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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic and pathogenic bacterium with the ability to produce cyclodipeptides (CDPs), which belong to a large family of molecules with important biological activities. Excessive amounts of CDPs produced by Pseudomonas strains can activate an auxin response in Arabidopsis thaliana and promote plant growth. Target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic protein kinase that coordinates cell growth and metabolic processes in response to environmental and nutritional signals. Target of rapamycin kinase phosphorylates various substrates, of which S6 ribosomal protein kinase (S6K) is particularly well known. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway has been studied extensively in mammals because of its association with fundamental biological processes including cell differentiation. However, evidences suggest that this pathway also has specific and conserved functions in plants and may thus be conserved, as are several of its components like TOR complex 1 and S6K proteins. In plants, TOR-S6K signaling has been shown to be modulated in response to plant growth promoters or stressors. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effects of P. aeruginosa CDPs on the growth and root development of maize plants (Zea mays L.) by adding different CDPs concentrations on culture plant media, as well as the effect on the phosphorylation of the maize S6K protein (ZmS6K) by protein electrophoresis and western blot. Results: Our results showed that P. aeruginosa CDPs promoted maize growth and development, including modifications in the root system architecture, correlating with the increased ZmS6K phosphorylation and changes induced in electrophoretic mobility, suggesting post-translational modifications on ZmS6K. These findings suggest that the plant growth-promoting effect of the Pseudomonas genus, associated with the CDPs production, involves the TOR/S6K signaling pathway as a mechanism of plant growth and root development in plant-microorganism interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical era of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices has debunked many myths about the dire need of a pulse for human existence. While this therapy has been documented to provide a clear survival benefit in end-stage heart failure patients, we are now faced with certain morbidity challenges that as of yet have no easy mechanistic physiological explanation. The effect of physiological changes on end-organ function in patients supported by continuous-flow ventricular assist devices may offer insight into some of these morbidities. We therefore present a review of current evidence documenting the impact of continuous flow on end-organ function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cell growth is regulated by the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, which integrates environmental cues in eukaryotes. In plants the final organ size is determined by the number and cell size. Several proteins involved in the TOR signaling pathway are conserved in plants, although a differential regulation has been proposed because insensitivity to rapamycin by Arabidopsis thaliana was reported. Reports about the role of auxin in the activation of maize S6 ribosomal protein kinase (S6K), a downstream substrate of TOR, have been published indicating a central role of the TOR pathway in the regulation of plant growth. However, in addition to phytohormones, there are a variety of plant growth regulators, including cell wall fragments called oligogalacturonides (OGs). Here we report the effect of OGs on maize growth and development, as well as on S6K activation. We found that oligogalacturonides inhibit coleoptile growth and modify root architecture of maize seedlings. Western blot analyses indicated a modulation of maize S6K activity from seedlings and embryonic axes in response to OGs treatment. These results show that oligosaccharides regulate growth and development through the modulation of TOR signaling pathway in maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]