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Background and Purpose: Several classical scholars who contributed to developing the theory of the maqāṣid al-sharīʿah are overlooked in the contemporary studies of maqāṣid. Most contemporary studies focused on al-Juwaynī, al-Ghazālī and al-Shāṭibī. However, studying a theory requires investigating all the classical works that pioneered the theory without discrimination. This could provide new insights for the study of maqāṣid. This paper addresses this oversight by reviewing the works of early maqāṣid scholars, how much attention contemporary studies have paid to those scholars’ contribution, and suggests directions for future research. Methodology: This study used the qualitative content analysis technique to identify the scholars who contributed to the theory of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah via a thorough reading of the history of the maqāṣid alsharī ʿah as found in contemporary literature. To trace the available studies conducted on the classical scholars and gaps in the literature, the researchers examined the catalogues, indexes, and lists collected. This study encompassed scholars who lived between the 2nd and 13th centuries when the philosophy of the maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah evolved. Findings: The theorisation of maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah was initiated by al-ʿĀmirī, formalised by al-Juwaynī followed by al-Ghazālī and crystallised by al-Shāṭibī. Moreover, several other scholars contributed to the development of the theory even though they did not document their works as books. Nonetheless, most contemporary studies are confined to studying the works of the famous three scholars mentioned earlier. Contributions: It is expected that the research gap identified in this paper pertaining to studying the works of classical maqāṣid scholars may serve as a springboard for future studies in this field. Most importantly, investigating the works of Imām Abū Ḥanīfah, al-Rāghib al-Aṣfahānī, Abū Zayd al-Balakhī, Abū Bakr al-Jaṣṣāṣ, Abul Ḥasan Al-ʿĀmirī, al-Qāḍī ʿAbdul Jabbār al-Hamadhānī, Abū ‘Abdullāh Muḥammad ʿAbdur Raḥmān al-Bokhari, Ibn Khaldūn and al-Shawkānī may offer fresh perspectives on the understanding of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodetectors that can operate over a wide range of temperatures, from cryogenic to elevated temperatures, are crucial for a variety of modern scientific fields, including aerospace, high-energy science, and astro-particle science. In this study, we investigate the temperature-dependent photodetection properties of titanium trisulfide (TiS3)- in order to develop high-performance photodetectors that can operate across a wide range of temperatures (77 K–543 K). We fabricate a solid-state photodetector using the dielectrophoresis technique, which demonstrates a quick response (response/recovery time ~0.093 s) and high performance over a wide range of temperatures. Specifically, the photodetector exhibits a very high photocurrent (6.95 × 10−5 A), photoresponsivity (1.624 × 108 A/W), quantum efficiency (3.3 × 108 A/W·nm), and detectivity (4.328 × 1015 Jones) for a 617 nm wavelength of light with a very weak intensity (~1.0 × 10−5 W/cm2). The developed photodetector also shows a very high device ON/OFF ratio (~32). Prior to fabrication, the TiS3 nanoribbons were synthesized using the chemical vapor technique and characterized according to their morphology, structure, stability, and electronic and optoelectronic properties; this was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a UV–Visible–NIR spectrophotometer. We anticipate that this novel solid-state photodetector will have broad applications in modern optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studying and formulating of the generalized maximum fuzzy entropy methods for Intuitionistic Fuzzy Entropy is the focus of this manuscript. The methods were constructed by finding two generalized maximum fuzzy entropy distributions as MinMaxFE and MaxMaxFE, which gives the least and the greatest values of the entropy based on membership function values. We define the optimization problem and study the existence of the solution subject to moment constraints through Lagrange multiplier method. Real life application of data sets in medical fields and in image processing is studied to show whether the developed method can be applied successfully in fuzzy data analysis, and the performance of these distributions is measured using chi-square, RMSE, MFE criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, "Making Place for Muslims in Contemporary India" by Kalyani Devaki Menon, explores the experiences of Muslim residents in Old Delhi and how they navigate their circumstances to establish a sense of place. The study examines how Muslims engage with historical memories and current encounters to negotiate opportunities in an uncertain political economy. It also highlights the challenges faced by Indian Muslims, including social and economic marginalization, Islamophobic prejudices, and discrimination. The article emphasizes the intersectionality of Muslim women's identities and how they navigate various roles and challenges within their communities. Overall, the study sheds light on the complex dynamics of place-making and the impact of external factors on Muslim communities in India. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, a new generalization of one parameter Lindely distribution is proposed. The new distribution is a mixture distribution of Gamma distributions with fixed scale parameter and variable shape parameter. The distribution is called 'GOLD Distribution' as it is a generalization for several distributions such as exponential, Lindely, Sujatha, Amarendra, Devya and Shambhu distributions. The probability density and cumulative density functions are derived. Also, the statistical properties of the GOLD distribution are discussed. Parameter estimation using the maximum likelihood and the method of moments are given. Moreover, an illustration of the usefulness of the GOLD distribution in survival data analysis is discussed based on a real lifetime data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to formulate a conceptual framework that will facilitate the actualization of maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah in product design and consumption within Islamic financial institutions (IFIs). Design/methodology/approach: This paper relies on the classical and contemporary literature on maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah and Islamic finance and adopts a qualitative content analysis method and an inductive approach to outline the constituent elements that formulate the framework. Findings: This study determines six vital constituents of maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, namely, parameters of maqāṣid, particular objectives, appropriate means, micro provisions, level of need and legal maxims to develop a conceptual framework of actualizing maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah in Islamic finance. The framework covers the following three stages: identification of maqāṣid, operationalization of maqāṣid in product design and consumption based on maqāṣid. Research limitations/implications: This paper proposes a conceptual framework without investigating the practice of any particular industry or products. Further research would focus on formulating a practical framework based on a focus group discussion with industry experts, elaborating the parameters of maqāṣid, scrutinizing the maqāṣid available in the literature by the parameters of maqāṣid and assessing the IFIs' products and services using the proposed framework. Practical implications: This paper provides insights into the importance of maqāṣid elements and the effects of overlooking them on IFIs and customers' product consumption. Furthermore, a major implication of the proposed framework is to learn how to use the maqāṣid approach as the baseline for designing new financial products. Originality/value: The novelty of this paper lies in its pioneering attempt of harmonizing all essential maqāṣid elements and using them as constituents to formulate a comprehensive framework that actualizes maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah in the Islamic finance industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In statistics we often experience combining n-independent tests of simple hypothesis, versus a one-tailed alternative as n approaches infinity. In the present study, we consider combining independent tests in case of conditional normal distribution with probability density function X | θ ∼ N (γ θ , 1) , θ ∈ [ a , ∞) , a ≥ 0 when θ 1 , θ 2 , ... have a distribution function (DF) F θ. Four nonparametric combination procedures (Fisher, logistic, sum of p-values and inverse normal) were compared via the exact Bahadur slope. We concluded that the inverse normal procedure is better than the other procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the important role of confidence intervals in statistical inference, we present in this article the shortest pivotal confidence interval using an entropy measure called the Resistor-Average distance, two examples are used to show the application of the proposed technique which include a simulation study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a new fuzzy entropy measure of order αis proposed. The fuzzy entropy axiomatic requirements are discussed for the new measure, and an empirical comparison are made with several entropy measures including Shannon, Rényiand Kapur. It turns out, the proposed measure satisfies all axiomatic and outperform the other entropy measures in terms of the fuzziness degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an adjustment on the Fuzzy K-means (FKM) clustering method was suggested to improve the process of clustering. Also, a novel technique for missing data imputation was proposed and it was implemented twice: (1) using FKM and (2) using the Enhanced Fuzzy K-means (EFKM) clustering. The suggested model for imputing missing data consists of three phases: (1) Input Vectors Partitioning, (2) Enhanced Fuzzy Clustering, and (3) Missing Data Imputation. The implementation and experiments showed a clear improvement in the imputation accuracy in favor of the EFKM ac-cording to the value of RMSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A semiparametric model is presented utilizing dependence between a response and several covariates. We show that this model is optimum when the marginal distributions of the response and the covariates are known. This model extends the generalized linear model and the proportional likelihood ratio model when the marginal distributions are unknown. New interpretations of known models such as the logistic regression model, density ratio model and selection bias model are obtained in terms of dependence between variables. For estimation of parameters, a simple algorithm is presented which is guaranteed to converge. It is also the same regardless of the choice of the distribution for response and covariates; hence, it can fit a very wide variety of useful models. Asymptotic properties of the estimators of model parameters are derived. Real data examples are discussed to illustrate our approach and simulation experiments are performed to compare with existing procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the mutual influence in lived religious practices among Muslims and Hindus in the Indian Subcontinent. It explores the interstices of two traditions in the socio-political context accounting for their confluence in the history of Indian religious tradition. It highlights Mohammad Mujeeb's "The Indian Muslim" that shed light on the spectrum of mutual sharing between Muslim and Hindu communities in India.

The issue of child labour got immense importance from the people around the world. Many researchers have highlighted the negative effects of hazardous child labour. However, it is also true that child labour is a common phenomenon in the developing as well as underdeveloped countries where poor families send their children to work for the economic sustenance. This article is an attempt to understand whether child labour is acceptable in the eyes of a religion - Islam. This conceptual paper makes an attempt to find solution of this ethical dilemma by analysing Islamic teachings derived from the Qur'an, the Sunnah, the comments of the Islamic scholars, and several historical evidences such as the case of the Prophet's young companion- Anas and the case of fetus in uterus of Ghamidiyyah- the adulteress women. From the context of the economic conditions of citizens from poor Islamic countries, the issue of child labour arises as an ethical dilemma. This paper makes an attempt to provide a solution in the light of Islamic teachings. The paper concludes that Islam allows child labour that is not hazardous and unethical. In order to eliminate hazardous child labour, initiatives should be taken from four levels: individual level, family level, employment level, and state level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of Islam seeks to account for the two salient features noted about it: the first is the variety of practices and beliefs found to be changing with place and time. The phenomena of mixed religious traditions, a cognate of lived Islam, boxed as colloquial or dialect Islam, derive their inspiration from an eclectic pragmatism. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the role of education in society and attempts to represent the experience of working class children a school located in an urban village on the southern outskirts of New Delhi, India. A substantial number of workers' children belonging to various age groups bore impressions of their exposure to school which persuaded them to believe in their veritable lack of aptitude for school education. Their failure at school was initially certified but subsequently internalized by them as a legitimate judgment pronounced on their potential for learning. Such a certified degradation enabled the workers' children to accept their menial occupation. The present analysis was sensitized towards processes operating within and outside the school which directed the working class children to accept socially undesirable, poorly rewarded, intrinsically meaningless manual work. These processes, wherein important categories of ideology are constituted, in reality, complement the curricular transaction of knowledge. As a matter of fact, in the experiences of students who are prone to drop out or those who stand on the margins of academic meritocracy, it is not so much the curriculum as the aforesaid processes wherein the transmission of knowledge takes place.

Male infertility is commonly associated with sperm abnormalities including asthenozoospermia. The molecular basis of asthenozoospermia was linked to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. The 4,977‐bp human mtDNA deletion is one of the most common mutations of spermatozoa and results in loss of about 33% of the mitochondrial genome. In this preliminary study, we aimed to investigate the presence of 4,977‐bp mtDNA deletion in asthenozoospermic infertile men in Jordan. Semen specimens of 120 asthenozoospermic infertile men and 80 normozoospermic individuals were collected at the in vitro fertilization unit. MtDNA was extracted after the enrichment of spermatozoa; then, polymerase chain reaction was performed using 4,977‐bp mtDNA deletion‐specific primers. The deletion of 4,977‐bp mtDNA was detected in 79.2% of asthenozoospermic patients compared to 10% in normozoospermic controls. The results showed a significant association between the presence of 4,977‐bp mtDNA deletion and the asthenozoospermia and infertility (OR = 34.2000, 95% CI = 14.57–80.26, p‐value <.001). In conclusion, our findings underscored a strong association between 4,977‐bp mtDNA deletion and asthenozoospermia in the Jordanian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on two Indian sociologists A.R. Desai and Bikram Narayan Nanda who died recently. Desai began his career by taking a degree in law and then worked under professor G.S. Ghurye's supervision for his Ph.D. in Bombay University's Department of Sociology in Bombay, India. Later, he became the head of the department. Desai's book "Social Background of Indian Nationalism" was a trend setter not only for its Marxist academic orientation, but also for the way in which it cross-fertilized sociology with history. Nanda was born on April 19, 1955. After completing his M.A. and M.Phil from the Jawaharlal Nehru University he went to the Keele University, Staffordshire, England, for his doctoral degree program as Commonwealth Fellow. Nanda joined the Department of Sociology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India, as a lecturer in 1977 and went on to become a professor and head of the department in 1989. Nanda's major work in field of sociology is "Contours of Change: Story of Bonda Highlanders."