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Epiphytes develop anatomical features to improve efficiency of the uptake of water and nutrients, such as absorptive foliar scales or a velamen radicum. Despite substantial studies on the occurrence, morphology, development and phylogeny of the velamen, most of the available literature is focused on Orchidaceae, making current knowledge on velamen clearly biased. A recent publication firmly established that velamina are common in Anthurium species. Thus, this study provides further insights by describing velamen morphological characteristics of Anthurium species and classifying them into different velamen types. Furthermore, we investigate if the different velamen morphological traits are clade‐specific and phylogenetically conserved within the genus.Using SEM, we performed a morphological study on 89 Anthurium species, describing six micromorphological traits of velamen and exodermis, following traits used to classify Orchidaceae velamen by Porembski & Barthlott (1988).We distinguished nine velamen types, including two that are unique to Anthurium and not similar to any type found in Orchidaceae. Comparing velamen morphology within the phylogenetic tree of Anthurium revealed clear phylogenetic signals.This study provides detailed morphological descriptions among 89 species of Anthurium from the Araceae, and substantially broadens our knowledge of this tissue. However, velamen function has been even less studied, with hardly anything known about functional significance of having secondary cell wall thickening and perforations on velamen cell walls. Therefore, a logical next step would be to connect these anatomical features to their functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of focal vibration (FV) on muscle tone, kinematic parameters and motor functions in individuals with stroke, Parkinson' disease and multiple sclerosis. It also determined the influence of vibration parameters such as frequency and amplitude, stimulation session duration, and the total number of intervention sessions on the outcome measures. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, Web of Science, and EBSCO were searched, yielding 21 qualifying articles. Within a week post-treatment, FV effectively reduced elbow spasticity (P = 0.04), improved upper limb kinematic parameters (SMD = -0.75, 95% CI: -1.50 to -0.01), and enhanced upper limb motor function (P = 0.05) in stroke patients. FV significantly improved lower limb kinematic parameters of Parkinson's disease patients (P = 0.03). Over a week post-treatment, the effect of FV was not significant in reducing spasticity for upper limb in stroke (P = 0.25) and improving kinematic parameters for lower limb in Parkinson's disease (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI: -0.58 to 1.35). The total therapy sessions significantly associated with the effect size (p = 0.042) for upper limb motor function outcome measure. Conclusion, integrating FV into rehabilitation may benefit patients with neurological disorders such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By exposing floating gates of EEPROM memory cells with frontside sample preparation, scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM) succeeded in reading back the data stored in the memory cells with a 250 nm node size. At an optimized voltage bias of AC = 3 V and DC = 1 V, a clear signal contrast between programmed and erased cells is obtained. The high resolution SNDM signal reveals the details of bowling-pin shape structure of memory cells, providing high confidence in data assignment during forensic applications. Such high resolution also makes SNDM a promising technique for newer generation devices with smaller node size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) promotes osteoclast differentiation, stimulates osteoclast activity, and prolongs osteoclast survival and adherence to bone. Abnormalities of the RANKL/RANK/osteoprotegerin system have been implicated in a range of diseases, including osteoporosis. To date, no work has been done in osteolytic lesions of the facial skeleton. In this study, specimens of ameloblastomas, dentigerous cysts, odontogenic keratocysts, and radicular cysts were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for RANKL and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Immunofluorescence staining for TRAP was visualized under confocal microscopy. All specimens demonstrated distinct positive immunoreactivity to RANKL and TRAP. The TRAP-positive cells also stained with in situ hybridization for human calcitonin receptor, a definitive marker for osteoclasts. Mononuclear pre-osteoclasts were observed to migrate from blood to the connective tissue stroma and multinucleate toward the bone surface. It can be concluded that RANKL plays a role in bone resorption in osteolytic lesions of the facial skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]