Search

A commercial grade Nd15.5Fe78B5Cu1.5 alloy was prepared through the melting-casting route. The as-cast (AC) alloy was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy techniques. XRD and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analyses revealed the presence of Nd2Fe14B, Nd2Fe17, Nd-rich phase (Nd/NdCu eutectic), and α-Fe phases in the AC specimen. Retainment of α-Fe in the AC microstructure makes a core-shell type microstructure in this condition. Thermodynamic predictions based on the non-equilibrium (Scheil-Gulliver) solidification calculations validate the retainment of both α-Fe and Nd2Fe17 phases in the AC microstructure. A homogenization treatment has been conducted at 1373 K for 2 h, which effectively results in a substantial reduction in the phase fraction of remnant α-Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A robust method for enhancing the dispersion and stabilization of small metal nanoparticles in heterogeneous catalysts is developed. It involves in situ complexation of palladium(II) by histidine, in water, prior to impregnation in fumed silica. TEM images show that the histidine facilitates dispersion of the Pd(II) into finer nanoscale particles (≈2 nm) uniformly distributed on the support, rather than the large clusters (≈5 nm) seen in the absence of histidine. After hydrogen reduction, assessments using CO chemisorption and propylene hydrogenation indicate that the coordinated histidine might obscure the active sites on the Pd particles. However, as histidine decomposes between 220 and 300 °C in air, these materials are treated at 225 °C in air for 48 h. Afterwards the Pd(II) particles remain the same size, but after hydrogen reduction, there is a 2.4‐fold increase in CO gas adsorption, indicative of an expanded Pd surface area. Furthermore, superior catalyst stability (activity >200 h) is observed during propylene hydrogenation at 250 °C. This is consistent with histidine use having generated widely spaced, uniformly small, Pd nanoparticles on the silica support which is expected to help prevent agglomeration (sintering) during catalysis. This is a convenient low‐cost strategy for reducing metal content, preventing sintering and optimizing catalyst performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive efficiency in buffalo is highly influenced by seasonal variability. Angiogenesis in the reproductive cycle is important for optimal physiological functioning of uterus. Estrogen receptor‐α (ERα), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphatase diaphorase (NADPH‐d) are vital indicators for the uterine angiogenic process. This study was conducted to see the effect of season on the expression of different uterine angiogenic factors. Season wise (winter and summer) and phase wise (follicular and luteal), immune staining intensity of buffalo uterus was measured by calculating the optical density value (OD) for ERα and VEGF. Percentage of immuno‐positive cell count for ERα was done. Histoenzymic NADPH‐d expression was analysed. Expression of all these factors increased during follicular phase of oestrous cycle in order to support the angiogenesis; however, the expression was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in term of OD value as well as percentage count of immuno‐positive cells during summer season indicating lower angiogenic activity that subsequently affected reproduction in buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Defensins are key effector molecules of innate immunity that can contribute towards the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The present study was conducted to investigate the role of alpha‑defensins in patients with COPD by quantifying serum and sputum samples. Methods: A total of 180 patients were enrolled and divided into four groups, and sputum and serum values of alpha‑defensins were assessed. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of sputum alpha‑defensin as a diagnostic biomarker were evaluated to assess its utility in diagnosing COPD. Results: The mean value of sputum alpha‑defensins was found to be statistically significant amongst the four groups (P < 0.001). The highest levels were found in subjects with AECOPD (385.76 ± 116.62 ng/mL). Sputum alpha‑defensins were found to be negatively correlated with FEV 1 values (rho = −0.31, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Sputum alpha‑defensins can be used as a potential marker for predicting acute exacerbation of COPD. In addition, they could serve as an indicator of disease severity in COPD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gross morphological examination of native caprine heart valves revealed distinctive structural characteristics of the caprine's cardiac anatomy. Four primary orifices were identified, each protected by thin, valve‐like structures. Atrioventricular orifices featured tricuspid and bicuspid valves, while the aorta and pulmonary arteries were guarded by semilunar valves. Within the atrioventricular apparatus, distinct features were observed including the tricuspid valve's three leaflets and the bicuspid valve's anterior and posterior leaflets. Ultrasonography provided insights into valve thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Morphometric studies compared leaflets/cusps within individual native valves, showcasing significant variations in dimensions. Comparative analysis between native and decellularized valves highlighted the effects of decellularization on leaflet thickness and chordae tendineae lengths. Decellularized valves exhibited reduced dimensions compared to native valves, indicating successful removal of cellular components. While some dimensions remained unchanged post‐decellularization, significant reductions were observed in leaflet thicknesses and chordae tendineae lengths. Notably, semilunar valve cusps displayed varying responses to decellularization, with significant reductions in cusp lengths observed in the aortic valve, while the pulmonary valve exhibited more subtle changes. These findings underscore the importance of understanding structural alterations in heart valves post‐decellularization, providing valuable insights for tissue engineering applications and regenerative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromorphic visual systems based on optogenetic techniques have colossal potential for in‐memory computing with prospects of developing artificial intelligence vision systems. However, conventional transistor architectures face formidable challenges in efficient signal processing owing to limitations in the intrinsic properties of active channel materials. In this work, a novel transition metal telluride‐sulfide hybrid heterojunction‐based optoelectronic synaptic phototransistor is proposed, in which UV–vis responsive zinc oxide encapsulated few‐layer tungsten disulfide channel is decorated with near‐infrared sensitive 0D cobalt ditelluride (CoTe2) nanocrystals (NCs), eliciting the ability to sense, store, and process optical signals across a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum. This meticulously designed three‐layered heterostructure, based on their interfacial band alignments, enables high photoresponsivity up to ≈2.6 × 103 A W−1 at a back‐gate bias of 20 V, leading to the brain‐inspired synaptic applications with an average power consumption as low as 75 pJ for each training process. The device exhibits excitatory postsynaptic current, paired‐pulse facilitation with an index above 150%, as well as light‐modulated synaptic plasticity by mimicking biological synapses, which mainly originate from trapped holes in Co‐vacancy mediated surface defect states of CoTe2 NCs. Hence, this 2D material‐based hybrid phototransistor appears to be a promising candidate for energy‐efficient next‐generation brain‐inspired neuromorphic vision systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leading phytopathological research is focused on managing seed-borne pathogens of rice through the utilization of engineered nanomaterials. Herein, blue laser–induced topo-morphologically nano-advanced copper salicylates (Cu-SA) (Cu/SA in 1:1 and 1:2 ratio) were prepared and evaluated for their augmented antifungal potential along seed invigoration effects in contrast to their prepared sonicated formulations. Laser disintegration on the Cu-SA (Cu/SA in 1:1 and 1:2 ratio) was achieved with high degree of success and precision using blue laser, which yielded uniformly distributed spherical nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution and better crystallinity than aqua-dispersed sonicated formulations. In vitro antifungal evaluation against seed-borne fungi of rice viz. Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium fujikuroi revealed multiple times the augmented potential of laser-disintegrated nanoformulations (l-CuSA) than sonicated (s-CuSA) and bulk samples. Laser-induced nano-sodium bis(2-oxobenzoato)cuprate (II) (l-CuSA2) with Cu/SA in 1:2 ratio was the best to inhibit the in vitro fungal growth. Ultra-micrographs and fungal double-staining assay further rationalized the membrane disruption as the mode of action for the fungitoxicity. Nanopriming of fungal infested rice seeds with l-CuSA2 at 2500 μg/mL for 8 h showed the maximum reduction of seed rot (80.43%) and seedling blight (63.15%) with respect to control (untreated). The seed-invigorating factors of l-CuSA2 nanoprimed seeds were enhanced to maximum extent and showed the highest per cent germination (35.29%), shoot length (11.42%), root length (21.14%), dry weight (75.43%) and vigour index (81.04%) over the control. Inclusively, the seed nanopriming with l-CuSA2 proved as agro-compatible hypo-toxic semi natural nanoplatform for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design and construction of a duo-active electrocatalyst with effective performance and enhanced stability for overall water splitting have been in the spotlight to meet the demand for renewable energy. Herein, we report the fabrication of a stannatranone pillared metal-organic framework via a coprecipitation approach and further its decoration with gold nanoparticles (size D 10.86 nm) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The Au-anchored Sn-Na MOF (Au NPs/Sn-Na MOF) exhibited a remarkable electric activity with low overpotential (Z) of 129 mV for the HER at a current density of 10 mA cm-2, and 650 mV for the OER at a current density of 20 mA cm-2. The slope values were found to be 62.3 mV dec-1 and 37.8 mV dec-1, respectively. The heightened OER and HER activities can be ascribed to its substantial electrochemically active surface area of 17.4 mF cm-2. The mechanistic studies revealed that Au NPs/Sn-Na MOF provides active surface sites for water adsorption and facilitates subsequent dissociation to form H2 and O2. Furthermore, the pillared structure of the MOF with stannatranone knots made the skeleton highly stable under basic conditions for its potential application in overall water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread usage of coal for power generation necessitates continuing mining. While producing a valuable resource, this method significantly degrades the natural environment, notably the local vegetation. Once mining has stopped, reclaiming the destroyed areas to restore the natural landscape is critical. Mining activities have been going on for centuries; however, monitoring reclaimed areas through field-based methods is inefficient and time-consuming. In contrast, the expanding accessibility of geospatial data over the last five decades has aided in the accurate and consistent mapping and monitoring of reclaimed mining zones. Keeping in line, the present study utilized Landsat TM/OLI data from 2005 to 2021 to track reclamation success in a part of Jharia Coalfield, India. The methods included deriving Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation health, density, and vigour; and visual appreciation using a variety of RGB combinations of three date NDVI images. Later, a statistical threshold method based on Z-scores was employed to quantify the NDVI change values into three categories- Decrease, Unchanged and Increase. According to these analyses, the reclamation success in the study area ranged from modest to good. In the two focus areas, there has been an increase of 72 and 76 hectares in the Increase class. The accuracy of the classified change image was calculated to be 84.4 per cent. Until recently, no such work has been reported from the study area. The present research results are critical to mining professionals, environmentalists, and society and provide a promising way to inform about the success of reclamation activities and their monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lignocellulolytic accessory enzyme, Feruloyl esterase C (FE_5DR), encoded in the genome of thermotolerant Myceliophthora verrucosa was successfully cloned and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. The expressed FE_5DR was purified using UNOsphere™ Q anion exchange chromatography column, exhibiting a homogeneous band of ~ 39 kDa. Its optimum temperature was determined to be 60 °C, with an optimal pH of 6.0. Additionally, the enzyme activity of FE_5DR was significantly enhanced by preincubation in a buffer containing Mg2+, Cu2+ and Ca2 metal ions. Enzyme kinetic parameters, computed from double reciprocal Lineweaver–Burk plots, yielded observed Vmax and Km values of 0.758 U/mg and 0.439 mM, respectively. Furthermore, the potential of custom-made cocktails comprising FE_5DR and benchmark cellulase derived from the developed mutant strain of Aspergillus allahabadii MAN 40, as well as the biorefinery-relevant lignocellulolytic enzyme Cellic CTec 3, resulted in improved saccharification of unwashed acid pretreated (UWAP) rice straw slurry and mild alkali deacetylated (MAD) rice straw when compared to benchmark MAN 40 and Cellic CTec 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the causative organism of tuberculosis. Cholesterol is a crucial carbon source required for the survival of MTB in host cells. Transcription factor NR1H3 along with its important target genes ABCA1 and ApoE play important role in removal of extra cholesterol from cells. Changes in the gene expression of NR1H3, ABCA1 and ApoE can affect cholesterol homeostasis and thus the survival of MTB in host cells.Therefore, the present study was designed to analyze the mRNA expression of NR1H3, ABCA1 and ApoE in pulmonary TB (PTB) patients from the population of Punjab, India. Methods and results: In this study, mRNA expression of the transcription factor NR1H3 and its target genes ABCA1 and ApoE was analyzed in 89 subjects, including 41 PTB patients and 48 healthy controls (HCs) by real-time quantitative PCR. It was found that the mRNA expression of both NR1H3 and ABCA1 genes was significantly lower in TB patients than in HCs (p < 0.001). Even after sex-wise stratification of the subjects, mRNA expression of NR1H3 and ABCA1 was found to be down-regulated in both male and female TB patients. No significant difference was observed in expression of ApoE (p = 0.98). Conclusions: The present study found that the mRNA expression of NR1H3 and ABCA1 is down-regulated in TB patients from Punjab state of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CNS is a common site for distant metastasis and treatment failure in melanoma patients. This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion rate of patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBM) in prospective clinical trials. 69.3% of trials excluded MBM patients based on their CNS disease. In univariate analysis, trials not employing immunotherapy (p = 0.0174), inclusion of leptomeningeal disease (p < 0.0001) and non-pharmaceutical sponsor trials (p = 0.0461) were more likely to enroll patients with MBM. Thoughtful reconsideration of clinical trial designs is needed to give patients with MBMs access to promising investigational agents and improve outcomes for patients with MBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulolytic enzymes from a novel Myceliophthora verrucosa (5DR) strain was found to potentiate the efficacy of benchmark cellulase during saccharification of acid/alkali treated bagasse by ~ 2.24 fold, indicating it to be an important source of auxiliary enzymes. The De-novo sequencing and analysis of M. verrucosa genome (31.7 Mb) revealed to encode for 7989 putative genes, representing a wide array of CAZymes (366) with a high proportions of auxiliary activity (AA) genes (76). The LC/MS QTOF based secretome analysis of M. verrucosa showed high abundance of glycosyl hydrolases and AA proteins with cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) (AA8), being the most prominent auxiliary protein. A gene coding for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) was expressed in Pichia pastoris and CDH produced by M. verrucosa culture on rice straw based solidified medium were purified and characterized. The mass spectrometry of LPMO catalyzed hydrolytic products of avicel showed the release of both C1/C4 oxidized products, indicating it to be type-3. The lignocellulolytic cocktail comprising of in-house cellulase produced by Aspergillus allahabadii strain spiked with LPMO & CDH exhibited enhanced and better hydrolysis of mild alkali deacetylated (MAD) and unwashed acid pretreated rice straw slurry (UWAP), when compared to Cellic CTec3 at high substrate loading rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a common psychiatric comorbidity among patients with epilepsy (PWE), affecting more than a third of PWE. Management of depression may improve quality of life of epileptic patients. Unfortunately, available antidepressants worsen epilepsy by reducing the seizure threshold. This situation demands search of new safer target for combined directorate of epilepsy and comorbid depression. A system biology approach may be useful to find novel pathways/markers for the cure of both epilepsy and associated depression via analyzing available genomic and proteomic information. Hence, the system biology approach using curated 64 seed genes involved in temporal lobe epilepsy and mental depression was applied. The interplay of 600 potential proteins was revealed by the Disease Module Detection (DIAMOnD) Algorithm for the treatment of both epilepsy and comorbid depression using these seed genes. The gene enrichment analysis of seed and diamond genes through DAVID suggested 95 pathways. Selected pathways were refined based on their syn or anti role in epilepsy and depression. In conclusion, total 8 pathways and 27 DIAMOnD genes/proteins were finally deduced as potential new targets for modulation of selected pathways to manage epilepsy and comorbid depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research endeavor, we sought to enhance the efficacy of bamboo fibers through modification with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) for the purpose of removing Reactive Blue 235 from effluent. Our investigation encompassed a comprehensive exploration of the impact of crucial parameters, namely, adsorbent dosage (0.25 g–1.25 g), contact time (10–80 min), pH (2–12), initial dye concentration (20–100 mg/L), and temperature (298 K, 308 K, and 318 K) on the dynamics of dye removal. The optimum dye removal efficiency of 94% for Reactive Blue 235 was obtained at an adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g/50 ml of dye solution, initial dye concentration of 40 mg/L, pH of 6, and contact time of 40 min. The experimental framework included the anticipation of data aligned with various isothermal and kinetic models, facilitating a nuanced understanding of the adsorption process. Our findings unveiled that the kinetics of adsorption adhered to a second-order model, while the Langmuir isotherm model aptly described the adsorption behavior. Particularly noteworthy was the monolayer's adsorption capacity, quantified at an impressive 7.39 mg·g−1 at a temperature of 318 K. The value of Freundlich's constant, K F , increases with an increase in temperature indicating the endothermic nature of adsorption. The magnitude of E obtained from Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm varying from 3.92 to 4.66 kJ/mol on increasing temperature from 298 K to 318 K suggests that adsorption of RB235 on BAT is a physisorption (value of E is between 1 and 8 kJ/mol). Delving into the thermodynamic aspects of the process, we calculated ΔH and ΔS to be 54.88 kJ/mol and 184.54 J/mol/K, respectively. The consistently negative values of ΔG (between −0.183 kJ/mol and −3.884 kJ/mol) at all temperatures underscored the feasibility, spontaneity, and entropy-driven nature of the adsorption of RB235 on CTAB-treated bamboo fiber (BAT). What sets our study apart is the deliberate utilization of bamboo fibers sourced from local waste streams, embodying a commitment to sustainable practices. Beyond its effectiveness in effluent treatment, our approach aligns with eco-friendly principles by repurposing indigenous waste materials, contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Parseval K - g -frames are constructed from a given K - g -frame by scaling the elements of the K - g -frame with the help of diagonal operators, and these frames are named scalable K - g -frames. Also, we prove some properties of scalable K - g -frames and construct new scalable K - g -frames from a given K - g -frame. The necessary and sufficient conditions for a K - g -frame to be scalable are given. Further, equivalent conditions for the scalability of K - g -frames and the K -frames induced by K - g -frames are obtained. Finally, it is shown that the direct sum of two scalable K - g -frames is again a scalable K - g -frame for some suitable bounded linear operator K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation is a distinguished clinical manifestation of COVID-19 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), often associated with inflammatory dysfunctions, insulin resistance, metabolic dysregulation, and other complications. The present study aims to test the hypothesis that serum concentrations of PAR-1 levels differ between COVID-19 diabetic patients (T2DM) and non-diabetic COVID-19 patients and determine their association with different biochemical parameters and inflammatory biomarkers. T2DM patients with COVID-19 (n = 50) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of (9.23 ± 1.66) and non-diabetic COVID-19 patients (n = 50) with HbA1c levels (4.39 ± 0.57) were recruited in this study. The serum PAR-1 levels (ELISA method) were determined in both groups and correlated with parameters such as age, BMI, inflammatory markers including CRP, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), D-dimer, homocysteine, and N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). Demographic variables such as BMI (29.21 ± 3.52 vs. controls 21.30 ± 2.11) and HbA1c (9.23 ± 1.66 vs. controls 4.39 ± 0.57) were found to be statistically elevated in COVID-19 T2DM patients compared to non-diabetic COVID-19 patients. The concentrations of several inflammatory biomarkers and PAR-1 were remarkably increased in the COVID-19 T2DM group when compared with the non-diabetic COVID-19 group. The univariate analysis revealed that increased serum PAR-1 estimations were positively correlated with enhanced HbA1c, BMI, inflammatory cytokines, D-dimer, homocysteine, and NT-proBNP. The findings in the current study suggest that increased levels of serum PAR-1 in the bloodstream could potentially serve as an independent biomarker of inflammation in COVID-19 patients with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Respiratory symptoms are ubiquitous in children and, even though they may be the harbinger of poor longterm outcomes, are often trivialised. Adverse exposures pre-conception, antenatally and in early childhood have lifetime impacts on respiratory health. For the most part, lung function tracks from the pre-school years at least into late middle age, and airflow obstruction is associated not merely with poor respiratory outcomes but also early all-cause morbidity and mortality. Much would be preventable if social determinants of adverse outcomes were to be addressed. This review presents the perspectives of paediatricians from many different contexts, both high and low income, including Europe, the Americas, Australasia, India, Africa and China. It should be noted that there are islands of poverty within even the highest income settings and, conversely, opulent areas in even the most deprived countries. The heaviest burden of any adverse effects falls on those of the lowest socioeconomic status. Themes include passive exposure to tobacco smoke and indoor and outdoor pollution, across the entire developmental course, and lack of access even to simple affordable medications, let alone the new biologicals. Commonly, disease outcomes are worse in resource-poor areas. Both within and between countries there are avoidable gross disparities in outcomes. Climate change is also bearing down hardest on the poorest children. This review highlights the need for vigorous advocacy for children to improve lifelong health. It also highlights that there are ongoing culturally sensitive interventions to address social determinants of disease which are already benefiting children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic fibers were synthesized by the lumen loading method using bamboo fibers as a cellulose source and cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with polyethylenimine (PEI) as a retention aid. Bamboo fiber is a significant fibrous raw material, and cobalt ferrite particles are suitable for magnetic modification. The resulting composite retained the intrinsic features of cellulose fiber while gaining the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol–gel technique and coated with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) molecules before being functionalized with PEI. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and vibrating-sample magnetometry (VSM) were used to characterize the samples. The nanoparticles produced had an inverse cubic spinel crystalline structure and exhibited ferrimagnetic activity. The coercivity value for modified fiber produced was greater than 200 Oe, indicating that it may be utilized for magnetic recording. Lumen-Loading procedure of CoFe2O4-SiO2-PEI on the disintegrated bamboo fibers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetocaloric materials (MCM) have garnered significant attention within the research community, as they can minimize the use of harmful gases such as chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons, and provide eco-friendly refrigeration. Heusler alloys (Ni2MnGa) are known for their magnetocaloric effects, which make them useful as energy-efficient and eco-friendly refrigerating materials. Magnetocaloric properties depend significantly on the composition of these alloys. Ni-Mn-Ga is an interesting Heusler system which exhibits magnetocaloric properties. In the present study, we performed thermodynamic optimization of two sub-binaries of the Ni-Mn-Ga system, Mn-Ga and Ni-Ga, using the CALPHAD approach. Both binaries were combined with Mn-Ni to develop a self-consistent thermodynamic database for Ni-Mn-Ga. In order to resolve the existing experimental discrepancies in the Mn-Ga and Ni-Ga system, a few alloy compositions were prepared and analysed using differential thermal analysis. Finally, the developed thermodynamic database was used to calculate the T0 (K) or the martensite start temperature. The influence of varying Mn, Ni, and Ga concentrations on T0 (K) is discussed using the hybridization theory, and the current calculation results are compared with previous experiments in the literature. Lastly, a few compositions in the Mn-rich region are proposed which exhibit comparable or better magnetocaloric properties relative to the existing alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports a highly thermostable β-glucosidase (GH3) from Rasamsonia emersonii that was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris. Extracellular β-glucosidase was purified to homogeneity using single step affinity chromatography with molecular weight of ~ 110 kDa. Intriguingly, the purified enzyme displayed high tolerance to inhibitors mainly acetic acid, formic acid, ferulic acid, vanillin and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural at concentrations exceeding those present in acid steam pretreated rice straw slurry used for hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation in 2G ethanol plants. Characteristics of purified β-glucosidase revealed the optimal activity at 80 °C, pH 5.0 and displayed high thermostability over broad range of temperature 50–70 °C with maximum half-life of ~ 60 h at 50 °C, pH 5.0. The putative transglycosylation activity of β-glucosidase was appreciably enhanced in the presence of methanol as an acceptor. Using the transglycosylation ability of β-glucosidase, the generated low cost mixed glucose disaccharides resulted in the increased induction of R. emersonii cellulase under submerged fermentation. Scaling up the recombinant protein production at fermenter level using temporal feeding approach resulted in maximal β-glucosidase titres of 134,660 units/L. Furthermore, a developed custom made enzyme cocktail consisting of cellulase from R. emersonii mutant M36 supplemented with recombinant β-glucosidase resulted in significantly enhanced hydrolysis of pretreated rice straw slurry from IOCL industries (India). Our results suggest multi-faceted β-glucosidase from R. emersonii can overcome obstacles mainly high cost associated enzyme production, inhibitors that impair the sugar yields and thermal inactivation of enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of laboratory-confirmed pertussis (LCP) among infants hospitalized with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and meeting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-recommended clinical case definition. Methods: An investigator-initiated active surveillance for clinically suspected cases (CSCs) of pertussis screened infants aged ≤6 mo hospitalized with ARIs during January 2020-April 2022 at seven centers across India. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect Bordetella pertussis in nasopharyngeal swabs. Infants were classified as having 'LCP' or 'probable pertussis' (PP). Results: Among 1102 screened infants, 400 participants met the CDC-2020 clinical case definition for pertussis. Of these, 34/400 (8.5%) had LCP and 46/400 (11.5%) had PP. The proportion of participants with LCP and PP was similar among infants aged 0-3 and 4-6 mo [LCP: 0-3 mo, 21/248 (~9%); 4-6 mo, 13/152 (~9%); PP: 0-3 mo, 30/248 (~12%); 4-6 mo, 16/152 (~11%)]. Cough illness lasted ≥2 wk in 3/34 (~9%) and 34/46 (~74%) participants with LCP and PP, respectively. Notably, 80% CSCs had neither LCP nor PP, and a respiratory pathogen apart from B. pertussis was detected in ~32%. Ventilation was required in 12 participants with LCP/PP. Conclusions: In this first study from India based on revised CDC guidelines, the incidence of LCP was 8.5%; cough illness was not a predominant feature. Infants below the age appropriate for vaccination are prone to pertussis-related hospital admissions, ICU care, and ventilation. Maternal immunization may be evaluated for neonatal protection, in addition to other strategies, to decrease disease burden in this highly vulnerable group. Clinical Trial Registration Number: CTRI/2019/12/022449. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The injection of local anesthetics is the procedure that still causes the most fear and anxiety in a dental session; to minimize this problem, we can use topical anesthesia. The aim of this study is to analyze the tolerability and the clinical efficacy in the control of pain, during the subsequent injection of the local anesthetic, of an experimental anesthetic patch with a new formulation, which was previously tested in gel formula. Methods: A total of 150 children, aged 4 to 9 years, were included in the study. Each patient was treated using three different pre-anesthesia methods (placebo gel, experimental gel, and experimental patch), according to a split-mouth procedure, within a week of each other. The injection pain was analyzed using the WBFPRS and FLACC scales. Patients' caregivers' satisfaction was recorded at the end of the procedures. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA-RM, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney, Mann–Whitney U, and χ2 tests. Results: In this study, significantly higher pain ratings were observed with the topical placebo gel and lower pain ratings were observed with the experimental patch. Conclusion: The use of the patch proved to be very effective in reducing pain both subjectively and objectively, in the absence of both local and systemic side effects, validating its use in the oral mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lung cancer carries the highest cancer-related mortality rates worldwide. Despite all recent advances, the mortality from lung cancer is still rising. A better understanding of the risk factors may help us predict responses to chemotherapy for better management. Aim: To evaluate predictors of response to chemotherapy in advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine at Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India. A total of 60 confirmed cases of advanced (stage IIIB and IV) NSCLC patients were enrolled consecutively for a duration of two years. Baseline clinical parameters, routine blood tests, spirometry, exercise capacity using the 6 Minute Walk Test Distance (6MWTD), and Computed Tomography (CT)-based tumour size were recorded. Certain pre-defined patient, disease, and therapy-related factors (age, gender, dyspnoea, baseline blood tests, tumour size, histology, etc.) were evaluated for their possible role as predictors of treatment response in advanced NSCLC patients. A positive response was defined if the response to chemotherapy was Complete Response (CR) or Partial Response (PR), and a negative response if the response was Progressive Disease (PD) or Stable Disease (SD) as per revised RECIST (Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors) 1.1 criteria. Variables between the two groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. To find out the factors that may predict response to treatment, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Results: Out of a total of 60 confirmed cases of NSCLC patients, only 40 patients were able to complete the four cycles of chemotherapy. The mean age of the patients was 58.5±9.6 years. There were a total of 35 males (87.5%) and five females (12.5%) in the study. Out of 40 patients, 27 (67.5%) had squamous cell carcinoma and 13 (32.5%) had adenocarcinoma. On univariate analysis, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) had a statistically significant association with tumour response (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, advanced age (p=0.05) and high (>3.81) NLR (p=0.002) were found as independent predictors of poor response to chemotherapy. Conclusion: Pre-treatment high NLR and advanced age are significant factors for a poor response to chemotherapy treatment in advanced NSCLC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polyoxometalate Zn(II) cubane cage with intrinsic confined spaces constructed by the self-assembly of tetrametallic cubane clusters was obtained and utilized as a skeletal support for the encapsulation of gold nanoparticles. AuNP-encapsulated Zn(II) cubane cages (ZnCC@AuNPs) were characterized using FTIR, TGA, BET, SEM, TEM, XPS, and PXRD analysis. The catalytic activity of ZnCC@AuNPs for the hydrogenation of furfural to 2-methyl furan, which is an active precursor for biofuel production, was investigated. The anchored AuNPs generate Au–H species under visible light and catalyse the reaction in 2-propanol at 60 °C, yielding >99% of the product in just 1.5 h. The reaction kinetics and mechanism were confirmed by in situ ATR-IR and DFT studies. The parameter optimization suggested exceptional chemical stability and reusability of ZnCC@AuNPs as a catalyst without any agglomeration even after several cycles of use. These intriguing features are suitable for developing sustainably viable catalysts for the biomass refinery industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of ambient air quality is a pressing global concern, and India, as a developing nation, has witnessed a rapid surge in industrial activities in recent decades. This surge has resulted in numerous Indian cities ranking among the world's most polluted urban areas. Chandigarh, strategically positioned within the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP), has not escaped this distressing trend, experiencing a significant spike in air pollution levels. This study focuses on comprehending and addressing the air quality issues in Chandigarh, shedding light on the evolution of air pollution trends and their dependence on meteorological factors. Notably, the study reveals that, with the exception of O3, pollutant concentrations surge during the rice stubble burning season. These pollutants persist in the atmosphere for prolonged periods, exacerbating the situation during winter due to lower temperatures and heightened use of fossil fuels for heating by low-income households. In contrast, the wheat stubble burning period does not significantly impact pollutant concentrations. The study also identifies a spring peak in surface O3 concentrations, attributed to favorable high temperatures that promote the photochemical reactions responsible for this phenomenon, a distinctive feature in South Asia and the Himalayas. An examination of the connection between pollutant concentrations and meteorological parameters underscores that elevated pollutant levels, except for CO, are linked to lower relative humidity and temperatures. This suggests that current development patterns have contributed to the escalation of air pollution in Chandigarh, necessitating urgent interventions to preserve the city's aesthetics and the health of its residents. Furthermore, to model and monitor pollutant behavior in Chandigarh, more extensive and extended studies are imperative. Both short-term and long-term investigations into the environmental and health impacts of air pollutants, including primary and secondary pollutants, are of paramount importance. These endeavors are essential for the well-being of both the environment and the population of Chandigarh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing the productivity of seed potato production systems by improving the size of the tubers is a primary concern. Punjab, a state located in the northwest region of India, meets 60% of the country's seed requirements. In order to optimize the morpho‐physiological aspects, root structure, and overall yield of seed‐sized tubers, research trials were carried out at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana over two consecutive years. The trial consisted of 11 different treatments and was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The application of Gibberellic acid at a concentration of 200 ppm, at 45 and 60 days after sowing (DAS), resulted in significantly higher yields of seed‐sized tubers measuring <4.5 cm. This treatment also exhibited superior root architecture parameters and accumulation of dry matter, outperforming all other growth regulation treatments. Compared to the untreated control group, the Gibberellic acid application led to a remarkable increase of 45.9% and 39.8% in seed‐sized tuber yields. Furthermore, it significantly boosted the protein, starch, antioxidant (total phenols), sugar (total and reducing), and mineral content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in the tubers, surpassing the effects of all other growth regulation treatments. These results suggested that the exogenous use of gibberellic acid (200 ppm) at 45 and 60 DAS substantially improved the physiology, root architecture, and yield of seed‐sized tubers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased oxidative stress and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity are key pathological characters contributing to the memory disorders. Thus, drugs targeting both oxidative stress and AChE are being explored for the management of cognitive dysfunction. Morus alba fruits (commonly consumed for its high nutritious value) are known to have antioxidant and AChE inhibitory effects. However, the role of Morus alba fruits in the management of memory disorders has not reported yet. This investigation was conducted to assess the antioxidant and AChE inhibitory potential of Morus alba fruit extracts in-vitro and to identify the components responsible for such effects. Further, the obtained bioactive component was studied for possible memory improvement effects against streptozotocin (STZ) induced dementia. To isolate the bioactive component in-vitro DPPH and AChE assays guided fractionation was performed. Memory functions in mice were determined using Morris Water Maze test while brain biochemical parameters were measured to understand the mechanism of action. In-vitro assays revealed strong AChE and DPPH inhibitory potential of methanol extract (ME), therefore, it was further fractionated. Among various fractions obtained, ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) was found to possess marked AChE and DPPH inhibitory activities. On subsequent fractionation of EAF, bioactivity of obtained sub-fractions was found to be inferior to EAF. Further, both ME and EAF improved STZ (intracerebroventricular) induced cognitive dysfunction in animals by restoring endogenous antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione) and reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive species and nitric oxide levels along with brain AChE and myeloperoxidase activity. TLC densitometric studies showed appreciable levels of phenolic acids and quercetin in both EAF and ME. It can be concluded that Morus alba fruit extract has the ability to modulate cholinergic and oxidative system due to presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and hence, could aid in the management of memory disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enones are widely utilized linchpin functional groups in chemical synthesis and molecular biology. We herein report the direct conversion of boronic esters into enones using commercially available methoxyallene as a three‐carbon building block. Following boronate complex formation by reaction of the boronic ester with lithiated‐methoxyallene, protonation triggers a stereospecific 1,2‐migration before oxidation generates the enone. The protocol shows broad substrate scope and complete enantiospecificity is observed with chiral migrating groups. In addition, various electrophiles could be used to induce 1,2‐migration and give a much broader range of α‐functionalized enones. Finally, the methodology was applied to a 14‐step synthesis of the enone‐containing polyketide 10‐deoxymethynolide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enones are widely utilized linchpin functional groups in chemical synthesis and molecular biology. We herein report the direct conversion of boronic esters into enones using commercially available methoxyallene as a three‐carbon building block. Following boronate complex formation by reaction of the boronic ester with lithiated‐methoxyallene, protonation triggers a stereospecific 1,2‐migration before oxidation generates the enone. The protocol shows broad substrate scope and complete enantiospecificity is observed with chiral migrating groups. In addition, various electrophiles could be used to induce 1,2‐migration and give a much broader range of α‐functionalized enones. Finally, the methodology was applied to a 14‐step synthesis of the enone‐containing polyketide 10‐deoxymethynolide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the ultrasonically assisted plug vibrating tube drawing system was developed for an industrial draw bench and investigated using experimental and finite element (FE) modelling. The effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the induced residual stresses on the drawn steel tubes is evaluated using the mechanical and X-ray diffraction (×RD) method. The results indicate that the distribution of induced residual stresses mostly shows compressive stresses under ultrasonic vibrations. In contrast, the residual stresses are tensile in nature for conventionally drawn tubes, which are not very desirable. The experimental results show 11% reduction in draw load, while the FE analysis shows a 13% reduction in draw load, which indicates that the experimental and FE results are in good agreement. In addition, the effect of ultrasonic vibrations on the tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation is investigated and compared with samples from conventionally drawn tubes. The ultrasonic-assisted tube drawing has resulted in favourable tensile properties, which helps in improving the formability limit of the tubes. The Von Miss stress distribution obtained indicates that the ultrasonically assisted drawing results in a more uniform and lower Von Mises stress when compared to conventionally drawn tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (E/T/I) has been associated with substantial multisystem benefits for people with CF eligible for therapy. In a minority, tolerance has been limited by hepatic toxicity. It is unknown whether there may be particular risk factors for significant drug-induced elevation in transaminases. Objective: We aimed to determine the cause of raised transaminases following the introduction of E/T/I, and whether E/T/I can safely be continued in some individuals with elevated transaminases. Methods: At a large, single, adult CF centre, individuals with transaminases >3 × the upper limit of normal (ULN) since commencing E/T/I underwent clinical assessment to exclude known causes of raised transaminases. Where an alternative cause could not be identified, individuals were discussed with hepatology to advise on further investigations to establish aetiology in addition to calculation of the updated Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) score to assess causality grading of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) due to E/T/I, and to guide management of ongoing CFTR modulator therapy. Results: Of 337 adults taking E/T/I for a median of 27 months, 19 (5.6%) had transaminases >3 × ULN. In 12 individuals, there was clear evidence of an aetiology unrelated to E/T/I (RUCAM scores −2 to 1 [excluded–unlikely]). Of the remaining cases, two had RUCAM scores in the 'possible' range and one had a RUCAM score in the 'probable' range. Liver biopsy was performed in four individuals, showing hepatic steatosis in one individual, normal histology in one individual, and hepatocyte necrosis suggestive of DILI in two individuals. E/T/I was suspended in those with hepatocyte necrosis, with one permanent discontinuation due to synthetic dysfunction. One individual with hepatocyte necrosis on histology was successfully re-established on E/T/I therapy. Conclusions: Alternative causes were identified in the majority of patients with clinically significant increases in transaminases following E/T/I, highlighting the importance of thorough investigation. Multidisciplinary assessment involving an experienced hepatologist is crucial in cases of diagnostic uncertainty or suggestion of significant DILI, as discontinuation of therapy can have significant consequences for individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumors are a rare clinical entity with an aggressive clinical course, poor prognosis, and no standard-of-care therapeutic approach. These have most frequently been documented in the lung and thoracic cavity. There is a growing body of evidence for the role of immunotherapy in SMARCA4-deficient lung cancer, a disease process that historically does very poorly with cytotoxic chemotherapy alone. We present three cases where the primary tumors were instead found within the gastrointestinal system: two originating from the small bowel and one from the esophagus. In all three cases, clinical response was seen with pembrolizumab therapy, with two of the three patients receiving long-term benefit. Our series suggests that anti-PD1 immunotherapy may have promising efficacy for undifferentiated carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract with SMARCA4 deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delves into the profound influence of defects and their evolution within the microstructure on the thermoelectric transport properties, with a primary focus on the Bi–Cu–Te ternary system. By systematically investigating the intricate relationships between composition, microstructure, and thermoelectric properties, this research offers a comprehensive framework for optimizing these alloys in potential thermoelectric applications. The candidate alloy compositions were selected using a self-consistent thermodynamically optimized database of Bi–Cu–Te and synthesized using flame melting. The microstructure evolution was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and electron probe microanalyzer. The presence of γCu3Te2 intermetallic significantly enhanced hardness, with optimized compositions showing a doubling of hardness compared to conventional BiSbTe alloys. The observed morphologies of each alloy and their thermoelectric properties correlate with the Cu concentration variations. An optimized composition exhibited excellent electrical conductivity of 100 kS/m, Seebeck coefficient of − 145 μV/K, and power factor of 1.85 mW/mK2. These results provide insights into tailoring the composition and microstructure of Bi–Cu–Te alloys to improve their efficiency for thermoelectric waste heat recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The series of N‐methylpiperazinyl and piperdinylalkyl‐O‐chalcone derivatives as potential polyfuctional agents against Alzheimer's disease that have been designed, synthesized and then evaluated biologically using in vitro assays for the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, AGEs, and free radical formation. The majority of synthesized compounds inhibited AChE & AGEs with additional free radical scavenging activities at nanomolar concentrations. Among these, compound 5k was found to have potent AChE inhibitory activity (IC50 = 11.6 nM), superior than the reference compound donepezil (15.68 nM) along with the good anti‐AGEs and free radical formation effect. Its potency was justified by docking studies that revealed its dual binding characteristic with both catalytic active site and peripheral anionic site of AChE, simultaneously. Furthermore, the in vivo evaluation of 5k against streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced dementia in rats also showed improvement of memory functions (Morris water maze test) in animals. Also, 5k inhibited STZ‐inudced brain AChE activity and oxidative stress which further strengthen the observed in vitro effects. The stability of the ligand‐protein complex was then analyzed using a simulation‐based interaction protocol. The results revealed that these N‐methylpiperazinyl and piperdinylalkyl‐O‐chalcone derivatives could be considered for potential polyfunctional anti‐Alzheimer's molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 which belongs to a family of coronaviruses. After the acute phase of illness, the majority of the patients recover quickly but, in some cases, symptoms can persist for a variable duration, bringing into light another entity known as post-COVID syndrome. The objective was to estimate the burden of various persistent respiratory symptoms and lung function abnormalities among recovered patients of COVID-19 and also to correlate them with initial disease severity, demographic factors and comorbidities. Methods: Eighty-five post-COVID patients were recruited as per inclusion/exclusion criteria. Detailed history taking, physical examination and spirometry were done in all patients and data were correlated with baseline disease severity. Results: Fatigue and breathlessness were the most common symptoms followed by cough, chest pain and fever. Persistent symptoms and their severity were significantly higher in severe/moderate cases. Spirometry was abnormal in 45.88% of subjects and the most common pattern was restrictive type. It was seen that the likelihood of persistent symptoms and abnormal lung function increased significantly with the severity of COVID-19, age, comorbidities, hospital stay duration and steroid/oxygen therapy. Conclusion: The current study estimated the burden and array of various pulmonary sequelae encountered by post-COVID patients and elicited various risk factors associated with their occurrence after recovery from active infection. Awareness of these symptoms/sequelae and their risk factors is necessary for their follow-up and timely management, as the threat of this relatively new virus has still not abated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, pose a significant global health challenge, emphasizing the need for novel neuroprotective agents. Basil (Ocimum spp.) has been recognized for its therapeutic potential, and numerous studies have reported neuroprotective effects. In this manuscript, we present a computational protocol to extricate the underlying mechanism of action of basil compounds in neuroprotective effects. Molecular docking-based investigation of the chemical interactions between selected bioactive compounds from basil and key neuroprotective targets, including AChE, GSK3β, γ-secretase, and sirtuin2. Our results demonstrate that basil compound myricerone caffeoyl ester possesses a high affinity of −10.01 and −8.85 kcal/mol against GSK3β and γ-secretase, respectively, indicating their potential in modulating various neurobiological processes. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to explore the protein–ligand complexes' stability and to analyze the bound basil compounds' dynamic behavior. This comprehensive computational investigation enlightens the putative mechanistic basis for the neuroprotective effects of basil compounds, providing a rationale for their therapeutic use in neurodegenerative disorders after further experimental validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by plaque agglomeration and entanglement in several areas of the neural cells, which leads to apoptosis. The main etiology of AD is senile dementia, which is linked to amyloid-beta (Aβ) deregulation and tau perivascular pathogeny. Hyperphosphorylated tau has a propensity for microtubules, which elevate the instability and tau-protein congregates, leading to accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Tau hyperphosphorylation is susceptible to GSK-3, which has led to an emerging hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of AD. Accordingly, attempts have been made to conduct investigations and achieve further advancements on new analogues capable of inhibiting the GSK-3 protein, which are currently in the clinical trials. In this analysis, we have evaluated certain GSK-3 inhibitor variants utilising scaffolding and framework devised techniques with pharmacological characteristics, accompanied by computational screenings (pharmacokinetics and docking). The structure-based designed analogues interacted effectively with the active amino acids of GSK-3β target protein. The in silico pharmacokinetic studies revealed their drug-like properties. The analogues with best interactions and binding scores will be considered in the future to completely demonstrate their potential relevance as viable GSK-3 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase equilibria in Ga-Sn-Te system plays a key role in designing multiphase thermoelectric materials. SnTe is a promising alternative to the well-known PbTe (toxic) thermoelectric phase in the Ga-Sn-Te system. In the present study, various compositions have been selected using the thermodynamically developed database of the Ga-Sn-Te system to understand the phase equilibria and microstructural features. The alloys with multiphase combinations of SnTe, Ga6SnTe10, GaTe, and Te were produced using vacuum induction melting. In addition, the developed microstructures were characterized using x-ray diffraction, optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. The microstructures reveal interesting eutectic morphologies of Ga6SnTe10/Te, Ga6SnTe10/SnTe, and GaTe/SnTe. The microstructural features were explained using Scheil-Gulliver cooling calculations. Moreover, the thermal analysis of the investigated alloys was also performed to validate the thermodynamically predicted liquidus temperatures and various phase transitions in the investigated alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]