women athletes towards less explicit and more insidious sexism, based primarily on a hierarchy in favor of male over female sport. To assess the situation of representations of high-level women athletes in France and their evolution, the author carried out a socio-semiotic analysis from a perspective opened by gender studies by focusing on a particular media: the television broadcasts of sports competitions. We selected a corpus of TV broadcasts of World Championship and Olympic competitions comprising six sports--gymnastics, tennis, basketball, football, rugby, and boxing from 2005 to 2015--studied diachronically. This article will examine the discourses of commentators and the filmed images (camera movements) that participate in the construction of sports broadcasting. Television representations of women's sports were analyzed at the intersection of gender, class, race, sexuality, and national identity. The research was paired with a list breaking down the journalists' gendered identities to account for inequalities of access to this position and raise the question of the influence of gendered expertise. Based on these analyses, this article will conclude by providing recommendations for the recognition of women's sports such as: deconstructing the male gaze, valuing women's sports performances, and fighting with an intersectional approach to discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's personal experiences with antisemitism among left-wing and lesbian feminists in the 1970s. The author highlights the lack of feminist support for petitions against the UN's resolution equating Zionism with racism and criticizes feminists for prioritizing the alleged occupation of Palestine over the oppression of women in Gaza and the West Bank. The author also criticizes feminists for their silence and lack of support following the Hamas terrorist attack on October 7, which involved sexual violence against Israeli women and girls. The article concludes by noting that some feminists and Democratic Party officials eventually condemned the attacks, but it took them a significant amount of time to do so. [Extracted from the article]

This commentary sits within a context of growing cultural concern over brain damage that occurs in many of the Western world's most popular, profitable and prized sports. After laying out evidence demonstrating this point, we discuss the increasing inclusion of women within sports which involve regular and routinised brain injuries. We problematise this apparent 'progress' with the title of our commentary. In particular, rather than offering some simplified yes/no answer, we argue that in light of the five decades of social scientific scholarship documenting the various harms produced by performance impact sports, working towards gender equality in brain damage is a nonsensical outcome. So, while there is clear evidence from academic gender studies that progress has been made towards tackling issues of exclusion and various forms of discrimination against women and girls in performance sport spaces, there has not been concomitant progress made in tackling the ways bodies and brains are often broken down, damaged and sometimes destroyed during participation in such sports. We do not suggest that consenting adults should be prohibited from enjoying impact sports and our aim with this commentary is not driven by a paternalistic, patriarchal belief which reflects historical notions around sportswomen being the 'fairer' sex, nor that responses to sport-acquired brain injury should be sex- or gender-specific. Rather, we conclude by suggesting that the emerging science on sport-acquired brain injuries should serve as an important inflection point to those leaders, organisers, practitioners and scholars working in this area to reconsider how we imagine, promote and structure sport – for everyone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disproportion of women to men at the top tier in the academic hierarchy, concerns politicians, academic leaders, students, and other stakeholders. A popular explanation for the gender imbalance in elite positions is that potential female candidates lack ambition and therefore do not have sufficient drive to make it to the top. In this study, we explore the issue of professional ambition among a group of women academics working as tenured associate professors in Norway. With the backdrop of VIE (Valence-instrumentality-expectancy) theory, we focus on two key subjective, but nonetheless contextual judgments that are assumed to underlie the decision to aim for a promotional opportunity; (i) Do I want it and (ii) Can I make it? Three sources of qualitative data provide interesting insights into these considerations, and our findings point to focusing more specifically on the perceived costs that are assumed to derive from making this career choice. The women are ambitious in the sense that they desire the professional clout and impact that comes with this top role (so, yes, they want it). However, a number of conditions are perceived to be central to the actual realization of their ambitions, such as more time, resources and transparency when it comes to the qualification process. The findings may serve as important to designing more suitable career conditions for this target group in practice. Finally, we propose the application of a context-specific gender perspective to better understand women's career ambitions in higher education institutions (HEI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's regulatory framework on assisted reproductive technologies (henceforth ARTs) has remained unchanged and unchallenged for over two decades, prohibiting unmarried women from accessing any form of ARTs. Section 1 Article 4(1) of the Ethical Principles for Human Reproductive Technologies and Human Sperm Banks explicitly stipulates that 'couples who do not comply with national population and family planning laws and regulations and single women' are prohibited from accessing ARTs. However, unmarried men are allowed to freeze sperm regardless of their marital status, constituting direct discrimination against women. Furthermore, significant legislative conflicts exist between local regulations and departmental rules in this area, hindering the consistent application of ART norms in China and substantially limiting the reproductive rights of Chinese women. Zaozao Xu's case is the first case in China directly challenging the current prohibitive regulations on egg freezing and may signify a crucial turning point in China's reform of ARTs legislation. This commentary provides an overview of the case and examines various issues associated with the existing regulatory framework, including the vagueness of the legislation and regulation, legislative conflicts in the current framework, deeply rooted discrimination against women, and the regulator's problematic conception of ARTs. This commentary emphasises the urgent need for China to re-evaluate and reform its ARTs regulatory framework to allow unmarried women to access ARTs, or at least egg-freezing services as the first step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the People's Republic of China (PRC) is influencing international law, particularly through its actions in Hong Kong. It discusses the PRC's efforts to export its own interpretation of international law, which includes a different understanding of human rights. This influence weakens the international legal system and poses a risk to universal human rights standards. The article examines the PRC's changing language and values regarding international human rights obligations, highlighting a shift towards promoting international law with "Chinese characteristics." It also discusses the Chinese government's manipulation of human rights and international law in Hong Kong, particularly through the passing of the National Security Law (NSL) in 2020. The NSL violates Hong Kong's international legal obligations and has been used to suppress political activists and civil society organizations. Despite some international condemnation, there has been a lack of concrete action, allowing the PRC to continue violating international law without consequences. The article also discusses the introduction of the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance (SNSO) in Hong Kong, which has been criticized for its broad and vague definition of "national security" and its potential for misuse to violate human rights. The SNSO undermines the rule of law and international legal obligations. The international community has condemned the legislation, but the Hong Kong government and China have shown little regard for these concerns. The article calls for a stronger international response and support for the rules-based international order. [Extracted from the article]

People pursuing careers outside organizations often face a career progression paradox: they must develop expertise to find new work opportunities, but such expertise is largely acquired through accumulating work experience to which they seldom have access. Research has proposed that progressive role expansion—starting one's career specialized in a single work role and later expanding into new work roles—would be helpful to navigate this challenge. However, we propose that when women engage in lateral role expansion within professional careers, they face a "glass wall"—an invisible barrier that limits their work opportunities due to a gendered evaluation of role expansion. Specifically, role expansion by female (vs. male) freelancers is seen as less agentic, and such difference undermines female freelancers' perceived competence and commitment. Three studies using different methods (archival data and experiment), industries (music and film), and samples (Korean and American) show that female (vs. male) freelancers who expand into new work roles are seen as less agentic and have less chance of finding new work opportunities. Although women who pursue careers outside of organizations may become unshackled from gender biases embedded within traditional organizational hierarchies, we suggest that they still face obstacles in the new forms of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the importance of the United Nations (UN) in the realization and protection of women’s rights at the global level. In particular, the article focuses on the strategies that the United Nations develops and implements to improve the situation of women in different parts of the world, through its specialized institutions and other important mechanisms to support sustainable development. The article provides a detailed overview of the main innovations and programs of the UN, international legal acts on the protection of women’s rights, in particular, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) of 1979, and reviews the achievements and challenges in the implementation of these initiatives. It analyzes how the UN provides legal support, technical assistance and strategic advice to member states, as well as the role of monitoring and reporting in ensuring compliance with international standards. Considerable attention is paid to examples of successful projects that have led to changes in the legislation of different countries and social practices. In addition, the main difficulties and barriers faced by the UN in its activities are discussed, and recommendations are offered to improve the effectiveness of its efforts to protect women’s rights in the future. In particular, the role of UN Women in issues related to the protection of the rights of women and girls is outlined. UN Women is the United Nations agency for gender equality and the empowerment of women. UN Women was created to advance the rights of women and girls and accelerate responses to their needs around the world. UN Women works to ensure that women and men are equal partners and beneficiaries of humanitarian action. UN Women focuses on crisis prevention, preparedness and response to reduce vulnerability, address risks, promote resilience and women’s leadership through normative support, assistance to member states and the United Nations in developing and implementing relevant policies, coordination between the United Nations system and the humanitarian community, and field programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While girls have better grades than boys in high school, this does not translate into better performance of young women, as compared to young men, in university. Due to the high signalling value of university grades for subsequent income and employment outcomes, this has important consequences for gender inequalities at labour market entry. However, previous studies have not yet examined the potential barriers that might limit women's ability to maintain their previous academic achievement at the university level. Drawing on the nation-wide Student Survey, this study addresses this shortcoming by investigating perceived discrimination against women and perceived competition among students as two potential correlates. Our findings first confirm that while girls have better grades in high school than boys, this has reversed at the university level. Further, high school grades are less strongly correlated with university grades for girls compared to boys. Our results highlight that young women perceive there to be more discrimination against women as well as higher levels of competition within their field of study, than do their male peers. The study further demonstrates that an increased level of perceived discrimination is strongly associated with lower university performance for young women, thereby plausibly hindering their ability to reach their full academic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legislation and regulation have been effective in reducing the gender wage gap in developed countries; however, the gap still exists globally, and progress towards narrowing the gap has been unacceptably slow even in regions where it is improving. This study presents the analysis of gender wage gap in Kenya's urban labor market by using the World Bank Skills Towards Employability and Productivity Survey (WBSTEPS). This study employed Mincer earnings regressions with Heckman selection correction and the Blinder-Oaxaca and Neumark decomposition procedures to answer the research questions. The results of the wage determination and participation in the labor market show that there is no selectivity-bias problem. Personal characteristics such as education and age, as well as work-related characteristics, are important factors in determining earnings. The magnitude of the gender wage gap varies across the wage distribution, and the results of the wage decomposition reveal that women in urban Kenya earn 84.5-to-86% of men's earnings. The earnings gap is overwhelmingly due to differences in returns to endowments, which account for between 70% and 94.7% of the total earnings gap. Admittedly, the study found evidence of discrimination against women in the returns to endowments, but also observed pronounced favoritism towards men. However, discrimination against women is more pronounced than favoritism towards men. Addressing the gender wage gap in Kenya requires a multifaceted approach that tackles both systemic biases against women and structural barriers that hinder women from accessing equal opportunities in education, training, and career advancement and government policies that minimize favoritism towards men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When people simultaneously occupy multiple social identities, ascriptions of disadvantage and advantage, as well as our reasoning with them, need to be handled with care. For instance, as various US-American courts have come to acknowledge, we cannot in general reason from the premise that someone has neither been discriminated against as a woman nor as a Black person to the conclusion that they have not been discriminated against as a Black woman. In this article, I show how, by systematising such qualified ascriptions of disadvantage (and advantage), as well as the patterns of reasoning involving them, we can articulate and defend central theses of intersectionality theory in remarkably general terms, and without having to commit to a particular metaphysics of intersectional identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of language in society is significant as language is a social phenomenon that inherently captures all facets of human society. In sociolinguistics, sexism in language has long been a critical topic. This research attempts to analyse the sexism in language used in everyday discourse through comparison, induction and exemplification by examining gender bias and sexism in Oshiwambo. The goal is to expose some aspects of the Oshiwambo language that relate to social injustice and cultural biases against women. This article examines elements of sexism in the Oshiwambo language that are found in the morphology, syntax and semantics of the language. The results show that discrimination against women is pervasive, as reflected in Oshiwambo everyday discourse, highlighting the dialectic between language and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to identify the relationship between the wage gap and the educational level of men and women. Design/methodology/approach: Desk research was conducted using secondary data (Statistics Poland) on wages for men and women, as well as data on college graduates by groups of education majors. Findings: A large number of women achieve higher education; additionally, there are more female graduates than male graduates in many groups of education majors, nevertheless the wage gap mainly affects women. Research limitations/implications: Limitations are mainly due to the fact that not all female graduates of the groups of education majors identified in the article enter the workforce according to their education. For this reason, comparing the percentage of female graduates of specific groups of education majors to data on the amount of the wage gap in the corresponding (groups of education majors) groups of major occupations can only be a preview. Practical implications: The conclusions of the analysis may be an incentive to introduce measures to help equalize opportunities in the labor market, which will normalize the problem of lower wages for women in relation to men (assuming a comparable level of education). Social implications: Awareness of the existence of the problem of wage discrimination affecting women may have an impact on the quality of their lives as well as the work, since wages are one of the most important motivational factors. The analyses included in the article may increase awareness of the high level of education of women in Poland. Originality/value: The article holistically shows the problem of wage discrimination against women in the Polish labor market and the fact that it is not caused by differences in education between men and women. The article shows the magnitude of the problem and how lack of knowledge on this subject may lead the society to draw misleading conclusions, thereby exacerbating gender inequality in the labor market and reinforcing existing gender stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis of 31 studies over 20 years advances our understanding of the gender gap in entrepreneurial bank finance. Findings from previous research on the relationship between entrepreneurs' gender and bank financing are mixed, which suggests the need to pay particular attention to entrepreneurs' social context. In this study, we develop a model of how social gender norms explain variation in women entrepreneurs' (vis-à-vis men entrepreneurs') access to bank finance. Specifically, we theorize how women's formal (their nations' political ideologies) and informal (women's empowerment) social standing within their societies influence gender discrimination in entrepreneurial bank financing. Consistent with most previous studies, our baseline results show that women entrepreneurs' business loan applications are rejected to a greater extent than men entrepreneurs' loan applications. Women entrepreneurs also pay higher interest rates on loans than men entrepreneurs. Further, in societies dominated by a conservative (rather than a liberal) political ideology, the positive relationship between women entrepreneurs and loan interest rates is more positive. Interestingly, gender discrimination in loan rejection and interest rates is magnified in societies with greater women's empowerment. Taking a social gender-norm perspective, our analysis establishes a gender gap in entrepreneurial bank finance, and we outline an agenda for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace incivility has been touted as a form of modern discrimination with serious negative consequences for the target. The increasingly unequal gender distribution in STEM workforce has also been attributed to workplace incivility. This study examines the lived experience of this covert mistreatment for women employees in STEM workplaces. Data from STEM women employees revealed a typology of STEM incivility, mapping onto ostracism, hostility, undermining, and sexual incivility. Further, the gendered nature and STEM-specific phenomenology of incivility against women employees, based on instigator characteristics, incivility frequency, and the general climate of STEM which aided or fostered interpersonal mistreatment was found. Drawing on affective events theory from organizational sciences and grounded in the STEM industry, this research examined the person-centric, emotional consequences of being a target of STEM incivility. Three broad themes that describe the first-person, felt-experience impact of mistreatment were as follows: discrete emotions, emotion regulation, duration of emotion experience. Upon encountering uncivil interpersonal experiences, participant reactions fell among one of four discrete emotional states: anger, fear, sadness, and surprise. Emotion regulation emerged as a key feature of the affective response. Specifically, STEM demands were tied to participant utilization of the regulation strategy of suppression to hide the felt emotion initially and reappraisal and response modulation over time. Importantly, although understood as a mild event, the emotional consequences of incivility were long-lasting such that they continued beyond the episode, lasting anywhere from two hours to a week. The STEM context was central to the emotion trajectories. Results are discussed with respect to work performance, attitudinal, and health-related consequences for women employees in STEM jobs. Practical implications are discussed with a special grounding in STEM context with an eye toward best practices for managing incivility for women in STEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Indo-Canadian Sikh women's issues after Covid-19 and their challenges of diasporic consciousness. It is based on a study conducted with face-to-face interviews in Victoria, Canada, to assess these women's post-Covid-19 challenges in healthcare and employment and their diasporic dual identity crisis. The research addressed questions like: What are the challenges of Indo-Canadian Sikh women in Canada after Covid-19 and the impact of current political affairs? What are women's integration challenges (perhaps insecurity, discrimination, etc.)? This research is significant for understanding the difficulties of Indo-Canadian Sikh women as a vulnerable group in terms of diasporic dual consciousness, racial discrimination and post-Covid experiences. Discussions on identity incorporate a diasporic theoretical understanding of the dual identity crisis and elaborate on Canadian multicultural policy from a political perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary society, the persistent manifestation of gender discrimination continues to impede the advancement of women in their pursuit of gender equality. Within the historical context of the assimilation program, Indigenous Australian women confronted systemic gender disparities. This scholarly investigation endeavors to elucidate the nuanced facets of gender discrimination experienced by Indigenous Australian women affiliated with the stolen generation, as discerned through the lens of Doris Kartinyeri's seminal work, "Kick the Tin." Employing a qualitative research paradigm, this study uses a liberal feminist framework to scrutinize the gathered data meticulously. The findings underscore that Kartinyeri's "Kick the Tin" unveils the entrenched gender discrimination endured by Indigenous Australian women during the assimilation era, delineating their prescribed roles as domestic laborers within the prevailing white societal framework, thereby perpetuating the marginalization of this demographic. In its essence, the narrative challenges the systemic marginalization of Indigenous Australian women, concurrently advocating for their empowerment as a catalyst for fostering an equitable societal milieu. Consequently, this research augments scholarly discourse, serves as a poignant catalyst for heightened social consciousness, and catalyzes imperative shifts toward mitigating the pervasive impacts of gender discrimination on a broader scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on the historical evolution of Australia's motor mechanic trade from 1900 to 1970, exploring its impact on Australian society, economy, and the emergence of a new workforce segment. Topics include the transformation of landscapes due to the introduction of motor cars, the socio-economic role of mechanics within Australia's working class, and a critical examination of their evolving professional identity amid societal changes and technological advancements.

This essay focuses on the nexus of vulnerability and rights. It argues that in transforming vulnerability from a stigma that alienated women from their humanity to the signature of human dignity, women bridged the gap between the liberatory promise of human rights and its exploitative patriarchal politics. It finds that the ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft, Simone de Beauvoir, Drucilla Cornell, and Jean-Luc Nancy were/are crucial to this transformed idea of dignity. Religious ideas have played a complex role in this transformation. Wollstonecraft appealed to theological ideas of the soul to contest men's claims that the Bible enshrined women's subordination to men. Current abortion politics in the U.S., and the Iranian women's Women, Life, Freedom rebellion continue to show how sacred texts have been used to defend and reject women's demands for rights. Religious and secular arguments for the dignity of vulnerability, used by feminists to re-write the sexual difference, direct us to rethink our exploitative relationship to the earth and the multiple species it harbors. As we take up the task of confronting the environmental crisis of our times, they call on us to see ourselves as stewards of the earth's bounty who are morally obliged to create humane relationships with our other-than-human neighbors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This feminist research explores how superstition is used by in‐law's family to subordinate women business‐owners in a highly patriarchal developing context. Whereas the exploration of gender subordination regarding women's entrepreneurship is almost exclusively confined to developed nations, little is known regarding the way women are subjugated in managing their small businesses in a patriarchal developing nation. This research generates data by conducting a case study on a woman's business in Bangladesh. This study yields unique insights by unfolding a specific form of superstition that attempts to restrain a woman from continuing her small business. The paper reveals that the male relative caused a severe adverse impact on the personal life and business of the woman by employing superstition. With particular reference to superstition, this feminist study substantially extends the theoretical understanding of gender subordination within the context of small businesses of women in a highly patriarchal developing nation. The research strongly suggests policymakers to consider familial issues of women business‐owners in designing programmes to empower them effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Innovations and Challenges: Women, Language and Sexism" edited by Carmen Rosa Caldas-Coulthard is a collection of nine articles written by fifteen researchers from diverse backgrounds. The book focuses on the discursive level of sexism and explores the different ways in which sexism and linguistic violence against women are manifested. The articles analyze linguistic, visual, and other semiotic resources using various theoretical and methodological frameworks. The book covers topics such as lexical sexism, workplace interactions, ageism, gender roles in media, violence against women, and sexism in schools. It provides a comprehensive overview of the issues and offers insights for researchers and students in various disciplines. [Extracted from the article]

This article examines intersecting forms of oppression, discrimination and violence against women in Iraqi Kurdish society. Two novels written by Kurdish female authors in the Bahdinan dialect have been selected as samples for the study: Mirin di Zenga 12ê da (Death at the Strike of 12) by Kawther Shawkat, and Revîn ji Xolekên Zer, (Runaway from the Yellowed Moment) by Awaz Mustafa Barwary. I argue that the patriarchal family is one of the main reasons behind the discrimination against women in Kurdish society. Intersectionality has been chosen as a theoretical framework for this study, to explore the relationship between multiple identities and a patriarchal society. Intersectionality suggests a broader dimension to the issues of gender inequality and reciprocal constituent relations within social identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweden is a country with an international reputation for gender equality. The political goal of gender equality is based on feminist analysis of what constitutes a just society according to gender and the fight against patriarchal norms. Despite policy recommendations and legislation that counteract discrimination against women, women still fear traveling by public transport and being out in the evenings. This indicates that Swedish society still has patriarchal norms to deal with. The article is based on qualitative interviews and data retrieved from the Swedish National Statistics, SCB. The interviews explored mobility practices and strategies, experiences with different modes of transport, and reliability, affordability, and comfort of themobility options available. The results shows that travel choices for women are affected by their concerns about safety and related necessary adaptation to situations identified as threatening. Despite the "mythical mantra" of the gender equal society, Sweden share the patriarchal norms with other countries, that delimits women's use and access to public space and public transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The stigma and social discrimination against cisgender women sex workers lead many of them to live in conditions characterized by social inequality, marginalization, persecution, and limited opportunities for sexual health literacy. Consequently, they are often compelled to establish a framework of preventive beliefs with little scientific validity, which they use to identify, mitigate, or avoid sexual health risks arising from their interactions with clients. This study investigates the sexual health beliefs that influence self-care practices aimed at preventing sexually transmitted infections among cisgender women sex workers in Colombia. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study framed in Hermeneutic Phenomenology. In-depth interviews and discussion groups were conducted with 34 cisgender women sex workers over 18 years of age in the center of the cities of Bogotá and Barranquilla in Colombia. Results: Seven themes emerged from the reflective and inductive thematic analysis of the narratives: (1) popular habits for the prevention of contagion, (2) ocular assessment of genitals, (3) condom lubrication, (4) suspicion of a hidden infection in the client, (5) saliva and oral contact as a source of contagion, (6) avoidance of semen contact, (7) and trust in God as protection. Conclusions: The findings reflect the need for health and social professionals to promote participatory and inclusive cooperation with sex workers to update the framework of preventive beliefs that help them guide sexual health self-care with autonomy and self-efficacy, strengthening favorable beliefs and negotiating unfavorable ones. It is also essential to have a sex worker-informed sexual health policy that guides the promotion of sexual health that is sensitive to the needs and consistent with the risks of sex work and ensures friendly and non-oppressive preventive care environments for sex workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines the use of United Nations Universal Periodic Review (UPR) recommendations in UK domestic law and courts. It provides legal practitioners with guidance on how to locate, analyze, and apply UPR recommendations in court cases. The article emphasizes the legal significance of UPR recommendations and their potential to establish customary international law and inform treaty interpretation. It also highlights examples of how UPR recommendations have been utilized in relation to specific issues. The article concludes by advocating for increased engagement with the UPR in legal proceedings due to its universal nature and ability to identify areas of agreement in international human rights law. [Extracted from the article]

Historically, women have suffered from the effects of inequality in most social, economic, political and cultural spheres. In this paper, discrimination against women in sport is analysed on the basis of a set of empirical data on the inequal participation of men and women in sport. In particular, three Catalan sports regulations are analysed. To this end, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is taken as our frame of reference; more specifically, two instruments that are proposed therein to reduce women's inequality: the gender perspective and gender mainstreaming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a summary of four recent books on the history of global feminisms. The books aim to offer a more inclusive and diverse perspective on feminism, challenging dominant narratives. They explore the development of feminisms in specific historical contexts, highlight the struggles and achievements of women activists, and examine the impact of political and social factors on their activism. While these books make valuable contributions to feminist historiography, there is still a need for a more critical global perspective that recognizes interconnected histories and power relations between different regions. [Extracted from the article]

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This article provides an overview of transitional justice and its significance in societies that have experienced human rights violations. It discusses the various measures taken to address these violations, including judicial and non-judicial actions. The article also explores the challenges of implementing transitional justice, particularly in relation to traditional justice mechanisms, and examines the impact of gender policies on procedural law in these processes. It emphasizes the importance of recording human rights violations, criminal accountability, reparations, and institutional reform. Additionally, the article highlights the crucial role of women in post-war reconstruction and development efforts, emphasizing the need for support in girls' education and technical training for women. It also discusses the concept of gender justice and the importance of balancing women's rights and opportunities with cultural variations and individual inclinations. [Extracted from the article]

As from 1979, the United Nations formally seeks to achieve equilibrium in the involvement of women in relation to men in the public domain through the adoption and ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Nigeria both ratified and domesticated the core provision of this convention as its National Constitution of 1999 affirms the equality and right of all citizens to freedom from discrimination. Besides, from 2006 to 2021, Nigeria operated an exclusive gender policy namely, the National Gender Policy 2006, which by its affirmative action, reserved 35 percent of all appointive positions in government to women, as a means of protecting women’s rights and redressing inequalities in the involvement of women and men in governance processes. Regrettably, the National Gender Policy (NGP) 2006 recorded no substantial achievement in terms of its intended objectives as the policy encountered several structural and institutional challenges arising from the entrenched patriarchal system in Nigerian societies, and the absence of a united women’s movement in the country, among others. Resultantly, the study concludes that, for the NGP 2021 to realize its aims, Nigerian women’s movements need to embark on vigorous and unceasing campaigns to deconstruct the existing patriarchal system, and that all women’s movements in Nigeria need to form a central body and maintain a common front to better advocate for the implementation of 35 percent affirmative action in the new policy, among other measures. The study relies on secondary sources of data, including books, journals, relevant publications of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, and the websites. The data were analyzed using the thematic and descriptiveinterpretive techniques of qualitative data analysis, which enhanced satisfactory achievement of the objective of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text discusses the structural bias and discrimination faced by women in healthcare and research, leading to gaps in knowledge and understanding of women's health. It emphasizes the need for a social movement to promote a woman-centered approach to care and research. Community-based participatory research is highlighted as a key strategy to reduce bias and increase participation in women's health research. The text also showcases examples of successful initiatives, such as the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project and the KIND neuroscience study, that have utilized community-based participatory research to address women's health issues effectively. [Extracted from the article]

Background: This scoping literature review examines: What literature exists about the sport and physical activity experiences of racialized cis and trans women, adolescents, and girls in Canada? Methods: English language peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and gray literature published January 1, 2000, up to May 31, 2020, were examined. The databases used were SPORTDiscus via EBSCO, Sociological Abstracts, Sport Medicine and Education Index, and Google Scholar. The 42 studies and 15 gray literatures found included 1430 participants explicitly specified as racialized women/girl participants. Results: There was a paucity of literature on the topic overall with none (n = 0) focused on experiences of racialized trans women. The limited research notes some successful programs that address racialized women's needs. However, the research also shows widespread experiences of discrimination against women based on racial group and language and limited access to culturally relevant or welcoming sporting opportunities, such as women-only programs and spaces. Conclusions: Much more research should be done to disaggregate "immigrants" into specific racial and ethnic groups, attend to intersectional identities and barriers, understand a wide range of involvement (eg, including coaching, high performance sport, recreation, exercise, university sport, mentorship programs), document racism and White privilege, and describe the joys of participation in sport for racialized women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]