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In the research, we have developed an operational concept based on new energy generation devices, which, in addition to providing heat and electricity, guarantees uninterrupted supply locally and the sale of system services off-site. Based on international experience in the sector, the overall business concept needs to be developed for successful pilot projects. The trends in the technical-economic and regulatory environment examined show that the direction of change, with uncertain outcomes today, is unanimous: they all support the market penetration and the continued profitability of small-scale power plant devices suitable for secondary regulation. An important task is to identify unique elements in the value propositions. The aim of the research is to identify which of the factors such as realized price differential, heat-side revenues, generation utilization, optimized plant operation, scaling, etc. have an impact on the investment, operation, as well as the overall business model and profitability, and to what extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper introduces a unique simulation framework for testing and validating multiple operation issues of grid connected microgrids. The framework is widely adjustable and enables various control actions, for example, load shedding, demand response, power curtailment, and integration of battery energy storage systems (BESS). The microgrid operation framework runs several algorithms, providing data for the optimization of the actors at different time scales. In the first part of the paper, the framework, three predictor algorithms, and the network topology used for the tests are presented in detail. Balancing power requirements of microgrids are dominantly determined by uncertainties of intermittent renewable energy‐based generation and changes in consumption. Beyond the environment development, the aim of the present research is to quantify the temporal change of balancing needs between certain confidence intervals. Accordingly, in the second part of the paper, possible approaches to determine the balancing power needs are presented, including the stochastic approach of the new System Operation Guideline (SO GL). The last part of the paper presents error characteristics of the predictor algorithms and balancing power needs are calculated in the context of the European balancing market terminology. Daily and seasonal temporality of errors is examined. The authors recognized that in transition to a more flexible distribution grid operation, the importance of possible microgrid market value propositions is increasingly appreciated. Future research perspectives include physical demonstration and validation of possible ancillary service strategy planning for microgrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global trends such as the growing share of renewable energy sources in the generation mix, electrification, e-mobility, and the increasing number of prosumers reshape the electricity value chain, and distribution systems are necessarily affected. These systems were planned, developed, and operated as a passive structure for decades with low level of observability. Due to the increasing number of system states, real time operation planning and flexibility services are the key in transition to an active grid management. In this pathway, distribution system state estimation (DSSE) has a great potential, but the real demonstration of this technique is in an early stage, especially on low-voltage level. This paper focuses on the gap between theory and practice and summarizes the limits of low-voltage DSSE implementation. The literature and the main findings follow the general structure of a state estimation process (meter placement, bad data detection, observability, etc.) giving a more essential and traceable overview structure. Moreover, the paper provides a comprehensive mapping of the possible use-cases state estimation and evaluates 27 different experimental sites to conclude on the practical applicability aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]