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This systematic literature review (SLR) explores the increasing use of drones in road condition monitoring (D-RCM), a development poised to enhance inspection efficiency and reduce costs. Surveying 60 articles from a pool of 619 publications between 2014 and 2022, the study unveils cost and time savings, safety enhancements, improved mobility, and reliability as the primary drivers behind D-RCM adoption. D-RCM applications, categorized into areas like condition monitoring, situation assessment, network mapping, asset monitoring, and construction inspection, face challenges such as visual line-of-sight maintenance, limited flight time, payload capacity, and engineering errors. However, potential solutions emerge, including terrain-following features, optimizing battery capacity-weight balance, and employing trained personnel. Importantly, the study reveals considerable cost benefits and impressive return on investment of up to 980%, positioning drones as a promising, cost-effective tool for infrastructure management, with profound implications for theory, management, and societal impacts of D-RCM applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cybersecurity challenges are increasing in the rail industry because of constant technological evolution that includes the Internet of Things, blockchains, automation, and artificial intelligence. Consequently, many railroads and supply chain stakeholders have implemented strategies and practices to address these challenges. However, the pace of cybersecurity implementation in the railroad industry is slow even as cyberthreats escalate. This study uniquely integrates bibliometric analysis with a systematic literature review to provide a holistic view of cybersecurity trends in rail freight. The study analyzes 70 articles focusing on cybersecurity practices in the rail freight industry, structured around four research questions relating to: (1) challenges, (2) measures, (3) emerging trends, and (4) innovations. Key findings are that implementing cybersecurity practices in the rail freight industry comes with numerous challenges and risks. The study concludes that new threats will constantly emerge with technological advancements. Therefore, there is a need for continuous human training, collaboration, and coordination with stakeholders. This study also highlights research gaps and recommends how stakeholders can most appropriately execute cybersecurity strategies and best coordinate them with the various technological functions in the rail freight industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) often co‐occur, with BD + AUD characterized by higher levels of impulsivity relative to either disorder alone. Emotional facets of impulsivity (e.g., "urgency," measured by the UPPS‐P), however, remain underexplored in this population and could have distinct associations with clinical correlates. Methods: This cross‐sectional study used a two‐by‐two (BDxAD) factorial design, including groups with BD + AD (n = 28), BD (n = 29), AD (n = 28), and healthy controls (HC) (n = 27), to identify between‐group differences among the five subscales of the UPPS‐P. Associations of UPPS‐P subscales with Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) total scores and clinical variables of interest were also examined. Results: BD + AD had the highest scores for every UPPS‐P subscale but Sensation Seeking, with the Positive and Negative Urgency subscales having the largest main effects for both BD and AD. BIS‐11 total scores were most correlated with the urgency subscales of the UPPS‐P. Negative Urgency was found to be uniquely relevant to clinical measures in the BD + AD group. Rapid cycling was associated with both urgency subscales and BIS‐11 scores, and the Alcohol Dependence Scale was most correlated with the Premeditation subscale. Limitations: Cross sectional design and predominantly white sample. Conclusions: Unlike the BIS‐11, UPPS‐P is able to distinguish emotional from nonemotional facets of impulsivity, something especially relevant to people with co‐occurring BD + AD, where fluid emotionality is a key part of symptom presentation. For this reason, the UPPS‐P should be utilized in future studies and clinical settings measuring trait impulsivity in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parenting literature has established the coparenting relationship as central to the parenting behaviors and outcomes of men. The construct of coparenting encompasses supportive efforts among individuals that facilitate the rearing of children and unsupportive actions that can undermine parenting efforts (Merrifield & Gamble, 2013). Few studies have examined undermining coparenting as an experience that shapes Black men's health outcomes. In this study, we apply the social determinants of health framework to examine the impact of Black fathers' perceptions of undermining coparenting on their self-reported ratings of mental and physical health. Using a nationally representative sample of Black men (n = 255), correlational analyses revealed perceptions of undermining coparenting to be a significant predictor of higher levels of anger and poorer perceptions of physical health. These relationships were found to be mediated by depressive symptoms and moderated by restrictive emotionality. It is recommended that the negative impact of undermining coparenting on health be considered as a potential comorbidity contributing to negative health outcomes for Black men. This study adds to the literature on coparenting, Black men's health, and Black fatherhood more generally and urges policymakers and practitioners to consider undermining as an often overlooked, but significant, social determinant of health impacting the well-being of Black men. We also offer recommendations for promoting Black men's health by educating families on the effects of undermining and offering the supports necessary for achieving positive coparenting dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online surveys provide many benefits for researchers but are vulnerable to fraudulent responders that threaten data quality. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of current detection strategies after noting patterns in our data. We systematically reviewed responses (N = 180) from parenting studies utilizing two online platforms. Respondents were categorized as accepted (n = 45) or fraudulent (n = 135), and responses on standardized measures were examined to determine if fraudulent scores differed. Accepted participants were predominately female (98.4%) and White (67.9%). Average caregiver age was 40.61 (SD = 7.37) on Qualtrics and 59.88 (SD = 6.01) on REDCap. The majority of fraudulent responders reported being female (62.1%) and White (80.6%), with average caregiver ages of 37.83 (SD = 7.35) for Qualtrics and 56.16 (SD = 8.86) for REDCap. Fraudulent responders had significantly higher median scores on measures of caregiver distress (rDASS = 0.21) and child behavioural problems (rCBCL = 0.33). Previously recommended strategies were insufficient at preventing and identifying fraudulent responders. Recommendations for improving these strategies are discussed. Highlights: The current paper includes experiences using multiple strategies to detect fraudulent responders in two online parenting studies.Improvements to previously recommended strategies and an example review form are included to aid researchers in detecting fraudulent responders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic initiated public interest in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Public and private entities responded to the need to produce timely and accurate data. LuminUltra and Hach partnered to provide a rapid, field-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in wastewater. This study evaluates the Hach GeneCount SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater RT-qPCR Assay Kit and LuminUltra GeneCount® Q-16 RT-PCR instrument. The Hach LuminUltra methods were compared to the Promega Wizard® Enviro Total Nucleic Acid kit and Bio-Rad CFX Opus 96 Real-time PCR Detection System. Over a 12-week period, wastewater samples were collected weekly from seven locations in the Roanoke/Salem, VA sewersheds. Concentration and extraction of the viral RNA were followed by qPCR analysis. The target gene for detection was the nucleocapsid gene (N1) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Costs, ease of use, time to produce results, sample preparation, and data comparisons were considered. The comparison determined that the Hach LuminUltra method and instrument were more affordable, consumed less time, and required less technical expertise. While the new method was specific, it had low sensitivity. This evaluation suggests the Hach LuminUltra method should be reserved for limited situations requiring onsite field analysis where data accuracy is not essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Granulomas in pediatric liver biopsies (GPLB) are rare with the largest pediatric cohort reported over 25 years ago. Methods: Single-center retrospective study of GPLB. Results: Seventeen liver biopsies from 16 patients with granulomas were identified (9 boys, 56%) with a median age of 13 years (range: 1–18) for which the most common indication was the presence of a nodule/mass (47%). Significant comorbidities were seen in 13 patients (81%) and included: liver transplant (25%), history of a neoplasm (25%), autoimmune hepatitis (6%), Crohn disease (6%), bipolar disorder (6%), severe combined immunodeficiency (6%), and sickle cell disease (6%). Eleven patients were taking multiple medications at the time of biopsy. Granulomas were more commonly pan-acinar (11 cases) followed by subcapsular (4 cases), portal (1 case), and periportal (1 case). Necrosis was seen in 10 cases (59%). GMS stain was positive in 2 cases for Histoplasma -like yeast; microbiological cultures were negative in all cases (no: 4). A 18S and 16S rRNA gene sequencing performed in 15 cases revealed only 1 with a pathogenic microorganism, Mycobacterium angelicum. Conclusion: In our experience, GPLB are heterogenous with only 3 cases having an identifiable infectious etiology and many of the remaining cases being associated to multiple medications, suggesting drug-induced liver injury as possible etiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of autonomous trucking demands a sophisticated understanding of the risks associated with the diverse U.S. interstate system. Traditional risk assessment models, while beneficial, do not adequately address the state and regional variations in factors that significantly impact the safety and efficiency of autonomous freight transport. This study addresses the problem by developing a composite risk index that evaluates the safety of U.S. interstate routes for autonomous trucking, considering both state and regional differences in traffic volumes, road conditions, safety records, and weather patterns. The potential for autonomous trucking to transform the freight industry necessitates a risk assessment model that is as dynamic and multifaceted as the system it aims to navigate. This work contributes a regionally sensitive risk index using GIS methodologies, integrating data from national databases, and applying statistical analysis to normalize risk factors. The findings reveal significant state and regional disparities in risk factors, such as the predominance of precipitation-related risks in the Southeast and traffic in the Far West. This work provides a targeted approach to risk assessment for policymakers and infrastructure planners and offers a strategic tool for logistics companies in optimizing autonomous trucking routes. The long-term benefit is a scalable model that can adapt to evolving data inputs and contribute to the broader application of risk assessment strategies in various domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the "warring ideals" (Du Bois, Souls of Black Folks) of Black American solidarity with Third World Internationalism and complicity in U.S. imperialism through a reading of Lauren Wilkinson's American Spy (2019). The novel, a spy thriller, centers on the life and experience of Marie Mitchell, a Black woman FBI agent recruited by the CIA to further an assassination plot against Thomas Sankara, the charismatic socialist leader of Burkina Faso. The story puts individual career advancement in the service of American imperialism in direct tension with the larger collectivist goals of Black and Third World liberation. Thus, the novel invites an exploration of the geopolitical implications of Du Bois's famous formulation about Black American double consciousness, a formulation most often considered solely as a matter of individual psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the "warring ideals" (Du Bois, Souls of Black Folks) of Black American solidarity with Third World Internationalism and complicity in U.S. imperialism through a reading of Lauren Wilkinson's American Spy (2019). The novel, a spy thriller, centers on the life and experience of Marie Mitchell, a Black woman FBI agent recruited by the CIA to further an assassination plot against Thomas Sankara, the charismatic socialist leader of Burkina Faso. The story puts individual career advancement in the service of American imperialism in direct tension with the larger collectivist goals of Black and Third World liberation. Thus, the novel invites an exploration of the geopolitical implications of Du Bois's famous formulation about Black American double consciousness, a formulation most often considered solely as a matter of individual psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workforce shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent threat of railroad strike in the United States have generated greater public awareness of how freight flow disruptions can harm society. Unlike highways, trains often do not have the ability to take alternative routes that directly connect major metropolitan areas; hence railroad networks are vulnerable to disruptions like accidents. This study developed a data mining workflow to rank commodity movements that are at the highest risk of disruption from railroad accidents and other types of regional disasters that can affect railroad operations. A key finding is that five U.S. metropolitan areas are at least five times more likely than others to experience a railroad accident. Those five areas account for more than 40% of the monetary value in alcoholic beverages, raw meats, gasoline, plastic-based products, and rubber-based products moved by rail. Hence, any disruption in those five areas can lead to widespread shortages of those commodities. The implication is that decision makers should focus risk mitigation and resiliency strategies in those five metropolitan areas and on the top commodity categories at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of autonomous vehicles (AVs) presents a transformative shift in transportation, promising enhanced safety and economic efficiency. However, a fragmented legislative landscape across the United States hampers AV deployment. This fragmentation creates significant challenges for AV manufacturers and stakeholders. This research contributes by employing advanced machine learning (ML) techniques to analyze state data, aiming to identify factors associated with the likelihood of passing AV-friendly legislation, particularly regarding the requirement for human backup drivers. The findings reveal a nuanced interplay of socio-economic, political, demographic, and safety-related factors influencing the nature of AV legislation. Key variables such as democratic electoral college votes per capita, port tons per capita, population density, road fatalities per capita, and transit agency needs significantly impact legislative outcomes. These insights suggest that a combination of political, economic, and safety considerations shape AV legislation, transcending traditional partisan divides. These findings offer a strategic perspective for developing a harmonized regulatory approach, potentially at the federal level, to foster a conducive environment for AV development and deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is expensive to scale existing methods of road condition monitoring for more frequent and network-wide coverage. Consequently, defects that increase ride roughness or can cause accidents will go undetected. This paper presents a method to enable network-wide, continuous monitoring by using low-cost GPS receivers and accelerometers onboard regular vehicles. The technique leverages the large volume of sensor signals from multiple traversals of a road segment to enhance the signal quality by ensemble averaging. However, ensemble averaging requires position-repeatable signals which are not possible because of the low resolution and low accuracy of GPS receivers and the non-uniform sampling of accelerometers. This research overcame those challenges by integrating methods of interpolation, signal resampling and correlation alignment. The experiments showed that the approach doubled the peak of the composite signal by decreasing signal misalignment by a factor of 67. The signal-to-noise ratio increased by 10 dB after combining the signals from only six traversals. A probabilistic model developed to estimate a dynamic signal-detection threshold demonstrated that both the false-positive and false-negative rates approached zero after combining the signals from 15 traversals. The method will augment the efficiency of follow-up inspections by focusing resources to locations that consistently produce rough rides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inefficiency of transporting goods contributes to reduced economic growth and environmental sustainability in a country. Autonomous trucks (ATs) are emerging as a solution, but the imbalance in the weight moved and ton-miles produced by long-haul and short-haul trucking creates a challenge in targeting initial deployments. This study offers a unique solution by presenting a robust method that combines data mining and geographic information systems (GISs) to identify the optimal routes for ATs based on a top-down approach to maximize business benefits. Demonstrated in a U.S. case study, this method revealed that despite accounting for only 16% of the weight moved, long-haul trucking produced 56% of the ton-miles, implying a high potential for ATs in this segment. The method identified eight key freight zones in five U.S. states that accounted for 27% of the long-haul weight and suggested optimal routes for initial AT deployment. Interstate 45 emerged as a pivotal route in the shortest paths among these freight zones. This suggests that stakeholders should seek to prioritize funding for infrastructure upgrades and maintenance along that route and the other routes identified. The findings will potentially benefit a broad range of stakeholders. Companies can strategically focus resources to achieve maximum market share, regulators can streamline policymaking to facilitate AT adoption while ensuring public safety, and transportation agencies can better plan infrastructure upgrades and maintenance. Users globally can apply the methodological framework as a reliable tool for decision-making about where to initially deploy ATs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case-control study determines how alcohol cue processing in individuals with co-occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder may be distinct from that of individuals with alcohol use disorder or bipolar disorder alone. Key Points: Question: How is alcohol cue processing in individuals with co-occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder (BD + AUD) distinct from that of individuals with AUD or BD alone? Findings: In this case-control study that used a 2 × 2 factorial functional neuroimaging design, individuals with BD + AUD were uniquely characterized by reduced alcohol cue-elicited brain activation within the right inferior frontal gyrus, insula, and dorsal striatum. These reduced regional activations correlated with increased impulsivity-related features and obsessive-compulsive alcohol craving among individuals with BD + AUD but not among individuals with AUD alone. Meaning: Developing treatment strategies that target impulsivity-related neural mechanisms may expedite the identification of more effective therapeutics for BD + AUD. Importance: Reward circuitry dysfunction is a candidate mechanism of co-occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol use disorder (BD + AUD) that remains understudied. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research represents the first evaluation of alcohol cue reward processing in BD + AUD. Objective: To determine how alcohol cue processing in individuals with BD + AUD may be distinct from that of individuals with AUD or BD alone. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional case-control study (April 2013-June 2018) followed a 2 × 2 factorial design and included individuals with BD + AUD, AUD alone, BD alone, and healthy controls. A well-validated visual alcohol cue reactivity fMRI paradigm was administered to eligible participants following their demonstration of 1 week or more of abstinence from alcohol and drugs assessed via serial biomarker testing. Study procedures were completed at the Medical University of South Carolina. Analysis took place between June and August 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures: Past-week mood symptoms were rated by clinicians using the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale. The Alcohol Dependence Scale, Obsessive-Compulsive Drinking Scale, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale were included questionnaires. Functional MRI whole-brain data were analyzed along with percent signal change within a priori regions of interest located in the ventral striatum, dorsal striatum, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Exploratory analyses of associations between cue reactivity and select behavioral correlates (alcohol craving, impulsivity, maximum number of alcohol drinks on a single occasion, and days since last alcohol drink) were also performed. Results: Of 112 participants, 28 (25.0%) had BD + AUD, 26 (23.2%) had AUD alone, 31 (27.7%) had BD alone, and 27 (24.1%) were healthy controls. The mean (SD) age was 38.7 (11.6) years, 50 (45.5%) were female, 33 (30%) were smokers, and 37 (34.9%) reported recent alcohol consumption. Whole-brain analyses revealed a BD × AUD interaction (F = 10.64; P =.001; η2 = 0.09) within a cluster spanning portions of the right inferior frontal gyrus and insula. Region of interest analyses revealed a main association of BD (F = 8.02; P =.006; η2 = 0.07) within the dorsal striatum. In each instance, individuals with BD + AUD exhibited reduced activation compared with all other groups who did not significantly differ from one another. These hypoactivations were associated with increased impulsivity and obsessive-compulsive alcohol craving exclusively among individuals with BD + AUD. Conclusion and Relevance: The findings of this study suggest conceptualizing reward dysfunction in BD + AUD by the potential interaction between blunted reward responsivity and deficient inhibitory control may help guide treatment development strategies. To this end, reduced right inferior frontal gyrus and insula alcohol cue reactivity represents a novel candidate biomarker of BD + AUD that may respond to pharmacological interventions targeting impulsivity-related neural mechanisms for improved executive control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The successful deployment of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) requires the safe integration of electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft in non-segregated airspace. However, a lack of practical deployment demonstrations can slow the regulatory progress. This study presents a practical deployment framework for the integration of eVTOL aircraft into public airspace, in accordance with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) special airworthiness criteria. This study focused on a corporate use case to provide a comprehensive scenario for enhancing intra-company mobility. The scenario supports early implementation and demonstration goals by removing reliance on air traffic management systems or air traffic controller separation services. The practical deployment framework included facility selection, route planning, terrain mapping, collision avoidance, aircraft selection, infrastructure requirements, vertiport placement, electric chargers, ground handling, operational staff, and cost estimates. Planners can use the framework as a template to inform the implementation of real-world AAM services using eVTOL aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) in infants can be challenging due to their small size and small vasculature. Although both whole LT (WLT) and split LT (SLT) have been described in infants, the head‐to‐head comparison of these techniques in this population is sparse. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the records of all patients with age ≤1 year at Indiana University between 2016 and 2022. All SLT were left lateral segment grafts split in situ. Results: A total of 24 infants were transplanted, with 11 SLT and 13 WLT. The median follow‐up time was 52.1 months. Donor and recipient characteristics were comparable except for donor age (19 years vs. 2 years; p <.01) and weight (64 kg vs. 14.2 kg; p <.01). Early allograft dysfunction, primary nonfunction, and hepatic artery thrombosis developed more frequently in the WLT group. There were no biliary complications. There were two early deaths (2 and 4 days) in the WLT group. One‐year graft survival (100% vs. 77%; p =.10) and patient survival (100% vs. 85%; p =.18) were numerically higher in the SLT group. Conclusions: SLT with LLS offers a safe and viable option for liver transplantation in infants and is associated with a trend toward superior outcomes. SLT should be considered as a strategy to reduce waitlist times for infants in the absence of small, deceased donors for WLT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients in historically underserved communities are most vulnerable to uncontrolled chronic conditions and report a lack of health knowledge to manage them. This report aims to describe the development of SMART MEDS, a pharmacy-led program implemented to address health literacy disparities among medically and socially vulnerable patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of lagomorph confluence sinuum anatomy on contrast‐enhanced CT may prevent the misdiagnoses of intracranial, extra‐axial masses. The purpose of this retrospective, observational, descriptive study was to describe the characteristics of the confluence sinuum in rabbits on contrast‐enhanced CT. Images of 24 rabbits who had pre‐ and postcontrast CT sequences of the skull were reviewed by an American College of Veterinary Radiology‐certified veterinary radiologist and third‐year radiology resident. Degree of contrast enhancement within the region of the confluence sinuum was graded based on consensus as no (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or marked (3) contrast enhancement. Hounsfield units (HU) of the confluence sinuum was measured in three different regions of interest, averaged for each patient, and divided into each group for comparison using one‐way ANOVA analysis. Contrast enhancement was mild in 45.8% (11/24) rabbits, moderate in 33.3% (8/24), marked in 20.8% (5/24), and none in 0.0% (0/24). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the average HU of the mild and marked group (P‐value = 0.0001) and moderate and marked groups (P‐value = 0.0010). Two rabbits with marked contrast enhancement were initially misdiagnosed with an intracranial, extra‐axial mass along the parietal lobe based on contrast‐enhanced CT. On necropsy, no gross or histopathological abnormalities were identified in the brain for these rabbits. In summary, contrast enhancement was identified in all rabbits (24/24) on contrast‐enhanced CT imaging. This normal structure can be variable in size should not be mistaken for a pathological lesion in the absence of mass effect, secondary calvarial lysis, or hyperostosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drones have recently become a new tool in railway inspection and monitoring (RIM) worldwide, but there is still a lack of information about the specific benefits and costs. This study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) of the applications, opportunities, and challenges of using drones for RIM. The SLR technique yielded 47 articles filtered from 7,900 publications from 2014 to 2022. The SLR found that key motivations for using drones in RIM are to reduce costs, improve safety, save time, improve mobility, increase flexibility, and enhance reliability. Nearly all the applications fit into the categories of defect identification, situation assessment, rail network mapping, infrastructure asset monitoring, track condition monitoring, and obstruction detection. The authors assess the open technical, safety, and regulatory challenges. The authors also contribute a cost analysis framework, identify factors that affect drone performance in RIM, and offer implications for new theories, management, and impacts to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Federal Railroad Administration strictly regulates the inspection frequency of all track classes to ensure timely identification of rail defects including irregular gage which is a devastating rail geometry defect. Conventional rail inspection methods are both costly and labor-intensive, whereas existing novel technologies can be expensive and mostly focus on a specific inspection area, e.g. vertical alignment. iPhone 12 Pro was introduced to the public recently with a low-cost, low-resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor that is purposed for better photography and virtual reality. Thanks to its portability and computational capacity, iPhone 12 Pro can potentially be used as a portable solution for irregular gage inspection, whose capacity and feasibility are unknown. This study first investigated the capability of the iPhone 12 Pro in calculating unloaded rail gages by its embedded LiDAR sensor. The results showed that uncalibrated raw gage values measured by the iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR sensor were systematically lower than the ground-truth values. The proposed method in this study then introduced logistic regression to calibrate the measured values through balancing the prediction performance and the efficiency, followed by validations using a Gaussian process classifier. The results show that the proposed method correctly identified all 39 high-risk locations with 227 false alarmed locations. The proposed method with the iPhone 12 Pro LiDAR sensor could potentially narrow down the possible "high-risk" gage sections and may result in a significant reduction in the field inspection workload by 48%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic waves that transmit phase information spatially have recently been applied to navigation and communications systems. This paper will describe a helical wave, a type of wave that transmits phase information across a section of the plane linearly about the azimuth. The wave will be described from the ground up. First, a circular baffled transducer pressure field will be derived. Next, the field generated using two crossed circular transducers will be derived and approximations given for the far field. The general expression for the acoustic field from this arrangement is derived in the far field utilizing a paraxial ray approximation for ideal sources but applied to the more complex conceptualization of the monopole source being given by the circular piston source. In addition, the work presented was investigated numerically in comparison to a different approximation made in the field dependence on monopole separation of the two sources making up the dipole. Next, numerical examination of two crossed dipoles is examined with visualizations of the pressure and discussion of transients created when the direction of spiral changes. Finally, there is a discussion for the detection and estimation of helical waves and potential uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hairstyle "dreadlocks" was the only hairstyle that allowed individuals' hair length to grow to the level of the thigh. Natural hair is defined as hair that retains its natural textured appearance and feel and most importantly is free from chemical straighteners.[3] 81% of all participants were looking to grow their hair with mid-back length being the ideal hair length. Yes42%No58% ht When it comes to hair care regimen, longer hair was noted to be more frequently moisturized and oiled than shorter hair. [Extracted from the article]

Although cancer cachexia is classically characterized as a systemic inflammatory disorder, emerging evidence indicates that weight loss also associates with local tissue inflammation. We queried the regulation of this inflammation and its causality to cachexia by exploring skeletal muscle, whose atrophy strongly associates with poor outcomes. Using multiple mouse models and patient samples, we show that cachectic muscle is marked by enhanced innate immunity. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity in multiple cells, including satellite cells, myofibers, and fibro-adipogenic progenitors, promotes macrophage expansion equally derived from infiltrating monocytes and resident cells. Moreover, NF-κB-activated cells and macrophages undergo crosstalk; NF-κB+ cells recruit macrophages to inhibit regeneration and promote atrophy but, interestingly, also protect myofibers, while macrophages stimulate NF-κB+ cells to sustain an inflammatory feedforward loop. Together, we propose that NF-κB functions in multiple cells in the muscle microenvironment to stimulate macrophages that both promote and protect against muscle wasting in cancer. [Display omitted] • Cancer cachexia exhibits muscle inflammation, regulated by NF-κB from multiple cell types • Muscle inflammation in cancer cachexia is mediated by myeloid cells, mostly macrophages • Macrophages in cachectic muscle derive from infiltrating monocytes and resident cells • Heterogeneous populations of macrophages exhibit both pro- and anti-atrophy activities We demonstrate that NF-κB functions in multiple cells in skeletal muscle to expand macrophages during cancer cachexia, deriving from infiltrating monocytes and resident cells. Macrophages contribute to muscle wasting and preservation of myofibers. They also crosstalk with muscle stem cells, myofibers, and fibro-adipogenic progenitors to sustain NF-κB activity and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of early developmental experience on neurobiological pathways that may contribute to the association between diet and behavior have not yet been elucidated. The focus of the current study was to determine whether the impact of prenatal stress (PS) could be mitigated by a diet that stimulates the same neuroendocrine systems influenced by early stress, using a mouse model. Behavioral and genetic approaches were used to assess how a Western-pattern diet (WPD) interacts with PS and sex to impact the expression of anxiety-like behavior in an open-field arena, as well as the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hippocampus, D1 dopamine receptors in the nucleus accumbens, and D2 dopamine receptors in the ventral tegmental area. Overall, the results demonstrated that a prenatal WPD mitigates the effects of maternal stress in dams and offspring. These results help to elucidate the relationship between pre- and post-natal nutrition, gene expression, and behaviors that lead to long-term health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article extends scholarly analysis of race in imperial capitalism by examining the naming and baptism of formerly enslaved Black people in Aimé Césaire's 1963 La tragédie du roi Christophe. King Christophe, the protagonist, attempts to give his people a foothold in a world system based on their exploitation by giving names – or griffes (meaning both "claws" and "signatures") – to his aristocracy in order to bind them and their land to him. The article argues that Christophe resorts to tropes of naming and baptism as sacralizing gestures to establish power structures that will anchor his state against the flow of European-dominated capitalism. The term griffe, however, also refers to a person of mixed race; in a context where both whiteness and racial admixture are suspicious, the pun on griffe problematizes Christophe's reliance on the power of naming. Christophe's tragic fallacy is to trust language at the expense of other considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco use is a well-established risk factor for multiple adverse oral conditions. Few nationally representative oral health data sets encompass the current diversity of tobacco and nicotine products. This investigation examines the validity of oral health measures in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study to assess relationships between tobacco use and oral health. Cross-sectional data from PATH Study wave 4 (N = 33,643 US adults, collected 2016–2018) were used to obtain estimates for 6 self-reported oral conditions (e.g., bone loss around teeth, tooth extractions) and compared with analogous estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle 2017–2018 (N = 5,856). Within the PATH Study, associations were calculated between tobacco use status and lifetime and past 12-mo experience of adverse oral conditions using survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression. Nationally representative estimates of oral conditions between the PATH Study and NHANES were similar (e.g., ever-experience of bone loss around teeth: PATH Study 15.2%, 95% CI, 14.4%–15.9%; NHANES 16.6%, 95% CI, 14.9%–18.4%). In the PATH Study, combustible tobacco smoking was consistently associated with lifetime and past 12-mo experience of adverse oral health (e.g., exclusive cigarette smoking vs. never tobacco use, adjusted odds ratio [AOR] for loose teeth in past 12 mo: 2.02; 95% CI, 1.52–2.69). Exclusive smokeless tobacco use was associated with greater odds of loose teeth (AOR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.15–3.26) and lifetime precancerous lesions (AOR, 3.85; 95% CI, 1.73–8.57). Use of other noncigarette products (e.g., pipes) was inconsistently associated with oral health outcomes. PATH Study oral health measures closely align with self-reported measures from NHANES and are internally concurrent. Observed associations with tobacco use and the ability to examine emerging tobacco products support application of PATH Study data in dental research, particularly to examine potential oral health effects of novel tobacco products and longitudinal changes in tobacco use behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People experiencing homelessness are uniquely susceptible and disproportionately affected by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding context-specific challenges, responses, and perspectives of people experiencing homelessness is essential to improving pandemic response and mitigating the long-term consequences of the pandemic on this vulnerable population.Methods: As part of an ongoing community-based participatory research study in partnership with a homeless service organization in Indiana, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of 34 individuals experiencing homelessness between January and July 2021. Guided by the NIMHD Health Disparities Research Framework, which builds on the socio-ecological model, data was thematically coded using Nvivo12 qualitative coding software and themes were organized by levels of influence (individual, interpersonal, community, societal) and domains of influence (biological, behavioral, physical/built environment, sociocultural environment, health care system).Results: Narratives revealed numerous and compounding factors affecting COVID-19 risks and health outcomes among people experiencing homelessness across all levels and domains of influence. At the individual level, people experiencing homelessness face unique challenges that heightened their susceptibility to COVID-19, including pre-existing physical and mental health conditions, substance use and behavioral health risks, socioeconomic precarity, and low health literacy and COVID-related knowledge. At the interpersonal level, poor communication between people experiencing homelessness and service providers led to limited understanding of and poor compliance with COVID safety measures. At the community level, closures and service disruptions restricted access to usual spaces and resources to meet basic needs. At a policy level, people experiencing homelessness were disregarded in ways that made pandemic relief resources largely inaccessible to them.Conclusions: Our findings reveal important and mitigable issues with ongoing pandemic response efforts in homeless populations through direct, first-hand accounts of their experiences during COVID-19. These insights offer opportunities for multilevel interventions to improve outreach, communication, and impact mitigation strategies for people experiencing homelessness. This study highlights the importance of centering the voices of vulnerable communities to inform future pandemic response for homeless and other underserved and marginalized populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To date, 110,000+ people in the United States have died from the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, the authors will discuss COVID-19 relative to Black people and their overrepresentation among those who are infected and died from the disease. Their dying, death, and grief experiences are explored through a cultural and spiritual lens. The physical distancing, social isolation, misinformation, and restrictive burials and cremations now elicited by this unprecedented pandemic have had diminished familial, cultural, emotional, and economic impacts on the Black community. Implications for public health and Black peoples' involvement in the political process are also addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the benefits of individual music therapy with 5 mothers hospitalized due to complications related to their pregnancies. These five expectant mothers, hospitalized for a range of reasons, participated in 1 to 5 music therapy sessions focused primarily on their emotional well-being. An analysis of data from the Antepartum Bedrest Emotional Impact Inventory revealed significant changes (p =.0006) in the emotional health of these expectant mothers after their music therapy sessions. Concomitant analysis of post-session questionnaires suggested four primary types of emotional benefit: (1) improved connections to family, (2) normalization of the hospital experience, (3) emotional relief, and (4) new resources to manage the hospital experience. These benefits are described within the context of the music therapy sessions along with a discussion of practical challenges that arose while implementing music therapy in this hospital environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]