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This article describes a technique for improving the performance of an offshore wind farm (OWF), which includes a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) driven by a variable‐speed wind turbine (VSWT) and connected to the grid through a high‐voltage direct current transmission system (HVDC). Under various network disturbances, the gorilla tropical optimization (GTO) metaheuristic method is used to fine‐tune the proportional‐integral (PI) controller gains for VSC‐based PMSG‐VSWT and VSC‐based HVDC transmission systems. This study compares several strategies for extracting the maximum power from a system while maintaining stability under symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault circumstances. Compared to different algorithms, GTO provides better results and improves system recovery and stability after disturbances. As a consequence, dynamic and transient stability may be enhanced. MATLAB/Simulink is used to implement the control mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An energy management system (EMS) is proposed in this paper to minimize the amount of load shedding in islanded multi‐microgrids (MMGs) systems in a cost‐effective manner. The suggested EMS adopts a two‐stage hierarchical optimization model. The first stage is called microgrid (MG) optimization, in which the load shedding in each MG is minimized. The day‐ahead schedule of the diesel generator, the charging/discharging power of the battery energy storage system (BESS), the reshaped load profile after applying the demand response programs (DRP), and the shortage/surplus power in each MG are determined in the first stage of optimization. The second stage is MMG optimization, in which the amount of energy shortage in the MMG system is further minimized by energy exchange between individual MGs. The remaining shortage can be reduced with the aid of the community MG resources. The proposed optimization model is formulated as a nonlinear complex optimization problem that can be handled more efficiently by the meta‐heuristic techniques compared with the conventional analytic methods. The political optimizer is used in this paper. To prove the effectiveness of this optimizer in handling the proposed model, we also solved the optimization problem using the particle swarm optimization algorithm, and results are compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the time being, renewable energy source (RES) penetration has significantly increased in power networks, particularly in microgrids. The overall system inertia is dramatically decreased by replacing traditional synchronous machines with RES. This negatively affects the microgrid dynamics under uncertainties, lowering the microgrid frequency stability, specifically in the islanded mode of operation. Therefore, this work aims to enhance the islanded microgrid frequency resilience using the virtual inertia frequency control concept. Additionally, optimal model predictive control (MPC) is employed in the virtual inertial control model. The optimum design of the MPC is attained using an optimization algorithm, the African Vultures Optimization Algorithm (AVOA). To certify the efficacy of the proposed controller, the AVOA-based MPC is compared with a conventional proportional–integral (PI) controller that is optimally designed using various optimization techniques. The actual data of RES is utilized, and a random load power pattern is applied to achieve practical simulation outcomes. Additionally, the microgrid paradigm contains battery energy storage (BES) units for enhancing the islanded microgrid transient stability. The simulation findings show the effectiveness of AVOA-based MPC in improving the microgrid frequency resilience. Furthermore, the results secure the role of BES in improving transient responses in the time domain simulations. The simulation outcomes are obtained using MATLAB software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The artificial rabbits optimization (ARO) algorithm is proposed in this article to find the optimum values for uncertain parameters for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) model. The voltage–current polarization curve of the PEMFC is nonlinear, and the model used in this paper to describe it is Mann's model, which has seven uncertain parameters. The sum of square errors (SSE) between the ARO-based estimated voltages of the model and the measured voltages of the fuel cell defines the objective function. The simulation results show that the ARO technique has the best SSE compared to other optimization techniques. The precision of the ARO model is evaluated by comparing the optimized model's power–current and voltage–current curves with the measured curves of three stacks which are NedStack PS6, BCS stack 500 W, and Ballard Mark V. The results show that the estimated curves and measured curves are very close which, means a high accuracy is achieved. Moreover, the ARO method shows a fast convergence curve with a minimal standard deviation. Furthermore, the PEMFC-optimized model is studied at different temperature and pressure operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new, metaheuristic optimization technique, Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimization (GTO), for a hybrid power system with photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy (WE) sources, solving the probabilistic optimum power flow (POPF) issue. First, the selected algorithm is developed and evaluated such that it applies to solve the classical optimum power flow (OPF) approach with the total fuel cost as the objective function. Second, the proposed algorithm is used for solving the POPF, including the PV and WE sources, considering the uncertainty of these renewable energy sources (RESs). The performance of the suggested algorithm was confirmed using the standard test systems IEEE 30-bus and 118-bus. Different scenarios involving different sets of the PV and WE sources and fixed and variable loads were considered in this study. The comparison of the obtained results from the suggested algorithm with other algorithms mentioned in this literature has confirmed the efficiency and performance of the proposed algorithm for providing optimal solutions for a hybrid power system. Furthermore, the results showed that the penetration of the PV and WE sources in the system significantly reduces the total cost of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, solar energy is one of the leading renewable energy sources that help support energy transition into decarbonized energy systems for a safer future. This work provides a comprehensive review of mathematical modeling used to simulate the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The meteorological parameters that influence the performance of PV modules are also presented. Various deterministic and probabilistic mathematical modeling methodologies have been investigated. Moreover, the metaheuristic methods used in the parameter extraction of diode models of the PV equivalent circuits are addressed in this article to encourage the adoption of algorithms that can predict the parameters with the highest precision possible. With the significant increase in the computational power of workstations and personal computers, soft computing algorithms are expected to attract more attention and dominate other algorithms. The different error expressions used in formulating objective functions that are employed in extracting the parameters of PV models are comprehensively expressed. Finally, this work aims to develop a comprehensive layout for the previous, current, and possible future areas of PV module modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research produces a new technique for the optimum operation of an isolated microgrid (MGD) based on an enhanced block-sparse adaptive Bayesian algorithm (EBSABA). To update the proportional-integral (PI) controller gains online, the suggested approach considers the impact of the actuating error signal as well as its magnitude. To reach a compromise result between the various purposes, the Response Surface Methodology (RSMT) is combined with the sunflower optimization (SFO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. To demonstrate the success of the novel approach, a benchmark MGD is evaluated in three different Incidents: (1) removing the MGD from the utility (islanding mode); (2) load variations under islanding mode; and (3) a three-phase fault under islanding mode. Extensive simulations are run to test the new technique using the PSCAD/EMTDC program. The validity of the proposed optimizer is demonstrated by comparing its results with those obtained using the least mean and square root of exponential method (LMSRE) based adaptive control, SFO, and PSO methodologies. The study demonstrates the superiority of the proposed EBSABA over the LMSRE, SFO, and PSO approaches in the system's transient reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating renewable energy sources (RESs) into modern electric power systems offers various techno-economic benefits. However, the inconsistent power profile of RES influences the power flow of the entire distribution network, so it is crucial to optimize the power flow in order to achieve stable and reliable operation. Therefore, this paper proposes a newly developed circle search algorithm (CSA) for the optimal solution of the probabilistic optimal power flow (OPF). Our research began with the development and evaluation of the proposed CSA. Firstly, we solved the OPF problem to achieve minimum generation fuel costs; this used the classical OPF. Then, the newly developed CSA method was used to deal with the probabilistic power flow problem effectively. The impact of the intermittency of solar and wind energy sources on the total generation costs was investigated. Variations in the system's demands are also considered in the probabilistic OPF problem scenarios. The proposed method was verified by applying it to the IEEE 57-bus and the 118-bus test systems. This study's main contributions are to test the newly developed CSA on the OPF problem to consider stochastic models of the RESs, providing probabilistic modes to represent the RESs. The robustness and efficiency of the proposed CSA in solving the probabilistic OPF problem are evaluated by comparing it with other methods, such as Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and the hybrid machine learning and transient search algorithm (ML-TSO) under the same parameters. The comparative results showed that the proposed CSA is robust and applicable; as evidence, an observable decrease was obtained in the costs of the conventional generators' operation, due to the penetration of renewable energy sources into the studied networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fuel cell is vital in electrical distribution networks as a distributed generation in today's world. A precise model of a fuel cell is extensively required as it rigorously affects the simulation studies' transient and dynamic analyses of the fuel cell. This appears in several microgrids and smart grid systems. This paper introduces a novel attempt to optimally determine all unknown factors of the polymer exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell model using a meta-heuristic algorithm termed the Lightning search algorithm (LSA). In this model, the current–voltage relationship is heavily nonlinear, including several unknown factors because of the shortage of fuel cell data from the manufacturer's side. This issue can be treated as an optimization problem, and LSA is applied to detect its ability to solve this problem accurately. The objective function is the sum of the squared error between the estimated output voltage and the measured output voltage of the fuel cell. The constraints of the optimization problem involve the factors range (lower and upper limit). The LSA is utilized in minimizing the objective function. The effectiveness of the LSA-PEM fuel cell model is extensively verified using the simulation results performed under different operating conditions. The simulation results of the proposed model are compared with the measured results of three commercial fuel cells, such as Ballard Mark V 5 kW, BCS 500 W and Nedstack PS6 6 kW, to obtain a realistic study. The results of the proposed algorithm are also compared with different optimized models to validate the model and, further, to determine where LSA stands in terms of precision. In this regard, the proposed model can yield a lower SSE by more than 5% in some cases and high performance of the LSA-PEMFC model. With the results obtained, it can be concluded that LSA prevails as a potential optimization algorithm to develop a precise PEM fuel cell model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the active distribution networks (ADNs), the emerging trend of high penetration of sustainable energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaics, and the forthcoming integration of energy storage devices and additional dynamic loads like plug‐in‐electric vehicles (PEVs) influences to change the nature of electric distribution networks. Consequently, it deteriorates power quality and reliability in terms of unacceptable voltage rise‐drop, harmonic distortion, voltage unbalance, and excessive power loss. In this context of transition into the active distribution network, the probabilistic optimal power flow (P‐OPF) in the ADN is considered an important tool that helps the distribution grid operators for defining the optimal settings of the system's control variables. However, the optimal solution of P‐OPF becomes highly complex while considering the multiple variables, time‐varying characteristics and operational uncertainties associated with sustainable resources, consumer behaviour and electricity market prices. This review aims at promoting the research and discussion of P‐OPF studies in the context of ADNs characteristics and challenges. First, we perform a data‐driven and visualized scientometric analysis of 1988 quality documents retrieved from the Scopus during the last ten years using VOSviewer software. Second, an in‐depth investigation of the recent and emerging techniques for solving the P‐OPF problem is presented. Third, a set of recommendations and highlights of future challenges for P‐OPF in ADNs are offered. The review findings showed high interest among the scientific community in sustainable energy source integration, given the recent rise in publications and citations. Also, there is still a lack of innovative optimization techniques that can adequately handle the current issues associated with P‐OPF and objectives with fair computational efficiency and accuracy. Finally, this paper offers a guide for P‐OPF researchers to navigate the recent studies considering the sustainable sources, spot the new research frontiers, and identify the most impactful countries and publishers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel hybrid optimization technique based on a machine learning (ML) approach and transient search optimization (TSO) to solve the optimal power flow problem. First, the study aims at developing and evaluating the proposed hybrid ML-TSO algorithm. To do so, the optimization technique is implemented to solve the classical optimal power flow problem (OPF), with an objective function formulated to minimize the total generation costs. Second, the hybrid ML-TSO is adapted to solve the probabilistic OPF problem by studying the impact of the unavoidable uncertainty of renewable energy sources (solar photovoltaic and wind turbines) and time-varying load profiles on the generation costs. The evaluation of the proposed solution method is examined and validated on IEEE 57-bus and 118-bus standard systems. The simulation results and comparisons confirmed the robustness and applicability of the proposed hybrid ML-TSO algorithm in solving the classical and probabilistic OPF problems. Meanwhile, a significant reduction in the generation costs is attained upon the integration of the solar and wind sources into the investigated power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique plays a crucial role in improving the efficiency and performance of grid-connected renewable energy sources (RESs). This paper uses the African Vulture Optimization Algorithm (AVOA), a metaheuristic technique inspired by nature, to tune the proportional–integral (PI)-based MPPT controllers for hybrid RESs of solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind systems, as well as the PI controllers in a storage system that are used to smooth the output fluctuations of those RESs in a hybrid system. The performance of the AVOA is compared with that of the widely used the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique, which is commonly acknowledged as the foundation of swarm intelligence. As a result, this technique is introduced in this study to draw a comparison. It is observed that the proposed algorithm outperformed the PSO algorithm in terms of the tracking speed, robustness, and best convergence to the minimum value. A MATLAB/Simulink model was built, and optimization and simulation for the proposed system were carried out to verify the introduced algorithms. In conclusion, the optimization and simulation results showed that the AVOA is a promising method for solving a variety of engineering problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we use a nonlinear model of a grid-connected Archimedes wave swing (AWS) to explore the actual generation potential of this wave energy conversion system. Our model has never been used before for a grid-connected AWS. The control system employs six proportional-integral (PI) controllers to maximize the energy harvest from waves, to minimize the generator power losses, and to maintain both the grid and DC link voltages at their reference values. The PI controller parameters were selected using a hybrid augmented grey wolf optimizer and cuckoo search (AGWO-CS) algorithm. The results obtained from MATLAB Simulink for different types of grid fault, with successful and unsuccessful reclosing of the circuit breakers, were compared with results from the particle swarm optimization (PSO) and COOT algorithms. To verify the accuracy of our control system, a grid-connected AWS was tested experimentally using a real-time RT-LAB simulator combined with OP4510. The results validated the efficiency and superiority of the control system using AGWO-CS and the results from simulation and experiment were similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to introduce a novel Circle Search Algorithm (CSA) with the purpose of obtaining a precise electrical model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Current-voltage and current-power curves are used to characterize the performance of PEMFCs. A nonlinear model with seven unknown parameters is used to describe these polarization curves. Estimating these unknown parameters is a critical issue because they influence the dynamic analysis of fuel cells in a variety of applications such as transportation and smart grids. The suggested method is based on minimizing the fitness function (the sum of the squared errors (SSE)) between estimated and measured voltage values. The CSA is compared to the neural network algorithm (NNA), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and the sine cosine algorithm (SCA). The optimization results reveal that the simulation times of the CSA, NNA, GWO, and SCA are 5.2, 6, 5.8, and 5.75 s, respectively. Moreover, the CSA converges to the best minimum within the first 100 iterations, which is faster than the other algorithms. The robustness of the CSA is verified using 20 independent runs, where the CSA achieves the smallest average and standard deviation. In addition, the t-test proves the superiority of the CSA compared to the other algorithms, where all p-values are less than 5%. The simulated I-V and I-P curves of the CSA-PEMFC model match the measured curves very closely. Moreover, the efficacy of the CSA-PEMFC model is evaluated under a variety of temperature and pressure conditions. Therefore, the suggested CSA-PEMFC model has the potential to be an accurate and efficient model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel metaheuristic optimization algorithm inspired by the geometrical features of circles, called the circle search algorithm (CSA). The circle is the most well-known geometric object, with various features including diameter, center, perimeter, and tangent lines. The ratio between the radius and the tangent line segment is the orthogonal function of the angle opposite to the orthogonal radius. This angle plays an important role in the exploration and exploitation behavior of the CSA. To evaluate the robustness of the CSA in comparison to other algorithms, many independent experiments employing 23 famous functions and 3 real engineering problems were carried out. The statistical results revealed that the CSA succeeded in achieving the minimum fitness values for 21 out of the tested 23 functions, and the p-value was less than 0.05. The results evidence that the CSA converged to the minimum results faster than the comparative algorithms. Furthermore, high-dimensional functions were used to assess the CSA's robustness, with statistical results revealing that the CSA is robust to high-dimensional problems. As a result, the proposed CSA is a promising algorithm that can be used to easily handle a wide range of optimization problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing electricity consumption and difficulty in upgrading existing infrastructures, ill‐conditioned power flow (PF) cases are becoming more frequent nowadays. In this context, classical robust solvers may be unsuitable for realistic networks, which typically encompass thousands of buses, because of their high computational burden or low convergence rate. This article tackles this issue by proposing a novel PF solver, which presents acceptable robustness and efficiency in solving large‐scale ill‐conditioned systems. The proposed algorithm collects the advantage of various numerical solvers, which by separate present different weaknesses, but actuating in coordination their strengths can be jointly exploited. More precisely, the robust Forward‐Euler and Trapezoidal rules are combined with the efficient Darvishi cubic technique. Thereby, an original predictor‐corrector algorithm is developed to effectively coordinate the different numerical algorithms involved, obtaining a robust but efficient yet solution procedure. Various large‐scale ill‐conditioned benchmark systems are studied under different stressing conditions. The results obtained with the developed technique are promising, outperforming other robust and standard PF solvers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the improved chaotic electromagnetic field optimization (ICEFO) algorithm is adopted to generate the optimal values of unknown parameters of fuel cells (FCs). The mathematical model of polymer electrolyte membrane FC (PEMFC) considers nonlinear and complex optimization problems with different control variables. The sum of squared error between the measured and computed stack voltages is considered as the main objective function. The performance of the ICEFO algorithm is tested on three PEMFC stacks. Moreover, sensitivity and statistical measures are presented to confirm the reliability and accuracy of ICEFO. In addition, the effect of changing the cell temperature and reactants pressures is studied for more validation of ICEFO. Furthermore, the results obtained by ICEFO are competitive compared with other optimization methods. These results confirm the effectiveness of ICEFO in solving the optimization problem of PEMFC parameter estimation. Finally, based on the optimization results a Simulink model for PEMFC is developed to examine the dynamic performance of the PEMFCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the past several years, the renewable energy contribution and particularly the contribution of wind energy to electrical grid systems increased significantly, along with the problem of keeping the systems stable. This article presents a new optimization technique entitled the Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) that enhances the wind energy conversion system's stability, integrated with a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) system that uses a proportional integral (PI) controller. The AOA is a modern population technique based on Archimedes' law of physics. The SMES system has a big impact in integrating wind generators with the electrical grid by regulating the output of wind generators and strengthening the power system's performance. In this study, the AOA was employed to determine the optimum conditions of the PI controller that regulates the charging and discharging of the SMES system. The simulation outcomes of the AOA, the genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) were compared to ensure the efficacy of the introduced optimization algorithm. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the optimally controlled SMES system, using the AOA in smoothing the output power variations and increasing the stability of the system under various operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a robust model predictive controller (MPC) to operate an automatic voltage regulator (AVR). The design strategy tends to handle the uncertainty issue of the AVR parameters. Frequency domain conditions are derived from the Hermite–Biehler theorem to maintain the stability of the perturbed system. The tuning of the MPC parameters is performed based on a new evolutionary algorithm named arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA), while the expert designers use trial and error methods to achieve this target. The stability constraints are handled during the tuning process. An effective time-domain objective is formulated to guarantee good performance for the AVR by minimizing the voltage maximum overshoot and the response settling time simultaneously. The results of the suggested AOA-based robust MPC are compared with various techniques in the literature. The system response demonstrates the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed strategy with low control effort against the voltage variations and the parameters' uncertainty compared with other techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces an application of the recently developed hunger games search (HGS) optimization algorithm. The HGS is combined with chaotic maps to propose a new Chaotic Hunger Games search (CHGS). It is applied to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The OPF is solved to minimize the generation costs while satisfying the systems' constraints. Moreover, the article presents optimal siting for mixed renewable energy sources, photovoltaics, and wind farms. Furthermore, the effect of adding renewable energy sources on the overall generation costs value is investigated. The exploration field of the optimization problem is the active output power of each generator in each studied system. The CHGS also obtains the best candidate design variables, which corresponds to the minimum possible cost function value. The robustness of the introduced CHGS algorithm is verified by performing the simulation 20 independent times for two standard IEEE systems—IEEE 57-bus and 118-bus systems. The results obtained are presented and analyzed. The CHGS-based OPF was found to be competitive and superior to other optimization algorithms applied to solve the same optimization problem in the literature. The contribution of this article is to test the improvement done to the proposed method when applied to the OPF problem, as well as the study of the addition of renewable energy sources on the introduced objective function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of electronic infrastructures and communication technologies and protocols, electric grids have evolved towards the concept of Smart Grids, which enable the communication of the different agents involved in their operation, thus notably increasing their efficiency. In this context, microgrids and nanogrids have emerged as invaluable frameworks for optimal integration of renewable sources, electric mobility, energy storage facilities and demand response programs. This paper discusses a DC isolated nanogrid layout for the integration of renewable generators, battery energy storage, demand response activities and electric vehicle charging infrastructures. Moreover, a stochastic optimal scheduling tool is developed for the studied nanogrid, suitable for operators integrated into local service entities along with the energy retailer. A stochastic model is developed for fast charging stations in particular. A case study serves to validate the developed tool and analyze the economical and operational implications of demand response programs and charging infrastructures. Results evidence the importance of demand response initiatives in the economic profit of the retailer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel minimum seeking algorithm referred to as the Hunger Games Search (HGS) algorithm. The HGS is used to obtain optimal values in the model describing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The PEMFC model has many parameters that are linked in a nonlinear manner, as well as a set of constraints. The HGS was used with the aforementioned model to test its performance against nonlinear models. The main aim of the optimization problem was to obtain accurate values of PEMFC parameters. The proposed heuristic algorithm was used with two commercial PEMFCs: the Ballard Mark V and the BCS 500 W. The simulation results obtained using the HGS-based model were compared to the experimental results. The effectiveness of the proposed model was verified under various temperature and partial pressure conditions. The numerical output results of the HGS-based fuel cell model were compared with other optimization algorithm-based models with respect to their efficiency. Moreover, the parametric t-test and other statistical analysis methods were employed to check the robustness of the proposed algorithm under various independent runs. Using the proposed HGS-based PEMFC model, a model with very high precision could be obtained, affecting the operation and control of the fuel cells in the simulation analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]