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Soy hulls from dehulling of soybeans are typically disposed of with soymeal or cattle feed. The hulls contain about 38.8% cellulose and 23.8% hemicelluloses and less than 4% lignin. The low lignin content, large volume availability, and being a "captive" feedstock make soy hulls an affordable raw material to produce C5 sugars such as arabinose and xylose from hemicelluloses. In this work, dilute acid hydrolysis of soy hulls using acid concentrations less than 1% (w/w) in solution and at different temperatures (125 °C, 140 °C, and 155 °C) was investigated to generate the kinetics data for sugar and degradation product release and study selectivity towards arabinose and xylose. The primary goal was to produce a hydrolysate rich in C5 sugars with minimal glucose and degradation products. Lower acid concentration (0.4% w/w) at 140 °C and lesser reaction time favoured selectivity towards arabinose release, while xylose release needed higher acid (0.6 to 0.8%) and longer time at the same temperature. From the kinetics data, a two-stage process was devised to achieve two separate hydrolysate streams rich in arabinose (5.00 ± 0.15 g dm−3, 78.1% of total C5 sugars) and xylose (17.20 ± 0.71 g dm−3, 87.7% of total C5 sugars). The xylose-rich stream was used to isolate xylose (powder form) under ambient process conditions using our patented process. The residual soy hulls, post the two-stage hydrolysis, showed high crystallinity with morphology analogous to microcrystalline cellulose, thus making them an effective starting material for high-value cellulose applications such as microcrystalline cellulose and polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at determining the impact of dietary soy hulls (SH) addition on growth performance, digestive tract attributes, and apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen, and phosphorus (P) in broiler chickens. Male broilers (Ross 308, n = 224) were assigned to one of four diets, including 0, 20, 40, or 60 g/kg SH, with eight replications per treatment from 0 to 21 d of age in a completely randomised design. Dietary chromic oxide was the indigestible marker for determining the apparent ileal digestibility. Data were subjected to orthogonal polynomial contrasts using the Proc GLM of SAS. Growth performance and small intestine weight and length, and gizzard content pH were not influenced (p >.05) by increasing levels of dietary SH. Increasing the dietary SH level resulted in a linear increase (p <.01) in absolute empty gizzard weight. Relative gizzard weight was greater (p <.05) in birds fed on 60 g/kg SH diet compared to birds fed on 40 g/kg SH diet. Apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen was not affected (p >.05) by dietary SH inclusion. However, apparent ileal digestibility of DM and P increased linearly (p <.01) with increasing dietary SH levels. In conclusion, the addition of SH up to 60 g/kg improved the ileal digestibility of DM and P and increased gizzard weight without affecting the proportionate small intestine morphology and live performance of broiler chickens at 21 d of age. Soy hulls did not have any effect on growth Soy hulls increased the digestibility of P Soy hulls increased gizzard weight [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to determine efficacy of a membrane filtration in soy hull pectin purification and evaluate combined effects of soy hull pectin and pre-emulsified fiber/oil (PE) on chemical composition and technological properties of low fat and low salt meat emulsions. Soy hull pectin was purified through two different methods (alcohol-washed (ASP) and membrane-filtered (MSP)). Insoluble soy hull residues after pectin extraction were incorporated with sunflower oil and water for the PE preparation. Meat emulsion was formulated with 58 % pork, 20 % ice, 20 % pork backfat, and 2 % NaCl as control. A total of six low fat and low salt meat emulsions (1 % NaCl and 10 % backfat) was manufactured with 1 % pectin (with/without ASP or MSP) and 10 % PE (with/without). The pectin content of ASP and MSP was 0.84 and 0.64 g -galacturonic acid/g dry sample, respectively. The inclusion of soy hull pectin caused similar results on chemical composition, color, cooking loss, and texture of the meat emulsions, regardless of the purification method. In addition, positive impacts of the combined treatments with soy hull pectin and PE compared to single treatments on cooking loss and texture of the meat emulsions were observed. Results suggest that membrane filtration could be an effective alternative method to purify pectin, instead of alcohol-washing, and both soluble pectin and insoluble fiber from soy hulls could be used as a functional non-meat ingredient to manufacture various low fat and low salt meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of soy-hulls (SH) inclusion in a ground corn-based diet with either distillers dry grains with solubles (DDGS) or soybean meal (SBM) as the protein source (PS), on growth and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle offered free-access hay; onehundred and nineteen crossbreed steers (initial BW 566 ± 42kg) were blocked by weight, randomly assigned to 8 pens, and fed for 104 ± 10d. Four dietary treatments were evaluated: 1) DDGS without SH inclusion, 2) DDGS and high inclusion of SH, 3) SBM and low inclusion of SH, and 4) SBM and high inclusion of SH. Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous. Grass-hay was offered ad-libitum and separate from the concentrates in a different bunk (GrowSafe system). Data was analyzed as a 2×2 factorial considering the fixed effects of treatments and their interaction, and the random effects of block and steer within block. For gain to feed and kidney-pelvic-heart fat (KPH), an interaction occurred (P = 0.10) between PS and SH inclusion (Table 1 and 2, respectively). With greater inclusion of SH, feed efficiencies of steers fed SBM improved compared with feed efficiencies of steers fed DDGS. Steers fed SBM and high SH had the lower KPH content. Feeding SBM increased (P = 0.05) final body weight, tended to increase (P = 0.06) the average daily gain, and decreased (P = 0.05) hay intake compared with steers fed DDGS (Table 1). No differences were observed (P = 0.14) in carcass characteristics between PS and SH inclusion, except for backfat thickness which increased (P = 0.03) with lower SH inclusions (Table 2). These data suggest that opting for SBM as an alternative of DDGS as the protein source of ground corn-based diets, could conceivably enhance the finishing performance of feedlot steers regardless of the SH inclusion levels, and improve feed efficiency with greater levels of dietary SH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of obesity and its associated health problems is rising to epidemic proportions throughout the world. Soy hulls, an industrial waste from oil extraction, contain a high proportion of fiber—soluble and insoluble—and may be a potential ingredient of functional foods for the prevention of obesity. However, crude soybeans, as do all legumes, present challenges to their use because of intensive antitrypsin and antichimotrypsin activity that impairs normal growth in humans and other mammals, requiring inactivation. To evaluate possible antinutritional effects of soybean hulls, diets with 10 percent fiber from soybean hulls or cellulose were offered to weanling IIMb/Beta obese rats during their prepubertal timeframe. The fact that no significant differences were found in growth, blood parameters nor in fat depots' weight and lipid content plus the proven beneficial effects on obese adult rats suggest that soy hulls may be a useful ingredient of functional foods for the prevention and treatment of human obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]