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The article focuses on the impact of educators being elected to school boards in the U.S., with a specific focus on California. Topics discussed include the lack of improvement in student achievement, the increase in teacher salaries, and the decline in charter school enrollment when educators join school boards, suggesting potential influence from teachers unions on board decisions.

This essay is the introduction to the 2022 supplemental issue of History of Political Economy, titled Women and Economics: New Historical Perspectives. We first reflect on the historiography of economics and the relative absence of women and gender in the mainstream of the field. Three approaches to the history of women and economics are delineated: making visible women economists, outlining the impact of including women in a broader narrative about economics, and analyzing gender metaphors in economic thought. We then preview and describe the nine contributions included in the volume. In the last section, we consider what is next for this research agenda, arguing that there are two important challenges to historians of economics. The first challenge concerns the consequences of delegating women and gender to a separate history. The second challenge concerns the "silences" of unwritten, undeveloped, and unpreserved work in the history of economics and how the community engaged with the past of economics should reflect on these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses about the School Finance Reforms. Topics of discussion includes changes in funding by school finance reforms reduced the incidence of adult poverty, low-income students, and contributed to closing test score gaps between low- and high-income school district. It is also noted that school resources translate to improvements in learning.

Charter school funding is typically set by formulas that provide the same amount for students regardless of advantage or need. I present evidence that this policy skews the distribution of students served by charters toward low-cost populations by influencing where charter schools open and whether they survive. To do this, I develop and estimate an equilibrium model of charter school supply and competition to evaluate the effects of funding policies that aim to correct these incentives. The results indicate that a cost-adjusted funding formula would increase the share of disadvantaged students in charter schools with little reduction in aggregate effectiveness. (JEL H75, I21, I22, I28) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on need to illuminate the origins, content, and contexts of quasi-experimental methods and their applications. It mentions quasi-experimental approaches in the historical context of the Cowles econometric program and Žfield journals and top general-interest journals using data from the Web of Science online database of academic journals. It also mentions long-standing question in applied economics and returns to education and demands of patrons of economic research.

The article discusses economist Charles Tiebout and mentions history of economics. Books including "Theory of Public Finance" by Richard Musgrave, “Pure Theory of Public Expenditure" by Paul Samuelson and "Calculus of Consent" by James M. Buchanan are discussed. Other topics such as public expenditure and economics are also discussed.

The article discusses the impact that German priest Martin Luther had on economic thought during the 16th century and beyond, specifically upon usury. It discusses Luther's views on economics, particularly finance, trade, and commerce, as well as the view of the Catholic Church on money. The author argues that the Protestant Reformation that was led by Luther decimated the theological foundation of usury, though Luther did not acknowledge such a deed. He also argues that academic analysis of Luther's role in economic thought lacks theological understanding.