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Double layered patella (DLP) is a rare anomaly of the patella that may go undiagnosed, especially in patients with progressive knee dysfunction and early degenerative changes. Clinical symptoms such as motion-dependent pain and anterior knee pain most typically occur in adolescents or young adults; however, gradually increasing pain and early generalised degenerative changes have also been seen in patients over 40 years old. Diagnosis of DLP could be difficult, especially in cases with coexisting arthrosis. DLP is considered to be pathognomonic for the diagnosis of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia and usually coexists with other anomalies seen in this syndrome, such as hip dysplasia. In extremely rare cases, DLP can occur as a solitary disorder. The prevalence of such cases, however, is unknown, and they could be easily misdiagnosed. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are the most sensitive radiological methods used in DLP diagnosis. This case report presents a case of a bilateral DLP incidentally found in a 47-year-old patient with advanced arthritis referred for arthroplasty because of increasing symptoms of knee joint failure with no other abnormalities recorded. An important goal of our case study is to raise the awareness of this abnormality with radiologists and orthopaedic surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germination and seedling establishment follows a distinct pattern which is partly controlled by hormones. Roots have high levels of cytokinins. By quantifying the fluctuations in endogenous cytokinins over time, further insight may be gained into the role of cytokinins during germination and seedling establishment. Radicles were excised from sterile Pisum sativum L. seeds after 30 min and 5 h imbibition. Seedlings germinated on agar were harvested after 1, 3, 6 and 9 days. The roots were divided into the root tip, root free zone, secondary root zone and from day 6, the secondary roots. Samples were purified by various chromatographic methods and endogenous cytokinins detected by LC(+)ES-MS. Benzyladenine levels doubled after 5 h imbibition and then gradually decreased over time. Low concentrations of cis-Zeatin ( cZ) type cytokinins were detected in the radicle after 30 min imbibition. After 5 h imbibition, cis-zeatin riboside-5′-monophosphate had greatly increased. The total cytokinin content of the roots increased over time with the ribotides being the predominant conjugates. From day 3 onwards, there was a gradual increase in the free bases, O-glucosides and their ribosylated forms. Mainly N 6 -(2-isopentenyl)adenine (iP)-type cytokinins were detected in the root tip, whereas trans-zeatin- ( tZ), dihyrozeatin- (DHZ) and iP-type cytokinins were found in the secondary roots and root zone. Cytokinin biosynthesis was only detected after day 6. Biosynthesis of iP and tZ derivatives was quite rapid, whereas biosynthesis of cZ derivatives remained at a low basal level. These fluctuations in cytokinin types and concentrations suggest the cytokinins may be synthesized from various pathways in pea roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genus Knautia L. is mostly represented with biannual plants with opposite leaves, and fruits with white elaiosomes. In Bosnia and Herzegovina this genus includes endemic and also several widely distributed species (e.g. K. arvensis). Knautia arvensis is listed as one of the plants that can be used as an alternative for antibiotic growth promotion in animal feed with potential anti-proteolytic activity but the chemical composition of this species is relatively unknown. Aim of this study was to evaluate differences between phenolic acid compositions of different plant organs of K. arvensis. The content of 14 different phenolic acids was evaluated using UPLCMS/ MS in stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and roots. Analytes were analysed in four different forms, i.e. free phenolic acids, phenolic esters, phenolic glycosides, and non-soluble phenolic acids. Variation of phenolic acids between different plant organs was evident. Gallic acid was identified only in stems and fruits, while the highest content was recorded for chlorogenic, caffeic and vanillic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genus Knautia L. is mostly represented with biannual plants with opposite leaves, and fruits with white elaiosomes. In Bosnia and Herzegovina this genus includes endemic and also several widely distributed species (e.g. K. arvensis). Knautia arvensis is listed as one of the plants that can be used as an alternative for antibiotic growth promotion in animal feed with potential anti-proteolytic activity but the chemical composition of this species is relatively unknown. Aim of this study was to evaluate differences between phenolic acid compositions of different plant organs of K. arvensis. The content of 14 different phenolic acids was evaluated using UPLCMS/ MS in stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and roots. Analytes were analysed in four different forms, i.e. free phenolic acids, phenolic esters, phenolic glycosides, and non-soluble phenolic acids. Variation of phenolic acids between different plant organs was evident. Gallic acid was identified only in stems and fruits, while the highest content was recorded for chlorogenic, caffeic and vanillic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]