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Introduction: Wheat is the most important cereal for human nutrition but its high consumption is associated to an increasing complaint of wheat-related disorders, many of which are allergic in nature and different in respect to the involved allergens. In this study, we compared the clinical aspects of wheat allergy presented by patients sensitized to Tri a 19 in respect to those presented by patients sensitized to Tri a 14. Methods: With this aim, we selected patients sensitized to 1 or both of the 2 allergens, and among these we identified those who were really wheat allergic and reactive on the basis of a standardized methodology. We evaluated the clinical features such as the kind and severity of symptoms, the coexistence of triggering factors such as physical exercise and NSAIDs and alcohol consumption, and the association with other allergens and with various immunologic parameters. Wheat allergy in Tri a 19 sensitized patients was confirmed through a questionnaire while the patients sensitized to Tri a 14 underwent wheat challenge with 100 g of pasta followed by exercise on a treadmill. Results: Seventy-nine patients sensitized to Tri a 14 and 40 patients sensitized to Tri a 19 were recruited. The 2 sensitizations were independent with a significant inverse relation (p < 0.00001). The Tri a 19 sensitized patients presented, in respect to the Tri a 14 sensitized ones, an older age (p = 0.0017), a higher risk to be wheat allergic (p < 0.0001), a higher severity of the reactions (p < 0.00001) and a higher association with some cofactors, namely alcohol (p < 0.0005) and physical exercise (p = 0.003). On the contrary, Tri a 14 sensitization was associated with atopy (p < 0.0001), with a higher probability of patients being asymptomatic (p < 0.0001) and being sensitized to other foods, in particular to nuts and cereals (p < 0.00001). Conclusions: Sensitization to Tri a 19 or Tri a 14 determines different clinical pictures. In particular, sensitization to Tri a 19 implies a higher probability of severe reactions, even dependent on daily triggers, while that to Tri a 14 implies a higher cross-reactivity with other foods but it's more frequently asymptomatic, making a food challenge necessary to prevent useless food avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hypersensitivity reactions to anaesthetic agents are rare but often severe, with a mortality ranging from 4 to 9% in IgE-mediated events. Identification of the risk factors may contribute to limit the incidence of these reactions. The aim of our study was to search for possible risk factors of severe perioperative hypersensitivity reactions in our study population. Methods: For this study we retrospectively reviewed data from 193 patients who experienced drug hypersensitivity reactions during general anaesthesia. The diagnostic protocol consisted of 1) history of the reaction, 2) measurement of serum baseline tryptase and specific IgE-assays for latex, beta-lactams and succinylcholine, 3) skin tests for the agents listed in the anaesthesia chart and for others likely to be safe for future use, latex, and others medications administered during the perioperative period (i.e. antibiotics), 4) subdivision of our patients on the basis of two criteria: a) grade of severity of clinical reactions according to the Ring and Messmer classification; b) results of skin tests and/or serum specific IgE-assays. Results: One hundred of 193 patients had reactions of grade I, 32/193 patients had reactions of grade II, 55/193 patients had reactions of grade III and 6/193 patients had reactions of grade IV. A diagnosis of IgE-mediated reaction was established in 55 cases (28.50%); the most common causes were neuromuscular blocking agents, followed by latex and beta-lactams. Severe reactions were associated with older age (p = 0.025), asthma (p = 0.042), history of hypertension (p = 0.001), intake of serum angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor medication (p = 0.012) or serum angiotensin II antagonist (p = 0.033), higher levels of basal tryptase (p = 0.0211). Cardiovascular symptoms (p = 0.006) and history of hypersensitivity to antibiotics (p = 0.029) were more frequently reported in IgE-mediated reactions. Conclusions: We confirmed the relevance of several clinical features as risk factors for anaphylactic reactions induced by anaesthetic agents: older age, asthma, hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. We observed increased levels of serum basal tryptase in severe reactions: this finding may signify that this biomarker is useful for the identification of patients at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: β-Lactam antibiotics (mainly amoxicillin, AX) are the drugs that most frequently induce systemic drug allergy reactions. Objective: We attempted to identify the risk factors associated with systemic reactions to AX. Methods: All patients who were referred to our department for suspected hypersensitivity reactions to AX over a 6-month period were evaluated for anti-AX immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and skin-test positivity for β-lactams. Age, sex, concomitant diseases, therapies, total IgE, serum tryptase levels and signs and symptoms suggesting mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) were analyzed in relation to the severity of the reaction in accordance with the Mueller classification. Results: Sixty-seven patients were selected: 39 with mild reactions such as cutaneous or gastrointestinal symptoms (grades I and II) and 28 with severe systemic reactions (grades III and IV). Anti-AX IgE levels and total IgE were significantly higher in severe reactions than in mild ones (p < 0.00005, p = 0.0037). Treatment with histamine-2 receptor antagonists (anti-H2) was significantly related to severe reactions (p = 0.007). No significant correlations were found between the severity of the reactions and dyslipidemia or levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme and tryptase. Conclusion: Anti-AX IgE levels were the most significant immunological parameter distinguishing patients who presented with severe reactions to AX and those with mild reactions. Higher values of total IgE, the use of gastroprotective drugs and signs and symptoms suggesting an MCAS significantly increased the odds ratio of having a severe reaction. The risk of serious adverse reactions to AX increased in older patients and in males, but this trend was not significant. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mast cell tryptase has recently been reported to be involved in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. However, the results of these reports are conflicting. Methods: The aim of this study was to characterize the role of tryptase as a prognostic marker of patient cardiovascular complexity in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Furthermore, its association with an angiographic scoring system [defined by the SYNergy between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with the TAXUS drug-eluting stent and the cardiac surgery (SYNTAX) score] was examined. The serum tryptase was measured at admission in 65 consecutive ACS patients and in 35 healthy controls. In the patients with ACS, a composite measure of clinical and angiographic patient cardiovascular complexity was indicated by two of the following: clinical adverse events at hospitalization, at least 2 epicardial coronary arteries involved in the atherosclerotic disease, more than 1 stent implanted or more than 2 coronary artery disease risk factors. Results: The tryptase measurements were lower in patients without the composite measure (p < 0.0005). Linear regression showed a significant relationship between tryptase levels and the SYNTAX score (SX-score). Conversely, high-sensitivity troponin values did not correlate with either the composite outcome or the SX-score. The predictive accuracy of serum tryptase for the composite outcome was set at the cut-off point of 5.22 ng/ml (sensitivity 81% and specificity 95.7%). Conclusion: In ACS patients, serum tryptase levels at admission may predict patient cardiovascular complexity more reliably than currently known biomarkers. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the long-term prognostic role of this biomarker in ACS. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensitisation to peach lipid transfer protein (LTP; Pru p 3) is significantly associated with severe allergic symptoms in adults, but little is known about the age at onset of peach allergy. We investigated a possible correlation between specific IgE levels to Pru p 3 and the age at onset of peach allergy. One hundred and forty-eight patients allergic to peach were divided into 6 classes according to the age at onset. Sera were analyzed for IgE antibodies to peach, rPru p 3, rPru p 1, rPru p 4, rBet v 1, rBet v 2, total IgE titre, and tryptase; all collected data were statistically analysed. A significant inverse correlation was found between the age at onset of peach allergy and anti-rPru p 3 IgE levels at diagnosis (p < 0.0005; Spearman's ρ = -0.3833). In contrast, the age at onset was directly correlated with both anti-rPru p 1 IgE levels (p = 0.0001; Spearman's ρ = 0.3197) and anti-rBet v 1 IgE levels (p = 0.0006; Spearman's ρ = 0.2914) at diagnosis. No correlations were detected between the reported age at onset and anti-peach, anti-rPru p 4, anti-rBet v 2 IgE and total IgE values and serum tryptase levels. At diagnosis, when peach allergy starts at a younger age, it is likely associated with Pru p 3 sensitisation, and the younger the onset, the higher the IgE titres. When peach allergy starts at an older age, it is more likely the result of cross-reactivity to Bet v1. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk factors for sensitisation to rice and the involved allergens are still partially unknown. In this study we evaluated the clinically relevant aspects of rice allergy in DBPCF-positive patients, the major rice allergens, the severity of peach- and rice-induced symptoms in respect to Pru p 3 sensitisation and the role of anti-rPru p 3 IgE levels as a risk factor for rice allergy. Methods: In 148 peach-allergic subjects, patients with allergic reactions to rice and rice-positive serum IgE were selected. Symptoms were verified by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFCs), performed at a maximum dosage of 25 g. Rice allergens, identified by IgE immunoblotting, were characterised by N-terminal amino acid sequencing. The relationship between anti-rPru p 3, 1 and 4 IgE levels and rice symptoms were statistically analysed. Results: Eight out of 10 recruited rice-allergic patients had positive DBPCFCs, while 2 patients were not challenged due to their previously documented severe reactions. All patients with rice-induced symptoms were Pru p 3 positive and presented with higher anti-rPru p 3 levels than the rice-sensitised but tolerant patients. A 9-kDa lipid transfer protein, which was highly homologous to Pru p 3, was identified as the major rice allergen and elicited a positive response in all of the patients. Five patients reacted to a putative 15- to 17-kDa rice allergenic protein, and 3 patients reacted to an [alpha]-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor that was approximately 20 kDa. Conclusion: Rarely, allergic reactions to rice can arise in patients with peach allergies who are sensitised to Pru p 3, particularly in patients with high anti-rPru p 3 IgE levels. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The roles played by different peach allergens with respect to symptom severity have not been completely ascertained. We have evaluated the diagnostic efficacy of peach recombinant allergens ImmunoCAP compared to peach in the identification of subjects at an increased risk for severe reactions to peaches. Methods: 148 peach-allergic patients were divided based on their symptom severity into 2 groups: mild oral allergy syndrome (OAS) and severe OAS. Anti-rPru p 1, 3 and 4 IgE levels were measured. Statistical analyses were carried out using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: anti-rPru p 1 and anti-rPru p 4 IgE levels were significantly higher in patients with mild OAS than in patients with severe OAS (p = 0.0001); in contrast, anti-rPru p 3 IgE levels were significantly higher in patients with severe OAS than in patients with mild OAS (p < 0.00005). Moreover, we found that any unitary increase in anti-rPru p 1 IgE values corresponded to a 2.48% reduction in the odds of having severe OAS (p = 0.048), whereas any unitary increase in anti-rPru p 3 IgE values corresponded to a 9.02% increase in the probability of having severe OAS (p = 0.001). Unexpectedly, we found that patients positive to rPru p 3 as well as rPru p 1 and 4 demonstrated a significant reduction of the odds of developing severe symptoms than those positive to rPru p 3 alone. Anti-rPru p 3 IgE levels were a significantly better indicator than anti-peach IgE values (p = 0.016) of patients with the highest risk for severe OAS. A cutoff of 2.69 kUA/l for anti-rPru p 3 IgE values better discriminated peach-allergic patients at a higher risk for symptoms. Conclusions: Italian patients with positive anti-rPru p 1, 4 and 3 IgE levels seemed less likely to experience the clinical effects of high anti-rPru p 3 IgE values. Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]