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Background: The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) remains unclear, particularly for small tumors. This study assesses the survival benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection with a novel focus on tumors less than 1 cm. Materials and methods: Data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) was extracted for patients with SCLC (n = 11,962) and LCNEC (n = 6821) who underwent surgical resection between 2004 and 2020. Exclusion criteria were limited survival (< 30 days), positive lymph nodes, distant metastases, large tumors (> 5 cm), residual microscopic disease, and neoadjuvant therapy. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS) from diagnosis, which was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier methods and multivariate Cox regression analyses. A propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed to compare outcomes in patients with SCLC and tumors ≤ 1 cm who received adjuvant chemotherapy versus surgery alone. Results: The study involved 4114 SCLC and 3954 LCNEC patients. Adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a significant increase median OS in both SCLC (6.26 vs. 4.18 years; p < 0.001) and LCNEC (7.02 years vs. 4.89 years; p < 0.001), while also being an independent predictor of better OS in SCLC (HR: 0.74) and LCNEC (HR: 0.75) (p < 0.001). The benefit was more noticeable in tumors ≤ 1 cm, showing a significant OS increase after PSM (median OS 7.34 vs. 5.02 years; p = 0.0048). Conclusion: Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery is associated with improved overall survival in stage I SCLC and LCNEC, particularly in SCLC tumors of 1 cm or less. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small cell osteosarcoma (SCOS) is a rare variant of conventional osteosarcoma, characterized by tumor cells of small size and uniform morphology, which can lead to diagnostic confusion with other small cell tumors, requiring a detailed diagnostic approach. The manifestation in a child adds a degree of complexity, as the management of malignant tumours in paediatric patients requires specific considerations to minimize the long-term side effects of oncological treatment and preserve the structural and functional development of the orofacial region. This report concerns an 8-year-old female patient referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery outpatient clinic with progressive swelling in the right maxillofacial region, initially asymptomatic, but progressing to pain and difficulty chewing. A cone beam computed tomography scan was requested and an incisional biopsy was carried out for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis, which confirmed the pathological entity. The lesion was then completely resected with a safety margin and the affected area removed to restore functionality and aesthetics. The surgical specimen was sent for further histopathological analysis, which confirmed the diagnosis of SCOS. Detailed immunohistochemical analysis was crucial to the diagnosis, and a comprehensive surgical approach was indicated given the aggressive behavior of the lesion. This report emphasizes the importance of an integrated multidisciplinary approach, combining oncology, pathology and oral and maxillofacial surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rare disease. Background: Small cell carcinoma is an aggressive malignant neuroendocrine tumor that most commonly occurs in the lung. Primary small cell carcinoma of the esophagus (PSCCE) is rare and is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis and no clear management guidelines. This report describes the case of a 36-year-old man presenting with epigastric pain, dysphagia, and melena due to a primary esophageal small cell carcinoma. Case Report: A 36-year-old presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with epigastric pain associated with food intake. Initial workup was unremarkable, and a presumed clinical diagnosis of reflux esophagitis and peptic strictures was made, prompting empiric treatment with anti-secretory therapies. Despite these therapies, he presented to the emergency room with progressively worsening dysphagia. Endoscopic examination (EGD) revealed a large necrotic mass, and computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed liver metastasis. Biopsies from both the liver and esophageal masses confirmed small cell carcinoma. His clinical course was complicated by a broncho-esophageal fistula, leading to massive hemoptysis, necessitating intubation. Unfortunately, his condition deteriorated rapidly, and he chose to pursue hospice care. He died 3 months after his initial presentation. Conclusions: This report has presented a rare case of primary esophageal small cell carcinoma and our approach to management. We highlight the importance of early diagnosis, supported by histopathology, and the need for management guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The target of this paper is to show the impact of polarization adaptation on the received signal quality in an outdoor small-cell deployment scenario. The signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is the key factor in defining the achievable data rate, and the capacity of the cell. At the cell border area, the SIR value is typically low and causes a significant decrease in the system capacity and achievable data rates. These bad SIR areas at the cell border can be improved by using orthogonal polarizations in the neighboring cells rather than using all polarizations over the whole cell coverage area. For the research work of this paper, a series of measurements were carried out to measure a received signal power and a cross polarization discrimination (XPD) ratio while the signal is transmitted and received with a different set of polarizations. In the measurements, we have considered horizontal, vertical, +/− 45° slanted polarizations, and two different environments, urban street and open space, and three frequency bands, 970−1030 MHz, 2000−2030 MHz and 3364−3400 MHz. The measurement results revealed that at a different distance from the transmitter, for horizontal/vertical polarization, the average XPD is around 24.7 dB and 31.7 dB in the urban street and open area environments, respectively. For +/− 45° slanted polarization, the average XPD is around 11.5 dB and 12.1 dB in the urban street and open area environments, respectively. This paper goes on to propose polarization adaptation in each cell, where the primary polarization is valid for the whole service area of the cell, and secondary polarization is only used in close proximity of the base station antenna. Considering the results, it is emphasized that system capacity can be significantly improved by having only one channel with good SIR values compared to multiple channels with bad SIR values. However, MIMO channels with orthogonal polarizations or with spatial multiplexing can be utilized in the closed vicinity of the base station, i.e., in an area with good SIR values. It is shown that the overall cell capacity can be increased by almost 35% by utilizing polarization adaptation compared to MIMO 2 × 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To construct a femtocell based ultra-dense network (UDN) is the important way to satisfy the ever-growing data traffic demands in the next generation mobile networks. However, it causes frequent handovers (HOs), thus leading to negative consequences such as increased power consumption and poor quality of service (QoS). This paper represents a research on the uplink handover (UL-HO) being watched recently and proposes a new method to further improve the energy efficient and QoS. First, we confirm the UL-HO mechanism, formulate the power consumption caused by UL-HO and compare downlink handover (DL-HO) with UL-HO in terms of the performance parameters including the power consumption, handover rate (HOR), handover failure rate (HOFR), ping-pong rate (PPR), delay, packet loss rate (PLR) and throughput during handover (HO). Then, it is proved through simulation that the reliable target cell determination scheme considering uplink reference signal received power (UL-RSRP), available bandwidth, direction of user equipment (UE), and admission control is lower in HOR, HOFR, PPR, power consumption, delay and PLR. In particular, we propose a new algorithm to determine the reasonable target cell considering UL-RSRP, available bandwidth and moving direction of UE, thus reducing HOR and PPR. The improved UL-HO scheme can be implemented easily by adding some functions besides the upper-layer protocol, while it can provide a lot of benefits such as reduced power consumption, delay, frequent HOs resulting in reducing HOR and PPR. Accordingly, this can be introduced into 5G as a HO scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deploying 5G in new and diverse use cases, such as Industry 4.0 and factory automation, requires 5G systems to harmonize with the communication technologies used in these industries. To this end, 3GPP Release 16 and Release 17 have made significant progress in integrating 5G systems with the IEEE 802.1 working group specifications on Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN). This paper explains a method and architecture for supporting TSN over a wireless channel in a 5G network that adds the TSN synchronization function in a Small Cell gNB implementing the TSN Translator function (SC-TT). This TSN-capable small cell provides TSN over the wireless network to synchronize UEs with the Grand Master (GM) using the physical layer signal of the 5G radio frame and the transmission of the GM reference time to provide high-precision synchronization. This paper explores the pivotal role of a Slot Indicator Signal in enhancing synchronization precision, ensuring that the UE-GM synchronization occurs within an exceptionally narrow timeframe as small as 10 ns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung is a rare, aggressive cancer most commonly found in the lungs but not exclusively, with a worse prognosis than non-small cell lung carcinomas. Currently, LCNEC patients are treated using small cell and non-small cell protocols. This study aims to use the SEER database to identify demographic, clinical, pathological, and therapeutic factors affecting the prognosis and survival of patients with LCNEC of the lung. Methods: Demographic, clinical, and management data of patients with lung LCNEC were extracted from the SEER database for the period 2000–2018. Results: In the USA, LCNEC has a higher incidence in elderly white men: M:F ratio = 1.2:1, Caucasian: 83.3%, mean age: 67 ± 10.2 years. The most common treatment modality was chemotherapy only: 29.2%, followed by surgery: 21.5% (but in this group the statuses of chemotherapy were unknown), and combination surgery/chemotherapy: 8.8%. The overall and cause-specific 5-year survival was 17.5% (95% CI 16.3–18.8) and 21.9% (95% CI 20.5–23.4), respectively. By treatment, the best 5-year survival was for surgery alone (48%), followed by multimodality therapy (chemo + surgery + radiation) at 35% (95% CI 27–43). Age > 60 years, male gender, size > 7 cm, and nodal and liver metastasis were independent risk factors associated with increased mortality. Conclusion: Lung LCNEC is an aggressive neoplasm most common in older white males that presents at an advanced stage despite small primary tumors. Most patients die within 2 years. The best predictor of survival is surgery with chemotherapy. Given its dismal prognosis, new treatment guidelines are needed for this aggressive cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interference alignment (IA) ideas have been used into wireless communication in recent years to increase network users' capacity, sum rate, and spectral efficiency. This manuscript presents a multi-variate clustering (MC) for small-cell user communications through dynamic interference alignment (DIA). The clustering and interference alignment process focuses on retaining cluster stability and communication reliability by mitigating interference that is both intra and inter-cluster. The stability of the cluster is evaluated using the quality factor that is useful in mitigating intrauser interference. The inter-user interference is thwarted by classifying the transmitting signal based on time sequence and processing it through an appropriate cancellation matrix and rank-based analysis. Regardless of the user and cell density, the pre-coding process is based on this rank-based examination of the obtained power. The proposed MC-DIA is capable of handling both intra and inter-cluster interference for the allocated channels in the small cell scenarios. Experimentation results showed that the MC-DIA achieved a spectral efficiency of 84%. The proposed scheme performances are verified utilizing the simulation for metrics sum rate, spectral efficiency, and average degree of freedom (DoF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is typically of acinar adenocarcinoma type but can occasionally present as neuroendocrine and/or ductal type carcinoma. These are associated with clinically aggressive disease, and the former often arises on a background of androgen deprivation therapy, although it can also arise de novo. Two prostate cancer cases were sequenced by exome capture from archival tissue. Case 1 was de novo small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and ductal adenocarcinoma with three longitudinal samples over 5 years. Case 2 was a single time point after the development of treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma. Case 1 showed whole genome doubling in all samples and focal amplification of AR in all samples except the first time point. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a common ancestry for ductal and small cell carcinoma. Case 2 showed 13q loss (involving RB1) in both adenocarcinoma and small cell carcinoma regions, and 3p gain, 4p loss, and 17p loss (involving TP53) in the latter. By using highly curated samples, we demonstrate for the first time that small-cell neuroendocrine and ductal prostatic carcinoma can have a common ancestry. We highlight whole genome doubling in a patient with prostate cancer relapse, reinforcing its poor prognostic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a difficult-to-treat disease and is associated with a poor prognosis in most patients. Discovering biomarkers and developing targeted treatment options for patients with SCLC has been challenging though there are emerging therapies that are showing promise. A better understanding of the underlying biology and specific molecular targets in SCLC has led to newer drug strategies and combinations that can hopefully lead to better outcomes for our patients. Small cell lung cancer is an aggressive subtype of lung cancer with limited treatment options. Precision medicine has revolutionized cancer treatment for many tumor types but progress in SCLC has been slower due to the lack of targetable biomarkers. This review article provides an overview of emerging strategies for precision therapy in SCLC. Targeted therapies include targeted kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, angiogenesis inhibitors, antibody–drug conjugates, PARP inhibitors, and epigenetic modulators. Angiogenesis inhibitors and DNA-damaging agents, such as PARP and ATR inhibitors, have been explored in SCLC with limited success to date although trials are ongoing. The potential of targeting DLL3, a NOTCH ligand, through antibody–drug conjugates, bispecific T-cell engagers, and CAR T-cell therapy, has opened up new therapeutic options moving forward. Additionally, new research in epigenetic therapeutics in reversing transcriptional repression, modulating anti-tumor immunity, and utilizing antibody–drug conjugates to target cell surface-specific targets in SCLC are also being investigated. While progress in precision therapy for SCLC has been challenging, recent advancements provide optimism for improved treatment outcomes. However, several challenges remain and will need to be addressed, including drug resistance and tumor heterogeneity. Further research and biomarker-selected clinical trials are necessary to develop effective precision therapies for SCLC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant growth and development rely heavily on cyclins, which comprise an important class of cell division regulators. D-type cyclins (CYCDs) are responsible for the rate-limiting step of G1 cells. In the plant kingdom, despite the importance of CYCDs in herbaceous plants, there is little knowledge of these proteins in perennial woody plants. Here, the gene of a nucleus-localized cyclin, PsnCYCD1;1 , was cloned from Populus simonii × P. nigra. PsnCYCD1;1 was highly expressed in tissues with active cell division, especially the leaf buds, and could be induced by sucrose and phytohormones. Moreover, overexpression of PsnCYCD1;1 in poplar could stimulate cell division, resulting in the generation of small cells and causing severe morphological changes in the vascular bundles, resulting in 'S'-shaped tortuous stems and curled leaves. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that endogenous genes related to cell division and vascular cambium development were significantly up-regulated in the transgenic plants. In addition, using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays PsnCDKA1, PsnICK3, and PsnICK5 were identified as proteins interacting with PsnCYCD1;1. Our study demonstrates that PsnCYCD1;1 accelerates plant cell division and participates in secondary growth of vascular bundles in poplar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastatic neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a rare, aggressive disease with limited data on secondline treatment. In this retrospective, multi-institutional study, clinical and treatment data were collected for 58 patients with NEPC who received second-line systemic therapy after first-line platinum. Treatments were highly varied but uniformly poor in improving survival. Further study and consensus are needed for second-line NEPC treatment. Background: De novo neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) and treatment-emergent neuroendocrine prostate cancer (T-NEPC) are rare diseases with a poor prognosis. After first-line platinum chemotherapy, there is no consensus on second-line treatments. Patients and Methods: Patients with a pathologic diagnosis of de novo NEPC or T-NEPC between 2000 and 2020 who received first-line platinum and any second-line systemic therapy were selected and standardized clinical data was collected via the electronic health record at each institution. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) based on second-line therapy. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR) to second-line therapy, PSA response, and time on treatment. Results: Fifty-eight patients (32 de novo NEPC, 26 TNEPC) from 8 institutions were included. At de novo NEPC or T-NEPC diagnosis, the overall cohort had a median age of 65.0 years (IQR 59.2-70.3) and median PSA of 3.0 ng/dL (IQR 0.6-17.9). Following first-line platinum chemotherapy, 21 patients (36.2%) received platinum chemotherapy, 10 (17.2%) taxane monotherapy, 11 (19.0%) immunotherapy, 10 (17.2%) other chemotherapy, and 6 (16.2%) other systemic therapy. Among 41 evaluable patients, the ORR was 23.5%. The mOS after start of second-line therapy was 7.4 months (95% CI 6.1-11.9). Conclusions: In this retrospective study, patients with de novo NEPC or T-NEPC who received second-line therapy were treated with wide variety of treatment regimens, reflecting the lack of consensus in this setting. Most patients received chemotherapy-based treatments. Overall prognosis was poor and ORR was low in the second line regardless of treatment choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is the standard of care for limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). Local therapy—surgery or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)—with adjuvant chemotherapy may be appropriate for very early (T1-T2, N0) disease. There is variability in the management of these cases, which may lead to variability in patient outcomes. This study aimed to determine practice patterns for the management of very early LS-SCLC in Canada. A survey was developed and distributed to Canadian medical and radiation oncologists specialising in lung cancer. The survey consisted of three sections: (1) physician demographics, (2) general practice approach, and (3) preferred approach for three clinical scenarios (1: peripheral T1 lesion; 2: central T1 lesion; 3: peripheral T2 lesion). Responses were analysed to detect differences across cases and among physician groups. There were 77 respondents. In case 1, assuming medical operability, most respondents (73%) chose surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, with 19% choosing CRT. CRT was selected by a higher proportion in case 2 (48%) and case 3 (61%) (p < 0.05). If medically inoperable, most chose CRT over local therapy in all cases, with more choosing CRT in case 2 (84%) and case 3 (86%) than in case 1 (55%) (p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed a predilection towards CRT in Western Canada and among more experienced physicians, and towards SBRT in Ontario. There is variability in the management of very early LS-SCLC in Canada. CRT remains the most popular strategy in most cases, with surgery preferred for small peripheral lesions. Larger and more central tumours are more likely to be managed with CRT. Variation in practice is correlated with region and physician experience. Our study illustrates the variability in the management of very early LS-SCLC in Canada and highlights the need for more robust investigations into the ideal approach for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-changing diversity of users and high-specification devices have become key concerns for the current mobile network operators. In this paper, a max-min fair dynamic power control algorithm is proposed for the reduction of power consumption at a base station. The spatial heterogeneity of users is achieved by applying a stochastic geometry-based Cox process. The set-up network is analyzed using the mmWave spectrum at deployed small cells (SCs) and with sub-6 GHz in macrocell (MC). The simulated MATLAB results depict an increase in the network sumrate and average user throughput when changing from the fixed power allocation to the proposed dynamic power allocation algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of particular interest within fifth generation (5G) cellular networks are the typical levels of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by 'small cells', low-power base stations, which are installed such that both workers and members of the general public can come in close proximity with them. In this study, RF-EMF measurements were performed near two 5G New Radio (NR) base stations, one with an Advanced Antenna System (AAS) capable of beamforming and the other a traditional microcell. At various positions near the base stations, with distances ranging between 0.5 m and 100 m, both the worst-case and time-averaged field levels under maximized downlink traffic load were assessed. Moreover, from these measurements, estimates were made of the typical exposures for various cases involving users and non-users. Comparison to the maximum permissible exposure limits issued by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) resulted in maximum exposure ratios of 0.15 (occupational, at 0.5 m) and 0.68 (general public, at 1.3 m). The exposure of non-users was potentially much lower, depending on the activity of other users serviced by the base station and its beamforming capabilities: 5 to 30 times lower in the case of an AAS base station compared to barely lower to 30 times lower for a traditional antenna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opium use was recently classified as a human carcinogen for lung cancer by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We conducted a large, multicenter case‐control study evaluating the association between opium use and the risk of lung cancer. We recruited 627 cases and 3477 controls from May 2017 to July 2020. We used unconditional logistic regression analyses to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and measured the association between opium use and the risk of lung cancer. The ORs were adjusted for the residential place, age, gender, socioeconomic status, cigarettes, and water pipe smoking. We found a 3.6‐fold risk of lung cancer for regular opium users compared to never users (95% CI: 2.9, 4.6). There was a strong dose‐response association between a cumulative count of opium use and lung cancer risk. The OR for regular opium use was higher for small cell carcinoma than in other histology (8.3, 95% CI: 4.8, 14.4). The OR of developing lung cancer among opium users was higher in females (7.4, 95% CI: 3.8, 14.5) than in males (3.3, 95% CI: 2.6, 4.2). The OR for users of both opium and tobacco was 13.4 (95% CI: 10.2, 17.7) compared to nonusers of anything. The risk of developing lung cancer is higher in regular opium users, and these results strengthen the conclusions on the carcinogenicity of opium. The association is stronger for small cell carcinoma cases than in other histology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a cellular network, how to preserve users' quality of service (QoS) demands is an important issue. To provide better data services, researchers and industry have discussed the deployment of small cells in cellular networks to support dual connectivity enhancement for user equipments (UEs). By such an enhancement, a base station can dispatch downlink data to its surrounding small cells, and UEs that are located in the overlapping areas of the base station and small cells can receive downlink data from both sides simultaneously. We observe that previous works do not jointly consider QoS requirements and system capabilities when making scheduling decisions. Therefore, in this work, we design a QoS traffic scheduling scheme for dual connectivity networks. The designed scheme contains two parts. First, we propose a data dispatching decision scheme for the base station to decide how much data should be dispatched to small cells. When making a dispatching decision, the proposed scheme aims to maximize throughput and ensure that data flows can be processed in time. Second, we design a radio resource scheduling method, which aims to reduce dropping ratios of high-priority QoS data flows, while avoiding wasting radio resources. In this work, we verify our design using simulation programs. The experimental results show that compared to the existing methods, the proposed scheme can effectively increase system throughput and decrease packet drop ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the clinical features, treatment modalities and outcomes of primary poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PDNEC) of the oral cavity. Data shows the demographics and clinical outcomes of patients including average age, gender, smoking status, tumor site, development of systemic metastasis and survival status. Treatments for PDNEC include chemotherapy, ablative surgery combined with adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy, and chemoradiotherapy.

Background: The authors assessed the association between radon decay products (RDP) exposure and histologic types of incident lung cancer in a cohort of 16,752 (91.6% male) Eldorado uranium workers who were first employed from 1932 to 1980 and were followed through 1969-1999.Methods: Substantially revised identifying information and RDP exposures were obtained on workers from the Port Radium and Beaverlodge uranium mines and from the Port Hope radium and uranium refinery and processing facility in Canada. Poisson regression was conducted using the National Research Council's Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VI-type models to estimate the risks of lung cancer by histologic type from RDP exposures and γ-ray doses.Results: Lung cancer incidence was significantly higher in workers compared with the general Canadian male population. Radiation risks of lung cancer for all histologic types (n = 594; 34% squamous cell, 16% small cell, 17% adenocarcinoma) increased with increasing RDP exposure, with no indication of curvature in the dose response (excess relative risk per 100 working level months = 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.91). Radiation risks did not differ by histologic type (p = .144). The best-fitting BEIR VI-type model included adjustments for the significant modifying effects of time since exposure, exposure rate, and attained age. The addition of γ-ray doses to the model with RDP exposures improved the model fit, but the risk estimates remained unchanged.Conclusions: The first analysis of radiation risks of lung cancer histologic types in the Eldorado cohort supported the use of BEIR VI-type models to predict the future risk of histologic types of lung cancer from past and current RDP exposures.Lay Summary: Lung cancer survival depends strongly on the cell type of lung cancer. The best survival rates are for patients who have the adenocarcinoma type. This study included 16,752 Eldorado uranium workers who were exposed to radon and γ-ray radiation during 1932-1980, were alive in 1969, and were followed for the development of new lung cancer during 1969-1999. One third of all lung cancers were of the squamous cell type, whereas the adenocarcinoma and small cell types accounted for less than 20% each. Radiation risks of lung cancer among men increased significantly with increasing radon exposure for all cell types, with the highest risks estimated for small cell and squamous cell lung cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the application of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) transmission in the fifth-generation (5G) of heterogeneous cellular networks (HetNets). Due to the high penetration loss of mmWave, we propose that a small cell base station (SBS) serves small cell user (SCU) equipment in the mmWave band, and a macrocell base station (MBS) serves macrocell users (MCUs) in the microwave band. Cell association, user grouping, and power allocation are fundamental challenges in NOMA-based transmission. We formulate optimization problems for SCU and MCU to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) subject to the required minimum data rates and maximum transmission powers. User grouping algorithms are introduced to demonstrate the significance of selecting the best users. To allocate transmission powers, we formulate an EE maximization problem that is non-convex and NP-hard. We propose to use the Bat algorithm, which is one of the popular and efficient metaheuristic algorithms in solving non-convex problems. Analytical expressions for cell association and outage probabilities are derived. We present Monte Carlo simulation results to validate the analytical expressions and show that: (1) choosing the best user among far users influences the overall EE of system impressively; (2) the optimum values of transmission powers can be obtained by Bat algorithm; (3) the proposed grouping algorithms with power allocation methods outperform the other scenarios in terms of EE and spectral efficiency (SE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, video streaming applications are becoming one of the tendencies driving vehicular network users. In this work, considering the unpredictable vehicle density, the unexpected acceleration or deceleration of the different vehicles included in the vehicular traffic load, and the limited radio range of the employed communication scheme, we introduce the "Dynamic Vehicular Clustering" (DVC) algorithm as a new scheme for video streaming systems over vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET). The proposed algorithm takes advantage of the small cells concept and the introduction of wireless backhauls, inspired by the different features and the performance of the Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced network. Vehicles are clustered together to form dynamically ad-hoc sub-networks included in the vehicular network. The goal of our clustering algorithm is to take into account several characteristics, such as the vehicle's position and acceleration to reduce latency and packet loss. Therefore, each cluster is counted as a small cell containing vehicular nodes and an access point that is elected regarding some particular specifications. Based on the exceptional features of the LTE-Advanced network (small cells and wireless backhauls) the DVC algorithm is a promising scheme for video streaming services over VANET systems. Experiments were carried out with a virtual topology of the VANET network created with four clusters to implement the DVC algorithm. The results were compared with other algorithms such as Virtual Trust-ability Data transmission (VTD), Named Data Networking (NDN), and Socially Aware Security Message Forwarding (SASMF). Our algorithm can effectively improve the transmission rate of data packets at the expense of a slight increase in end-to-end delay and control overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the survival differences between cisplatin/etoposide versus carboplatin/etoposide chemotherapy regimens in the management of patients with extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Methods: Administrative cancer care databases in the province of Alberta, Canada, were reviewed, and patients with extrapulmonary NECs (including those with small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas) who were treated with either cisplatin/etoposide or carboplatin/etoposide, 2004–2019, were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were used to compare the survival outcomes according to the type of platinum agent, and multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to assess the impact of the type of platinum agent on overall survival outcomes. Results: A total of 263 eligible patients were included in this analysis. These include 176 patients who received cisplatin/etoposide and 87 patients who received carboplatin/etoposide. Using Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, patients treated with cisplatin had better overall survival compared to patients treated with carboplatin (p = 0.005). Multivariable Cox regression analysis suggested that the following factors were associated with worse overall survival: higher Charlson comorbidity index (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.05–1.30), gastrointestinal primary site (HR: 1.55; 95% CI: 1.12–2.14), stage IV disease (HR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.28–2.38), and use of carboplatin (HR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.02–1.92). Conclusions: The current study suggested that cisplatin/etoposide might be associated with better overall survival compared to carboplatin/etoposide among patients with extrapulmonary NECs. It is unclear if this is related to differences in inherent responsiveness to the 2 platinum agents or due to differences in comorbidity burden between the 2 treatment groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the present study was to summarize the clinical characteristics and analyze the independent prognostic factors in patients with high‐grade endometrial neuroendocrine carcinoma (ENC). Methods: Patients diagnosed with ENC, endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC), endometrial clear‐cell carcinoma (ECC), endometrial serous carcinoma (ESC), endometrioid carcinoma with mucinous features (EMC) from 1987 to 2016 were screened from the National Cancer Institute database (surveillance, epidemiology, and end results [SEER]). Kaplan–Meier were used to assess survival. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis were done to examine factors affecting survival. Results: The median survival times of ENC were 11 months, shorter than that of EAC, ECC, ESC, and EMC (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in ages, survival rate, and median survival time between large‐cell ENC (LCENC) and small‐cell ENC (SCENC), which were all belong to ENC. In a multivariable model, the hazard ratio (HR) of death for women with Federation International of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I‐II of ENC was 0.37 compared to FIGO stage III‐IV (p < 0.01). The HR of patients who under the surgery was 0.39 compared to the patients who without surgery (p < 0.01), and the HR of patients who received chemotherapy was 0.51 compared to the patients who did not received chemotherapy (p < 0.01). Radiotherapy did not significantly reduce the mortality risk of patients. Conclusion: ENC was a kind of devastating endometrial cancers with the poorest prognosis. Surgical treatment and chemotherapy were necessary for improving prognosis of ENC. Early diagnosis favored better prognosis. There was no prognostic difference between with and without radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimeter wave (mmW) is being deployed in hotspot scenarios for providing high bandwidths. However, the coverage of mmW cell is limited due to the rapid attenuation during the propagation and sensitivity to blockage by obstacles. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic programming approach for automated dimensioning and appropriate placement of mmW small cells (SCs) in dense urban under the constraints of coverage and budget. Being cognizant of the blockage by city buildings, a fast search algorithm based on vector is introduced to enable most line-of-sight (LOS) communication links between base stations (BSs) and mobile stations (MSs). The analysis of time complexity is also derived in closed forms. The evaluation of our approach was carried out in both hypothetic and realistic scenarios. Results show that the studied model is effective for a real large-scaled network and 4 or 5 times faster than the conventional ones based on grid-map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical SCNEC is a rare and highly malignant invasive tumor. The incidence is low, at less than 5% of all cervical cancers. Moreover, most patients with small cell carcinoma are interrelated with high risk HPV (more familiar HPV 18). Compared to squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma, patients of cevical SCNEC are more prone to lymph node invasion early, so the clinical manifestation is usually local or distant metastasis. We summarized the clinical features of 19 patients with cervical small cell carcinoma in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from 2012 to 2021, and retrospectively analyzed data from 1576 patients in 20 related studies and more than 50 pieces of literature in recent years by searching PubMed, Google schalor, Cochrane Library, Clinicalkey, and other databases. The collected patient data included age, clinical manifestation, TCT, HPV detection, the size and morphology of the tumor, local invasion depth, stage, lymph node status, initial treatment method, tumor-free survival, and so on. The positive rates of CGA, SYN, and CD56 in our cases were high, and NSE was a moderately sensitive index. P16 and Ki67 were the most sensitive, and all patients were positive. We found that multimodal treatment can indeed improve tumor-free survival (DFS), but the prognosis of patients is still very poor. For the early stages, our treatment principles refer to the guidelines of SGO, international gynecological cancer Cooperation (GCIG), and NCCN. We suggest a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, the general state of advanced patients is poor, whether they can tolerate the operation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, whether the operation area can remain tumor-free, and whether this treatment will prolong the survival time of patients still need to be further discussed. In order to better prolong the tumor-free survival and prognosis of patients, we need to find gene changes suitable for targeted therapy, so as to complete the clinical application of these treatment methods. Further works are needed to explore more effective therapy for cervical SCNEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare and heterogeneous, encompassing well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs; grade 1, 2, and 3), neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs, small cell and large cell types), and mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNEN). We aimed to study the clinicopathologic spectrum of these neoplasms. A retrospective review of all primary laryngeal NENs diagnosed from 2005 to 2017 was undertaken. Mitotic index was divided into < 2, ≥ 2–10, and > 10 mitoses/2 mm2, with a Ki-67 labelling index of < 2%, ≥ 2–20%, and > 20% for the NET grade 1, 2 and 3 categories, respectively. A total of 27 patients were included. The median age at presentation was 60 years; the male-to-female ratio was 8:1. Supraglottis (n = 22) was the most frequently affected subsite. There were 9 NETs grade 2 (G2), and 18 NECs cases. There were no NET grade 1 or 3 cases in our cohort. Among the NETs G2, the morphology was epithelioid (2), plasmacytoid (3), clear (2), oncocytic (1), and rhabdoid (1). Unique 'glomeruloid structures' (n = 5), calcification (n = 3), lymphoid aggregates (n = 5), intranuclear inclusions (n = 2), hyaline globules (n = 3), and Leisegang rings (n = 2) were identified. NECs comprised 16 small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and 2 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. On immunohistochemistry, tumor cells expressed AE1/AE3 (86%), synaptophysin (100%), chromogranin (100%), INSM1 (100%), calcitonin (33.3%). In the NEC group, p53 aberrant expression (87.5%), Retinoblastoma (Rb) loss (88.2%), and diffuse p16 immunoreactivity (66.7%) were additionally observed. Lymph-node metastasis was detected in 62.5% and 85.7%, while distant metastasis in 55.6% and 76.9%, respectively in NET G2 and NEC. Laryngeal NENs are aggressive neoplasms with a high rate of nodal and distant metastasis. Awareness of the wide pathologic spectrum of laryngeal NENs and appropriate use of IHC is needed to render an accurate diagnosis. Ki67 assessment is strongly recommended for laryngeal NEN prognostication [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small cell structure in which many cells are arranged per unit area by reducing the size of cells is a candidate technology for an increase in transmission capacity in the 5G environment. However, the decrease in the size of the cell led to additional problems such as increased inter cell interference and frequent cell changes owing to the movement of the terminal. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose small cell dynamic channel allocation (SDCA) and hybrid and dynamic channel allocation (HDCA) using conventional reuse methods to improve the macro cell performance while efficiently utilizing scarce frequency resources. The proposed method facilitates an improved performance that is lacking for macro-cell users in the center area of the cell boundary for the network where conventional macro cells and small cells are superposed. Furthermore, to improve the performance, it can provide resources that are lacking in the small cells of the center. To evaluate the performance, the proposed method was compared to frequency reuse factor1 (FRF1), frequency reuse factor3 (FRF3), and fractional frequency reuse (FFR) methods in terms of the signal-to-interference/noise-ratio (SINR) of users of each macro cell and small cell, outage, capacity for each user, and total system capacity. As a result of comparing the SINR, it was confirmed that the performance of the macro cell users has improved by an average of 43.88% compared to FRF1, FRF3, and FFR, and the performance of small cell users has improved by an average of 4.31%. Comparison results show that the outage proportions of the macro and small cell users are 61.29% and 70.59% lower on average, respectively. A comparison of results show that the capacities of the macro and small cell users have also improved by 22.5% and 14.5% on average, respectively. As the comparison results of the total system capacity indicate, the proposed method shows an average improvement of 11.67%. In cases in which the added resources of the small cells are found to be unnecessary based on the results of the performance evaluation, there is an advantage in that they can be reduced to improve the performance of macro cell users, or they can be used to fill the insufficient resources of the small cells while maintaining the performance of the macro cell users. This fluidity originates from the ability to address occasional situations in a dense environment. These two approaches are expected to be used effectively in 5G network environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5G and beyond communication technologies have started to spread around the world. Higher frequencies lead 5G base stations to have small coverage areas. Besides, the wireless network users have mobility and may move fast among the base stations. Software‐defined networking (SDN) is a promising network solution for dynamic and dense networks such as 5G networks. The handover process defines the transfer of mobile users' connections among the base stations and the handover has to happen frequently in ultra‐dense networks. In this study, we aim to construct a more robust handover based on long short‐term memory (LSTM) with SDN in terms of the number of handover and handover failures. LSTM, linear regression, support vector machine, and tree algorithms performances have been investigated for handover. According to the R2 values of LSTM, SVM, tree, linear regression results are obtained as 0.998, 0.980, 0.980, and 0.75, respectively. Root mean square error, coefficient of determination (R), mean squared error, and mean absolute deviation statistics prove the improvement of the handover mechanism. In the proposed approach, approximately 30% reduction in the HO failure ratio and 22.22% reduction number of handover have been observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Reconstructive Urology is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The D-type cyclin (CYCD) gene, as the rate-limiting enzyme in the G1 phase of cell cycle, plays a vital role in the process of plant growth and development. Early studies on plant cyclin mostly focused on herbs, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. The sustainable growth ability of woody plants is a unique characteristic in the study of plant cyclin. Here, the promoter of PsnCYCD1;1 was cloned from poplar by PCR and genetically transformed into tobacco. A strong GUS activity was observed in the areas with vigorous cell division, such as stem tips, lateral buds, and young leaves. The PsnCYCD1;1-GFP fusion expression vector was transformed into tobacco, and the green fluorescence signal was observed in the nucleus. Compared with the control plant, the transgenic tobacco showed significant changes in the flower organs, such as enlargement of sepals, petals, and fruits. Furthermore, the stems of transgenic plants were slightly curved at each stem node, the leaves were curled on the adaxial side, and the fruits were seriously aborted after artificial pollination. Microscopic observation showed that the epidermal cells of petals, leaves, and seed coats of transgenic plants became smaller. The transcriptional levels of endogenous genes, such as NtCYCDs , NtSTM , NtKNAT1 , and NtASs , were upregulated by PsnCYCD1;1. Therefore, PsnCYCD1;1 gene played an important role in the regulation of flower organ and stem development, providing new understanding for the functional characterization of CYCD gene and new resources for improving the ornamental value of horticultural plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although the gastrointestinal tract (including the pancreas, gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) is the most common site for extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), the current treatment patterns of locoregional GEP NEC and in particular, the role of surgical resection is unclear. Methods Data from the National Cancer Database between 2004 and 2016 were used for this study. Results Of 2314 GEP NEC cases (stages I–III), 52.5% were stage III. Colon was the most common site (30%); 30.9% of all cases were small cell morphology. Age, morphology, stage, and primary site were associated with significant differences in treatment patterns. Management of NEC mimicked that of adenocarcinomas arising at the respective sites: colon NEC most likely to be treated with surgery and chemotherapy; anal and esophageal NEC was primarily likely to receive chemotherapy and radiation, and rectal NEC mostly likely to receive trimodality therapy. However, 25%-40% of patients did not undergo surgical resection even at sites typically managed with curative resection, and there was a trend toward lesser resection over time. The prognostic impact of surgical resection was significant across all stages and correlated with variations in survival across primary sites. Even in patients undergoing chemoradiation, surgery was the only prognostic variable that significantly affected survival in stages I–II patients (HR 0.63) and showed a strong trend in stage III (HR 0.77) patients. Conclusions Treatment patterns in GEP NEC vary considerably according to stage and primary tumor site. Surgery significantly improved survival in stages I–II patients and showed a strong trend in stage III patients regardless of primary tumor location and other perioperative therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosing hematolymphoid neoplasm by evaluating fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology sample is controversial and requires experience and clinical skills. This concept becomes more challenging when evaluating hematolymphoid neoplasm in body fluid. Differentiating between low-grade lymphoma and reactive lymphocytes is often difficult by morphology alone as reactive lymphoid cells may acquire activation morphology from being exposed to different cytokines within the body fluid. However, in most cases there are specific features that may aid in differentiating small reactive from non-reactive lymphocytes including the round shape of the nucleus, the absence of visible nucleoli and the presence of fine clumped chromatin. In large cell lymphoma and leukemia cells involvement of body fluid this concept becomes less challenging. Large cell lymphoma and leukemia cells tend to have large size nuclei, less mature chromatin, and visible nucleoli with and without cytoplasmic vacuoles. However, to reach accurate diagnosis and subclassification, the utilizing of flow cytometry, to confirm monoclonality, and other ancillary studies such immunocytochemistry, cytogenetics and molecular studies is needed. This review article will be incorporated finally as one of the chapters in CMAS (CytoJournal Monograph/Atlas Series) #2. It is modified slightly from the chapter by the initial authors in the first edition of Diagnostic Cytopathology of Serous Fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Small cell carcinoma (SCC) is usually aggressive and associated with a poor prognosis. This type of cancer is rarely found in extra-pulmonary or digestive-tract locations. This report describes an unusual presentation in terms of clinical symptoms and primary location (even among head and neck presentations), and unexpected occupational exposure. Case Report: This case report is a novel observation of SCC in the paranasal sinuses and is to the best of our knowledge the first case associated with occupational exposure to sawdust, with almost no ear, nose, and throat (ENT) symptoms related to the primary tumor location. Our patient had no past medical history and none of the usual risk factors, apart from a smoking history of 32 pack-years. He was not taking any regular treatment. The inaugural clinical presentation was mainly digestive, with neither ENT nor neurological symptoms. Diagnostic wavering ensued and numerous paraclinical tests were performed. This is one of the very few cases of an ethmoidal location ever reported for SCC. This cancer type is unusual in neck and head locations, but has occasionally been reported in the larynx and hypopharynx. To the best of our knowledge, this is only the second report of an ethmoidal location. In addition, this patient was a carpenter, implying exposure to sawdust, which is usually associated with adenocarcinoma of the ethmoid. We illustrate here that SCC, which has been described elsewhere without sawdust exposure, is also possible. Conclusions: Exposure to sawdust should suggest a possible ethmoidal cancer location, even if there are few ENT symptoms. Adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent but clearly not the only possible histological pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing data capacity requirements in cellular networks have raised the demand of low-cost and energy-efficient small cells to reduce the overall operating cost of the access network. This paper reports on the development of an energy-efficient and low-cost power amplifier design for TD-LTE outdoor pico base station. The proposed design of the power amplifier uses double-stage balanced configuration by exploiting the latest available process technologies on low-power devices and avoids commonly used a high-power LDMOS transistor. We examined the conceptual design of the power amplifier through ADS and SystemVue simulations and subsequently validated through practical implementation. The contribution of this paper is that the proposed design of pico base station operates at 12 V DC input supply rather than conventional −48 V which avoids the requirement of −48 V to 28 V DC–DC converter. As a result, the overall power efficiency of the proposed power amplifier for outdoor pico base station is increased by 2.7% in addition to the reduction of cost by 40%. Due to the light weight and small size, IP-65 compliant outdoor pico BS with proposed power amplifier can be contained in a single box. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As mobile devices become more and more popular, mobile traffic demands are increasing exponentially. To deal with such challenge, caching at small cell base stations (SBSs) is one of the most effective techniques for reducing the transmission delay of mobile applications. However, due to the limitation of the SBS storages, the improvement of reducing transmission delay is limited in small cell networks. In this paper, we propose a novel cooperative caching framework in a small cell network in which SBSs are grouped into disjoint clusters and cooperate through backhaul links to make use of SBS storages. A backhaul-based cooperative caching (BCC) scheme is introduced, and the problem for content placement is formulated to minimize the average download delay in small cell networks. Then, we show that the problem is equivalent to the maximization of a monotone submodular function subject to matroid constraints and propose a low-complexity greedy strategy with 1/2 performance guarantee. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves lower download delay and better cache hit rate than other schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy-efficient deployment of small cells helps to reduce environmental pollution in an ultra-dense network. In contrast, demand for massive connectivity and higher data rate are the promise of the present cellular system and small cell networks. Hence, energy consumption is reduced if base stations are optimally used. One way to improve the energy efficiency is by shutting down the redundant BSs while sustaining the Quality of Service for each user. This paper proposes an efficient cell modeling (ECM) algorithm for small cell formation, and binary particle swarm optimization-based small cell deployment (BPSD) to optimize the deployment of small base stations in the small cell network. The small base stations (s-BSs) exist in two modes: active and sleep which is decided by the proposed algorithm without compromising the network performance. The proposed ECM and BPSD algorithms are implemented and evaluated in MATLAB. The results demonstrate that the proposed approaches improve the energy efficiency and connectivity in the ultra-dense small cell network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor lysis syndrome is one of the most important oncological emergencies and may develop after chemotherapy or sometimes spontaneously. Various biochemical abnormalities may occur in the body due to excessive tumor cell destruction in tumor lysis syndrome. In this case report, we aimed to describe a male patient who developed tumor lysis syndrome due to high tumor burden. Laboratory testing on admission revealed acute renal failure, high anion gap metabolic acidosis, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. The patient was diagnosed with spontaneous tumor lysis syndrome as a result of clinical and laboratory evaluations and he was hospitalized. This case report aimed to explain that tumor lysis syndrome may rarely develop spontaneously in solid organ tumors with high tumor burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous networks offer a high data rate, increase capacity, enhance quality-of-experience, reduce latency, and decrease power consumption. Despite the advantages, there are several challenges in heterogeneous networks; among them, interference is one of the most significant challenges. Due to densification in a heterogeneous network, interference increases, and consequently, coverage probability decreases. We propose an efficient and faster power control algorithm in the downlink to enhance the coverage probability of the K-tier heterogeneous network. In a system model, we consider the Poisson point process to model base station distribution, and Voronoi tessellation provides coverage areas of the network. We present simulation results to show that the proposed power control algorithm improves the coverage probability as compared to the existing power control algorithm. In comparison with the existing power control algorithm, at − 5 dB target signal-to-interference ratio of macro BS, coverage probability increases by 5.95% and 8.54% for the two-tier and three-tier heterogeneous network, respectively. Furthermore, the convergence rate of the proposed power control algorithm is faster compared to the existing power control algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gall bladder (GB) small cell carcinoma (SCC) comprises 0.5% of all gall bladder cancers. It carries a poor prognosis in view of its aggressive nature. Case report: We here report a case of small cell carcinoma of GB in a female who presented with obstructive jaundice. Examination revealed a hard lump in the right upper abdomen. Tumour markers showed raised CA 19-9. Staging CECT of the thorax and abdomen reported polypoidal enhancing wall thickening of the gall bladder with multiple metastatic deposits close to the pancreatic head encasing the main portal vein and common bile duct. Histopathology report was suggestive of small cell carcinoma, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Patient was referred to the Oncology Department for palliative chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary breast small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a rare subtype of breast cancer with about 57 cases reported in the literature. This rare type of cancer represents about 0.1% of breast carcinomas. Recently, the World Health Organization defined this type of cancer as a separate entity from other breast cancer types. The diagnosis of this type of cancer in the breast is difficult because the histological pattern is similar to the small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of other more common primary sites of origin, including the lung. Case Report: A 39-year-old woman presented to our hospital with a left breast mass and recurrent mastitis. Physical examination revealed a painless lump in her left breast with a brown-colored discharge from the nipple, and her child refused breastfeeding from the left breast. A high-density well-defined rounded mass was observed upon mammography in the upper lateral aspect of the left breast. This mass lesion appeared hypoechoic with no posterior acoustic shadowing on ultrasound scan. A core-needle biopsy of the mass was performed and the diagnosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma was rendered after histopathologic examination. Positron emission tomography scanning was helpful in the exclusion of primary origin from other organ sites; thus, the primary breast origin of the tumor was confirmed. Conclusions: This case report provides a comprehensive approach to diagnose this type of small cell carcinoma originating primarily in the breast. The suspicion of this type of breast cancer should be raised if there is presence of characteristic histopathologic findings with the exclusion of any primary origin from other organ sites by the help of imaging studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary small cell carcinoma of the pancreas (SCCP) is a rare malignant neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). Typically, it presents with lymphovascular invasion as well as metastasis at the time of diagnosis which portends a dismal prognosis. Treatment is typically based on therapy used for other aggressive NECs such as small cell lung cancer. Although multimodal surgery, radiation and chemotherapy may improve prognosis, the outcome generally remains poor.Case Presentation: Here we present a primary SCCP managed with neoadjuvant multi-agent chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and surgery CONCLUSIONS: Multi-disciplinary therapy resulted in an ongoing 28 + month radiographic complete response and overall survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (SCNEC) of the ureter is a rare tumour, accounting for less than 0.5% of all ureteral tumours. SCNEC tumours are highly aggressive and patients have a poor prognosis. Ureteral SCNEC colliding with other pathological types of tumours is extremely rare. In this paper, we present the case of a patient with ureteral small cell carcinoma colliding with squamous cell carcinoma and review the literature regarding the clinicopathological features, treatment and prognosis of thus tumour. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second identified case of ureteral SCNEC colliding with SCC. Case Presentation: A 64-year-old male patient presented with a history of 1 month of gross haematuria and 3 months of left flank pain. CT urography revealed a soft tissue mass in the upper ureter, which was slightly enhanced on contrast-enhanced CT. Nephroureterectomy was performed after the patient was diagnosed with a tumour in the left ureter. Microscopy and immunohistochemical examination confirmed the mass to be a SCNEC collision with SCC. Two months after the surgery, the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin/etoposide). After 14 months of follow-up, no local recurrence or distant metastasis was found. Conclusion: Ureteral collision carcinoma with SCNEC predominantly occurs in Asian individuals, is difficult to diagnose preoperatively and is highly invasive. The current management of ureteral collision carcinoma is a comprehensive treatment based on surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose using power-over-fiber (PoF) in some part of future 5G cellular solutions based on radio access networks considering currently installed front-haul solutions with single mode fiber to optically power communication systems for 5G new radio (NR) data transmission. Simulations addressing design parameters are presented. Radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmission over single mode fiber (SMF) is experimentally implemented and tested for link lengths ranging from 100 m up to 10 km with injected PoF signals up to 2 W. 64QAM, 16QAM and QPSK data traffic of 100 MHz bandwidth are transmitted simultaneously with the PoF signal showing an EVM compliant with 5G NR standard, and up to 0.5 W for 256QAM. EVM of 4.3% is achieved with RF signal of 20 GHz and QPSK modulation format in coexistence with delivering 870 mW of optical power to a photovoltaic cell (PV) after 10 km-long SMF link. Using PoF technology to optically powering remote units and Internet-of-Things (IoT) solutions based on RoF links is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a massive MIMO enabled backhaul model for two-tier heterogeneous networks with in-band full-duplex transmission and imperfect CSI is provided. Because of a massive number of antennas at the macro base station and densification of small cells, circuit power consumption increases in the system. It is requisite to study energy efficiency of such backhaul networks. This paper aims at maximizing EE for optimal user association, spectrum allocation, and power allocation while accounting for QoS and backhaul constraints. A joint optimization problem is formulated as a non-convex mixed integer non-linear problem which provides an un-affordable computational complexity. To crack the problem efficiently, it is progressively divided into sub-problems until each one is convex and is solved separately to obtain the optimal solution. Furthermore, complexity of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and Jain's fairness index is measured. Simulation results of the proposed distributive algorithm are shown and compared with that of the existing algorithm (Max SINR) to manifest the strength of the proposed algorithm. The impact of self-interference cancellation factor and channel estimation error on EE is clearly reflected by the numerical results. In addition, it is observed that using the proposed algorithm results in better EE than increasing the number of antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high data traffic requirements of the new generation 5G networks will be satisfied with effective and efficient mobility and handover management. However, dense or ultra-dense small cell (eNB) placements in 5G networks may lead to some problems, such as latency, handover failures, frequent handover, ping-pong effect, etc. In this study, we proposed an Entropy-based simple additive weighting decision-making method for multi-criteria handover in software-defined networking (SDN) based 5G small cells for the solution of the aforementioned problems. This method provides the connection of the mobile node to the most suitable eNB using bandwidth, user density and SINR parameters. The proposed handover method is compared with conventional LTE handover and distributed approach in terms of delay, block ratio, handover failure and throughput according to the varying number of mobile users. The scalability of handovers for both approaches according to the user number are also analysed. According to the simulation results, the proposed approach achieved 15%, 48% and 22% improvement in handover delay, blocking probability and throughput, respectively, compared to the conventional LTE handover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent World Health Organization classification for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP‐NENs) classified poorly differentiated GEP‐NENs into small cell and large cell categories. The present study aimed to assess the differences in outcomes between patients with both histological categories. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (1975‐2016) was accessed and patients with small cell and large cell GEP‐neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) were extracted. Differences in survival outcomes were explored through Kaplan‐Meier survival estimates and multivariable Cox regression models. In total, 2204 patients with GEP‐NEC were identified in the survival cohort, including 1698 patients with small cell NEC (77%) and 506 patients with large cell NEC (23%). Using Kaplan‐Meier analysis/log‐rank testing, large cell GEP‐NEC was associated with better overall survival compared to small cell NEC (P < 0.01). Using multivariable Cox regression analysis, large cell GEP‐NEC was associated with better overall survival (large cell GEP‐NEC versus small cell GEP‐NEC, hazard ratio = 0.77; 95% confidence interval = 0.68‐0.86) and cancer‐specific survival (large cell GEP‐NEC versus small cell GEP‐NEC, hazard ratio = 0.79; 95% 95% confidence interval = 0.69‐0.91). Patients with small cell GEP‐NEC have worse survival outcomes compared to those with large cell GEP‐NEC. Further efforts are needed to identify biological differences and treatment sensitivities between both histological categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interference in small cells occurs due to the interoperability of different wireless communication technologies. Uncontrolled interference defaces the increasing user density and subscriber services. Therefore, interference management is mandatory to balance user service and performance enhancements. In this paper, multi-metric clustering with differential interference alignment (MMC-DIA) for leveraging the performance of small cell users is presented. This proposed technique operates in two phases namely clustering and differential interference alignment. In the clustering process, sum-rate maximization objective based grouping of small cell users is performed to retain the efficiency of communication. In a differential IA phase, the transmitted signal is analyzed for its first and second order of assessment on the basis of transmitter–receiver communication interval. Pre-coding and cancellation matrix over the signal vectors are imposed in the periodic time intervals for improving the degree of freedom (DoF) and thereby retaining the efficiency of the system. This is applicable for both the first and second order signal derivatives to handle inter and intra cluster interference along with the objective satisfaction. The performance of the proposed technique is compared for sum-rate, spectral efficiency, and DoF with the existing methods and non-clustering method respectively. From the comparative analysis, the proposed MMC-DIA is found to improve spectral efficiency and sum rate by 6.84% and 11.18% respectively. Similarly, with respect to the varying transmit power, the proposed MMC-DIA achieves 5.85% and 6.292% better spectral efficiency and sum rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Journal of Science / Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Journal of Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)