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Filariae are parasitic nematodes of high veterinary and medical importance, responsible for some acute tropical diseases. They are transmitted through the bite of hematophagous vectors such as biting midges and blackflies. Filariae are among the most prevalent vector‐borne parasitoses in Neotropical primates in which severe infections can cause inflammatory reactions and tissue damage. Given the location inside the host (peritoneal cavity, bloodstream, and lymphatics), the detection of filariid nematodes is challenging and is mostly postmortem; hence the scarcity of studies on the prevalence of filariae in wild primate populations. Here, we report the prevalence of filariid infections in free‐ranging populations of Geoffroy's spider (Ateles geoffroyi) and black howler (Alouatta pigra) monkeys across southern Mexico, using a combination of noninvasive sampling and molecular diagnostic techniques. Fecal samples were screened for filariid DNA by qPCR protocols. A total of 88 samples were examined with an overall prevalence of 26%. Filariae were slightly more common in spider monkeys compared to howler monkeys. This study constitutes the first report of the prevalence of infection of filariid nematodes in populations of wild spider monkey across southern Mexico, and the first reporting of filariae in black howler monkeys, as part of a new era of primate parasitology and the diagnostics of parasite infections in light of the everyday more affordable molecular tools. Summary: Filariid DNA in primate host feces was detected via qPCR.Filariid infections were frequent in wild Mexican primate populations.Prevalence of filariae was slightly higher in spider monkeys than in howler monkeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The possibility of considering Culex pipiens (Cx. pipiens) as a vector for transmitting the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is controversial and needs further investigation. This work aimed to detect the possibility of transmission of the hepatitis C virus by Cx. pipiens and the role of the bacterial microbiota in their midgut. Main body: Two groups of symbiotic and aposymbiotic of female Cx. pipiens were infected with the hepatitis C virus using an artificial feeding membrane technique. The viral load was detected in the head region for up to 60 min in the infected symbiotic group and 90 min in the aposymbiotic group. The midgut region can harbor the virus for 5 days after feeding. The absence of gut microbiota increases the potentiality of ten females to carry high titer of infective dose (1.2 × 106 IU/ml) of HCV genotype 4a for 6 days. The bacterial midgut microbiota appears to play a significant role in the transmission of HCV. On the other hand, HCV was not detected in the salivary glands of either symbiotic or aposymbiotic mosquitoes during the detection period. Cx. pipiens can transmit HCV from infected female adult mosquitoes to HCV-negative human blood in vitro. The biological parameters were survival rate, blood feeding, oviposition, hatchability rates, and mean digestion period of Cx. pipiens after infection with HCV showed significant changes. Moreover, an ex vivo assay demonstrated that HCV-infected mosquitoes could transmit the virus RNA into healthy blood. Conclusion: The results suggested that the mosquitoes' mechanical transmission of HCV was reasonable. In addition, the mosquito microbiome played a significant role in determining the potentiality of mosquitoes as a vector for disseminating HCV infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revival of the transmission dynamics of mosquito-borne diseases grants striking challenges to public health intensified by climate change worldwide. This inclusive review article examines multidimensional strategies and challenges linked to climate change and the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. It delves into how the biology, pathogenic dynamics, and vector distribution of mosquitoes are influenced by continuously rising temperatures, modified rainfall patterns, and extreme climatic conditions. We also highlighted the high likelihood of malaria in Africa, dengue in Southeast Asia, and blowout of Aedes in North America and Europe. Modern predictive tools and developments in surveillance, including molecular gears, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and remote sensing have boosted our capacity to predict epidemics. Integrated data management techniques and models based on climatic conditions provide a valuable understanding of public health planning. Based on recent data and expert ideas, the objective of this review is to provide a thoughtful understanding of existing landscape and upcoming directions in the control of mosquito-borne diseases regarding changing climate. This review determines emerging challenges and innovative vector control strategies in the changing climatic conditions to ensure public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of Helcococcus kunzii and Ignatzschineria ureiclastica/larvae has been made possible by recent advancements in microbiologic diagnostics. We report the first described case of polymicrobial bacteremia secondary to these two unique pathogens, and only the third case of I. ureiclastica/larvae bacteremia described in the United States. Myiasis has historically been thought of as an infestation. This case adds to the growing body of evidence that myiasis is potentially a vector for bacteria, and bacteremia, and the potential for the spread of other vector-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are of huge veterinary importance, mainly as vectors of pathogens, such as Bluetongue virus. Currently, there are no effective methods to protect animals against biting midges, as insecticides have limited or short‐lived efficacy. Biting midges are attracted to hosts by carbon dioxide and by their body odours, which are mainly produced by skin bacteria. In humans, it has been shown that differences between individuals in attractiveness to mosquitoes is mediated by these skin bacterial volatiles. This opens the possibility to protect individuals from biting insects by supplementing their skin microbiome with probiotics. In this study, we investigated this approach by culturing sheep skin bacteria on various media and assessing their effects against field‐caught Culicoides (overwhelmingly Obsoletus group species) as well as laboratory‐reared Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen). Aerococcus urinaeequi, Bacillus safensis, Bacillus subtilis, Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus, Micrococcus sp. and Staphylococcus equorum were selected to be tested in a dual‐choice Y‐tube olfactometer, assessing their behavioural effects on biting midges. We revealed an avoidance effect on laboratory‐reared C. nubeculosus when testing B. safensis and B. subtilis. Bacillus safensis and Micrococcus sp. yielded significant repellent potential towards field‐caught Culicoides. These two candidates were subsequently tested in a membrane blood‐feeding assay. When the bacterial species B. safensis was applied to the membrane, a feeding reduction of 83% was observed with field‐caught Culicoides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tanzania has experienced multiple dengue outbreaks between 2010 and 2019, caused by various dengue virus (DENV) strains. In 2019, there were 6917 confirmed dengue cases and 13 deaths in Tanzania. Routine diagnosis of dengue fever is unfortunately excluded, particularly during non-outbreak periods, resulting in delayed outbreak detection and control. The aim of this study was to improve early detection and control measures for DENV by investigating its circulation in human and Aedes aegypti (A.aegypti) mosquitoes during the non-outbreak periods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, which is an area frequently affected by dengue outbreaks. Methods: Four hundred and fifteen (415) blood samples were collected from patients attending randomly selected health facilities in five wards; Azimio, Keko, Mtoni, Mbagala and Chamazi within Temeke district. The samples were tested for DENV NS1 antigen and anti-dengue IgM and IgG antibodies by rapid test. Then, 150 out of 415 blood samples were tested for the DENV by conventional Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Two thousand two hundred and fifty (2,250) adult female A.aegypti mosquitoes were collected using a Prokopack aspirator and BG sentinel trap or obtained after rearing immature stages and tested, in pools of 15 for DENV by RT-PCR. Statistical Software, SPSS version 23, was used for data analysis. Results: Of the tested blood samples, 17% (71/415) were positive by NS1 antigen, 0.5% (2/415) by IgM, 0.5% (2/415) by IgG antibodies, and 0.5% (2/415) by IgM and IgG. None of the samples tested positive by DENV RT-PCR. Moreover, 3.3% (5/150) of tested mosquito pools had DENV by RT-PCR. Individuals aged between 21 and 40 years of age had increased risk of testing positive for DENV NS1 antigen, followed by those aged 5–20 years old, particularly those residing from Azimio ward, Keko ward, Mtoni ward and Mbagala ward, p-value ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: Findings from this study revealed evidence of DENV circulation during non-outbreak periods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. These findings underscore the importance of including testing for dengue infection in routine differential diagnoses of febrile cases, and also frequent dengue surveillance in mosquitos. This proactive approach will help early DENV outbreak detection and control in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tanzania has experienced multiple dengue outbreaks between 2010 and 2019, caused by various dengue virus (DENV) strains. In 2019, there were 6917 confirmed dengue cases and 13 deaths in Tanzania. Routine diagnosis of dengue fever is unfortunately excluded, particularly during non-outbreak periods, resulting in delayed outbreak detection and control. The aim of this study was to improve early detection and control measures for DENV by investigating its circulation in human and Aedes aegypti (A.aegypti) mosquitoes during the non-outbreak periods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, which is an area frequently affected by dengue outbreaks. Methods: Four hundred and fifteen (415) blood samples were collected from patients attending randomly selected health facilities in five wards; Azimio, Keko, Mtoni, Mbagala and Chamazi within Temeke district. The samples were tested for DENV NS1 antigen and anti-dengue IgM and IgG antibodies by rapid test. Then, 150 out of 415 blood samples were tested for the DENV by conventional Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Two thousand two hundred and fifty (2,250) adult female A.aegypti mosquitoes were collected using a Prokopack aspirator and BG sentinel trap or obtained after rearing immature stages and tested, in pools of 15 for DENV by RT-PCR. Statistical Software, SPSS version 23, was used for data analysis. Results: Of the tested blood samples, 17% (71/415) were positive by NS1 antigen, 0.5% (2/415) by IgM, 0.5% (2/415) by IgG antibodies, and 0.5% (2/415) by IgM and IgG. None of the samples tested positive by DENV RT-PCR. Moreover, 3.3% (5/150) of tested mosquito pools had DENV by RT-PCR. Individuals aged between 21 and 40 years of age had increased risk of testing positive for DENV NS1 antigen, followed by those aged 5–20 years old, particularly those residing from Azimio ward, Keko ward, Mtoni ward and Mbagala ward, p-value ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: Findings from this study revealed evidence of DENV circulation during non-outbreak periods in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. These findings underscore the importance of including testing for dengue infection in routine differential diagnoses of febrile cases, and also frequent dengue surveillance in mosquitos. This proactive approach will help early DENV outbreak detection and control in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the application of various tools for the control of vectors of Plasmodium falciparum, malaria remains the major killer disease in sub-Saharan Africa accounting for up to 90% of deaths due to the disease. Due to limitations of the useage of chemical insecticides such as resistance, negative impact on the environment and to nontarget organisms, the World Health Organization (WHO) requires that affected countries find alternative vector control tools. This study evaluated the effectiveness of (+)-usnic acid (UA) as an insecticide through oral administration to male and female Anopheles gambiae as an alternative or additional active ingredient to be used in toxic sugar bait. Methods: (+)-usnic acid was diluted using acetone at 5, 10, and 15 mg/ml concentrations in three replicates. A 5 ml mixture of 2% food dye and 10% sugar using chlorine-free water mixed with the dilutions of the (+)-usnic acid and negative control was made containing 2% food dye and 10% sugar solution. The preparations were soaked on a ball of cotton wool and placed over the net of a cup. 5 male and 5 non-blood-fed female newly hatched starved An. gambiae Kisumu strain were introduced together into a cup and monitored for knockdown and mortalities after 4, 24 48, and 72 h. The data were analysed using a multiple linear regression model using the lm function, a base R function and a posthoc test were conducted on the significant main effects and interaction terms using the emmeans function from the emmeans R package. All analyses were performed in RStudio using base R (version 4.3.3). Results: There was high mortality of both male and female An. gambiae after ingestion of the toxic sugar bait. 15 mg/ml usnic acid caused the highest mortality (50%) within the first 4 h compared to 5 and 10 mg/ml (+)-UA. There was a decline in the mortality rate with increased exposure time from 24 to 72 h, however, there was a significant difference in mortality at 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml. Acute toxicity was associated with ingestion of 15 mg/ml after 24 h. 72 h post-mortality was lower in all concentrations than in the control. High mortality was observed among females over the first 4 h (60%) compared to males (40%) due to higher feeding rate of the toxic agent. The proportion of dead males and females was equal after 24 h while after 48 h, the proportion of dead males was high.There was a significantly lower mortality rate after 72 h for both males and females (0 to 13.3%). Compared to all the treatments, high mortality of males was observed. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that (+)-UA when administered as oral sugar bait to An. gambiae has insecticidal properties and is a suitable ingredient to be used as a toxic agent in the novel attractive toxic sugar bait for the control of malaria vectors. (+)-UA may be an alternative active ingredient as toxic bait in the effort to reduce and eliminate the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector-borne diseases account for nearly 20% of all globally recognised infectious diseases. Within the spectrum of flea-borne pathogens, Bartonella and Rickettsia bacteria are prominent, contributing to the emergence and resurgence of diseases on a global scale. This study investigates the presence of species of Bartonella and Rickettsia harboured by fleas collected from wild rodents in northwestern Argentina (NWA). A total of 28 fleas from three genera and seven species were assessed. DNA of Bartonella and Rickettsia spp. was found in 12 fleas (42.8%). Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of gltA and rpoB genes showed the presence of Bartonella quintana in eight fleas of two species, Craneopsylla minerva minerva and Polygenis acodontis. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of gltA, ompA and ompB genes identified Rickettsia felis in ten fleas of five species, C. m. minerva, P. acodontis, Polygenis bohlsi bohlsi, Polygenis byturus and Tiamastus palpalis. These bacterial species mark the first report in all flea species studied. This study represents the first survey of flea-borne bacteria for NWA. The results provide information to address strategies for the control and prevention of bartonellosis and rickettsiosis that could have an impact on public health in one of the geographical areas of Argentina with the highest incidence of infections transmitted to humans by ectoparasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector-borne diseases account for nearly 20% of all globally recognised infectious diseases. Within the spectrum of flea-borne pathogens, Bartonella and Rickettsia bacteria are prominent, contributing to the emergence and resurgence of diseases on a global scale. This study investigates the presence of species of Bartonella and Rickettsia harboured by fleas collected from wild rodents in northwestern Argentina (NWA). A total of 28 fleas from three genera and seven species were assessed. DNA of Bartonella and Rickettsia spp. was found in 12 fleas (42.8%). Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of gltA and rpoB genes showed the presence of Bartonella quintana in eight fleas of two species, Craneopsylla minerva minerva and Polygenis acodontis. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of gltA, ompA and ompB genes identified Rickettsia felis in ten fleas of five species, C. m. minerva, P. acodontis, Polygenis bohlsi bohlsi, Polygenis byturus and Tiamastus palpalis. These bacterial species mark the first report in all flea species studied. This study represents the first survey of flea-borne bacteria for NWA. The results provide information to address strategies for the control and prevention of bartonellosis and rickettsiosis that could have an impact on public health in one of the geographical areas of Argentina with the highest incidence of infections transmitted to humans by ectoparasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents a processed phytoplankton dataset from Lake Zerendi and other Kokshetau Upland lakes, Kazakhstan. The study aimed to develop an automated method for controlling the distribution of phytoplankton in fresh open water using a gradient descent approach with the search for a starting point for research. The paper also presents the reconstructed biomass indicators for changes in water temperature, with model calibration based on results from 5 years of surface sampling. A special feature of the proposed computer data processing is the cubic spline interpolation, which allows a higher calculation accuracy. This method reduces the sample size required, providing a comprehensive picture of the condition of the infrastructure and allowing for a more efficient response to emerging ecosystem issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is an important topic nowadays. A lot of research deal and attracts consideration owing to potential for increasing traffic and travel efficiency, improving road safety for vehicles, providing convenience and comfort to both drivers and passengers. The need for a packet delivery ratio (PDR) and low delivery delay time in communication are the key elements in modern life especially when traveling in vehicles. To satisfy these demands; researchs in VANET systems aims to develop some new technologies. One of these technologies is using software-definednetwork (SDN) to enhance communication between vehicles on the road. Because of this, project evaluates using SDN protocol with two most viable VANET protocols which are ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) and optimized link state routing (OLSR) in LTE communication. Two performance metrics are used to evaluate the performances, the PDR and the delivery delay time. The simulation is performed in the varying density network and varying speed vehicles. The simulation results show that SDN displays better performance than AODV and OLSR in both PDR and delivery delay time. SDN uses global views of SDN controller to determine the shortest route with the highest vehicle density. Additionally, it solves the local maximum issue and adds dense connectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated species diversity and seasonal abundance of biting flies, specifically Stomoxyinae and tabanid flies, which are important pests capable of spreading diseases to animals, on a beef cattle and a buffalo farm in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. Over the course of a one-year study (December 2020 to November 2021), 1912 biting flies were collected and identified, comprising seven Stomoxyinae and nine tabanid species. The five most predominant species were Tabanus megalops, Haematobia irritans exigua, Stomoxys calcitrans, Stomoxys indicus, and Stomoxys uruma. A higher number of flies were collected from the beef cattle farm compared to the buffalo farm, with most species peaking during the rainy season, except for H. i. exigua, which was more prevalent during the dry season. Temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall influenced fly density, revealing different patterns depending on the species. This study provides important information that is crucial for designing effective fly control strategies to reduce the impact of these flies on livestock health. This study investigated species diversity and seasonal abundance of Stomoxyinae and tabanid flies, which are significant pests and vectors of animal pathogens, on a beef cattle and a buffalo farm in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, southern Thailand. During a one-year period from December 2020 to November 2021, flies were collected using Nzi traps from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. over three consecutive days each month, resulting in the capture of 1912 biting flies, representing seven Stomoxyinae and nine tabanid species. The five most prevalent species were Tabanus megalops, Haematobia irritans exigua, Stomoxys calcitrans, Stomoxys indicus, and Stomoxys uruma. Fly density was notably higher on the beef cattle farm compared to the buffalo farm, with most species peaking during the rainy season, except for H. i. exigua, which was more abundant during the dry season. This study also examined the influence of temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on fly density, revealing species-specific patterns. These findings offer updated insights into species diversity and seasonal trends, providing critical baseline data essential for the development of effective control strategies aimed at mitigating the impact of these flies on livestock health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Chiggers are common ectoparasites on rodents and other small mammals, and they transmit scrub typhus, a zoonotic disease. Dehong in Yunnan Province of southwest China is located on the China–Myanmar border, and it is a focus of scrub typhus. The present paper reports the infestation and distribution of chiggers on small mammals in Dehong for the first time. From 1760 rodents and other sympatric small mammals, a total of 9309 chiggers were identified, representing 117 species. Most chigger species had low host specificity. Leptotrombidium deliense, a major vector of scrub typhus in China, was the dominant chigger species in Dehong, and it was mainly distributed in flatland areas and indoors. The infestation and community indexes of chiggers in mountainous areas and outdoors were higher than those in flatland areas and indoors. The species abundance distribution of the chigger community conformed to log-normal distribution, and the total number of chigger species was roughly estimated to be 147. The species diversity of the chigger community is high in Dehong, with an obvious environmental heterogeneity. The low host specificity of chiggers and the occurrence of a large number of L. deliense in Dehong would increase the transmission risk of scrub typhus on the China–Myanmar border. Chiggers (chigger mites) are a group of tiny arthropods, and they are the exclusive vector of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot), the causative agent of scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease). Dehong Prefecture in Yunnan Province of southwest China is located on the China–Myanmar border and is an important focus of scrub typhus. Based on the field surveys in Dehong between 2008 and 2022, the present paper reports the infestation and ecological distribution of chiggers on the body surface of rodents and other sympatric small mammals (shrews, tree shrews, etc.) in the region for the first time. The constituent ratio (Cr), prevalence (PM), mean abundance (MA), and mean intensity (MI) were routinely calculated to reflect the infestation of small-mammal hosts with chiggers. Additionally, the species richness (S), Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson dominance index (D), and Pielou's evenness index (E) were calculated to illustrate the chigger community structure. Preston's log-normal model was used to fit the theoretical curve of species abundance distribution, and the Chao 1 formula was used to roughly estimate the expected total species. The "corrplot" package in R software (Version 4.3.1) was used to analyze interspecific relationships, and the online drawing software was used to create a chord diagram to visualize the host–chigger associations. From 1760 small-mammal hosts, a total of 9309 chiggers were identified as belonging to 1 family, 16 genera, and 117 species, with high species diversity. The dominant chigger species were Leptotrombidium deliense, Walchia ewingi, and Gahrliepia longipedalis, with a total Cr = 47.65% (4436/9309), among which L. deliense is the most important vector of Ot in China. The overall infestation indexes (PM, MA, and MI) and community parameters (S, H, and E) of chiggers in the mountainous areas and outdoors were higher than those in the flatland areas and indoors, with an obvious environmental heterogeneity. Leptotrombidium deliense was the dominant species in the flatland and indoors, while G. longipedalis was the prevalent species in the mountainous and outdoor areas. The species abundance distribution of the chigger community conformed to log-normal distribution with the theoretical curve equation: S (R) ′ = 28 e − [ 0.23 (R − 0) ] 2 , indicating the existence of many rare species and only a few dominant species in the community. The expected total number of chigger species was roughly estimated to be 147 species, 30 more than the 117 species actually collected, suggesting that some uncommon species may have been missed in the sampling survey. The host–parasite association analysis revealed that one host species can harbor different chigger species, and one chigger species can parasitize different host species with low host specificity. A positive or negative correlation existed among different chigger species, indicating a cooperative or competitive interspecific relationship. The species diversity of chiggers is high in Dehong on the China–Myanmar border, and a large host sample is recommended to find more uncommon species. There is an obvious environmental heterogeneity of the chigger community, with different species diversity and dominant species in different environments. The low host specificity of chiggers and the occurrence of a large number of L. deliense in Dehong, especially in flatland areas and indoors, would increase the risk of persistent transmission of scrub typhus in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the phenology and population dynamics of potential insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. and other Auchenorrhyncha species in olive and citrus groves of Chania province, Crete, Greece. Although X. fastidiosa has not been reported in Greece, its introduction could cause serious diseases in many crops, including olives and citrus. Olive groves of Olea europaea L. 'Koroneiki' were sampled systematically using sweep net and Malaise traps over 24 months. One citrus grove was sampled for one year using a Malaise trap. Sweep net samples were taken from the herbaceous cover, tree canopy, and field borders of olive groves. Auchenorrhyncha were more abundant on the herbaceous cover compared to the canopy and field margins. Aphrophoridae species were mostly found on the herbaceous cover and in low numbers during fall (October–December) and spring (April–May). Cicadellidae species, such as Euscelis spp., were frequently found on the herbaceous cover of both olive and citrus groves. One Aphrophoridae and several Cicadellidae species were recorded in the citrus grove. Altitude was found to influence the population abundance of some Auchenorrhyncha species in olive groves. These results provide information for effective integrated management of insect vectors and their vector-borne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 75 arboviruses are indigenous to Australia, of which at least 13 are known to cause disease in humans. Alphaviruses are the most common arboviruses, notably including Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses, which contribute a significant public health and economic burden in Australia. Both can cause febrile illness with arthritic symptoms. Each circulates nationally across diverse climates and environments, and has multi-host, multi-vector dynamics. Several medically important flaviviruses also circulate in Australia. Infection with Murray Valley encephalitis or Kunjin viruses is less common but is associated with brain inflammation. Key research priorities for Australian arboviruses aim to understand clinical manifestations, develop timely diagnostics, and identify transmission cycles that permit the maintenance of arboviruses. While these can now be answered for a handful of notifiable alpha- and flaviviruses there are others for which non-human vertebrate hosts and competent arthropod invertebrate vectors are still to be identified and/or whose role in transmission is not well understood. One or more of these 'neglected' arboviruses may be the causative agent of a proportion of the many thousands of fever-related illnesses reported annually in Australia that at present remain undiagnosed. Here, what is known about enzootic cycling of viruses between arthropod vectors and mammalian and avian reservoir hosts is summarised. How and to what extent these interactions influence the epidemiology of arbovirus transmission and infection is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the influence of technology integration (physics education technology simulation) in physics learning. A quantitative method with a quasi-experimental post-test-only design was applied to reveal the differences in students' abilities to operate vectors between the group that learned and tested using simulation and the group that learned using graphics only. The test consisted of 16 questions on the addition and subtraction of two vectors divided into one and two dimensions. Student response data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis test. The analysis results show that the vector operation score for experimental group 1, which learned vector operations through graphic learning using simulation and tested with the same simulation (86.15), is higher than experimental group 2, which learned vector operations through graphic learning using simulation (76.59), and the control group, which learned vector operations through graphic learning without simulation assistance (71.81). All three groups have higher average scores for one-dimensional than twodimensional vector operations. They also have higher average scores for vector addition compared to vector subtraction operations. Kruskal-Wallis test results indicate a significant difference in the average vector operation scores for the three groups (p=0.021). This suggests that integrating technology in the learning and testing processes leads to a significant difference. Moreover, the difference is significant for one-dimensional vector operations (p=0.004) and not significant for two-dimensional vector operations (p=0.107). These findings could support the implementation of similar approaches at the university and high school levels, especially for vectorrelated topics, in both learning and testing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes and sandflies exhibit a wide range of blood feeding patterns, targeting a wide range of vertebrate species, including birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, for proteins vital for egg development. This broad host range increases the opportunity for them to acquire pathogens of numerous debilitating‐and‐fatal diseases from various animal reservoirs, playing a significant role in disease crossover between animals and humans, also known as zoonotic transmission. This review focuses on the intricate blood‐feeding habits of these dipteran vectors, their sensory systems and the complex dance between host and pathogen during disease transmission. We delve into the influence of blood sources on pathogen spread by examining the insect immune response and its intricate interplay with pathogens. The remarkable sense of smell guiding them towards food sources and hosts is explored, highlighting the interplay of multiple sensory cues in their navigation. Finally, we examine the challenges in mosquito control strategies and explore innovations in this field, emphasizing the need for sustainable solutions to combat this global health threat. By understanding the biology and behaviour of these insects, we can develop more effective strategies to protect ourselves and mitigate the burden of vector‐borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional vaccines can be classified into inactivated vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines given orally or via intramuscular (IM) injection or subcutaneous (SC) injection for the prevention of infectious diseases. Recently, recombinant protein vaccines, DNA vaccines, mRNA vaccines, and multiple/alternative administering route vaccines (e.g., microneedle or inhalation) have been developed to make vaccines more secure, effective, tolerable, and universal for the public. In addition to preventing infectious diseases, novel vaccines have currently been developed or are being developed to prevent or cure noninfectious diseases, including cancer. These vaccine platforms have been developed using various biotechnologies such as viral vectors, nanoparticles, mRNA, recombination DNA, subunit, novel adjuvants, and other vaccine delivery systems. In this review, we will explore the development of novel vaccines applying biotechnologies, such as vaccines based on novel administration routes, vaccines based on novel vectors, including viruses and nanoparticles, vaccines applied for cancer prevention, and therapeutic vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in terrestrial and marine environments. This research work studied the occurrence, distribution of MPs and heavy metals associated with these MPs in soils of different land- use types viz. residential, commercial, and industrial areas. We identified 15 types of MP polymers, of which polypropylene (15.51%), polyethylene (12.28%), polyamide (9.57%) were dominant. MPs abundance ranged from 8.54 × 104 to 8.51 × 105 particles/kg of soil. Average abundance of MPs in the three fractions viz. < 1 mm, 1–2 mm, and 2–5 mm were 1.85 × 105, 1.31 × 105, and 697.5 particles/kg of soil, respectively. Among the three land use types, MPs abundance in < 1 mm and 1–2 mm soil fractions were significantly higher in residential areas than that in commercial and industrial areas, i.e. <1 mm: 3.4 × 105, 1.26 × 104 and 9.0 × 104, and 1–2 mm: 2.35 × 105, 8.36 × 104, and 7.50 × 104 particles/kg, respectively, for residential, commercial and industrial areas respectively. The average concentration of Cr, Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu and Pb in soils were 31.79, 11047.29, 423.92, 0.05, 11.86, 17.53, 125.95 and 28.29 mg/kg, respectively, whereas that in MPs were 6.27, 2181.64, 277.36, 0.24, 6.43, 8.29, 47.05 and 9.24 mg/kg, respectively. Concentration of Cd sorbed on MPs was higher than those found in soils. Also, Pb and Cd in MPs were positively correlated to MPs abundance, indicating MPs can be vectors of heavy metals in soils. The synergistic effect of MPs and heavy metals might put soil organisms at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In our research conducted in seven citrus orchards in Amazonas State, Brazil, we recorded the presence of eight sharpshooter species. One of the identified species is known to transmit the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which is responsible for causing citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). Among the eight species found, five were newly recorded in citrus plants within the State, and three were entirely new to the northern region. This research emphasizes the importance of mapping the locations of these insects to gain insights into their behavior. Doing so will enable the development of strategies to effectively manage the threat of CVC in local citrus crops. This research study reports new records of eight species of Cicadellini (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Cicadellinae) across seven municipalities in Amazonas State, Brazil. Among these species, one is known as a vector of CVC (Provancherana corniculata). Additionally, five species are being reported for the first time in citrus for the State (Erythrogonia sexguttata, Hortensia similis, Provancherana corniculata, Scopogonalia amazonensis, and Scoposcartula oculata), and three species (Diedrocephala variegata, Macugonalia moesta and Xyphon reticulatum) are reported for the first time in the northern region. This research highlights the lack of information on sharpshooter occurrence in the Amazonas region, emphasizing the need for further investigations in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses are a growing priority for public and animal health in Canada. It is anticipated that disease incidence will increase due to a warming climate, given that habitats are expanding for reservoir hosts and vectors, particularly in Canada. Little is known about the ecology of primary vectors that perpetuate these orthobunyaviruses, including the viral transmission cycle and the impact of climatic and landscape factors. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to describe the current state of knowledge on the epidemiology of orthobunyaviruses relevant to Canada. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines was used to characterize studies focused on vector species. A literature search was conducted in six databases and gray literature. Eligible studies characterized orthobunyavirus epidemiology related to vector species, including viral competency, geospatial distributions, seasonal trends, and/or risk factors. Results: A total of 1734 unique citations were identified. Screening of these citations revealed 172 relevant studies, from which 87 studies presented primary data related to vectors. The orthobunyaviruses included Cache Valley virus (CVV), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), Snowshoe Hare virus (SHV), and La Crosse virus (LACV). Surveillance was the predominant study focus, with most citations representing the United States, specifically, LACV surveillance in Tennessee, followed by CVV and JCV in Connecticut. Orthobunyaviruses were detected in many mosquito species across multiple genera, with high vector specificity only being reported for LACV, which included Aedes triseriatus, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes japonicus. Peridomestic areas were positively associated with infected mosquitoes compared with dense forests. Orthobunyavirus infections, coinfections, and gut microbiota affected mosquito feeding and breeding behavior. Conclusion: Knowledge gaps included Canadian surveillance data, disease modeling, and risk projections. Further research in these areas, especially accounting for climate change, is needed to guide health policy for prevention of orthobunyaviral disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are major vectors of dengue, chikungunya, and other arboviral diseases. Ae. aegypti's capacity to reproduce and to spread disease depends on the female mosquitoes' ability to obtain blood meals and find water-filled containers in which to lay eggs (oviposit). While humidity sensation (hygrosensation) has been implicated in these behaviors, the specific hygrosensory pathways involved have been unclear. Here, we establish the distinct molecular requirements and anatomical locations of Ae. aegypti Dry Cells and Moist Cells and examine their contributions to behavior. We show that Dry Cell and Moist Cell responses to humidity involve different ionotropic receptor (IR) family sensory receptors, with dry air-activated Dry Cells reliant upon the IR Ir40α, and humid air-activated Moist Cells upon Ir68a. Both classes of hygrosensors innervate multiple antennal sensilla, including sensilla ampullacea near the antennal base as well as two classes of coeloconic sensilla near the tip. Dry Cells and Moist Cells each support behaviors linked to mosquito reproduction but contribute differently: Ir40α-dependent Dry Cells act in parallel with Ir68α-dependent Moist Cells to promote blood feeding, while oviposition site seeking is driven specifically by Ir68α-dependent Moist Cells. Together these findings reveal the importance of distinct hygrosensory pathways in blood feeding and oviposition site seeking and suggest Ir40α-dependent Dry Cells and Ir68α-dependent Moist Cells as potential targets for vector control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insect growth regulators, like S-methoprene, are heavily relied upon worldwide for larval mosquito chemical control due to their target specificity and long-lasting effects. In this study, susceptibility to S-methoprene was evaluated in Culex pipiens, a globally important vector species. Populations from 14 sites throughout the Chicago area with a long history of S-methoprene use and two sites with minimal use in Wisconsin were examined. Using a bioassay methodology and probit analyses, LC50 and LC90 values were calculated and compared to a susceptible laboratory strain to develop resistance ratios, then categorized for resistance intensity. The resistance ratios observed required the addition of another category, termed 'extreme' resistance, indicating resistance ratios greater than 100. 'Low' to 'extreme' levels of resistance to S-methoprene were detected throughout Illinois populations, with resistance ratios ranging from 2.33 to 1010.52. Resistance was not detected in populations where S-methoprene pressure has been very limited. These 'extreme' resistance ratios observed have never been documented in a wild vector species mosquito population. The relationships between historical S-methoprene use, resistance detected with laboratory bioassays, and the potential for field product failure remain unclear. However, the profound resistance detected here demonstrates a potential critical threat to protecting public health from mosquito-borne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium species, such as Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.), have been cultivated worldwide for centuries due to its enormous medicinal uses as well as for cooking practices. A large number of RNA viruses have been known to cause significant yield losses and also adversely affect the quality of Allium species. Among them, iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and associated garlic virus X (GVX) from tospovirus family cause huge number of yield losses in onion and garlic crop. The disease due to IYSV and GVX was recorded in different locations on the basis of their characteristic symptoms. Experiments revealed that IYSV has the ability to transmit mechanically in a very efficient manner while the dispersal of GVX was only limited through its vector as compared to mechanical transmission. The disease incidence of IYSV on onion was reported about 80% while 2% of GVX was reported on garlic by mechanical transmission. Result revealed that IYSV is more viruliferous and has the ability to transmit more efficiently on onion as compared to GVX on garlic. PCR amplified IYSV samples of approximately 800 base pairs (bps) product using specific primer targeting coat protein (Cp) region, whereas no amplicon was detected for GVX infected samples. Phylogenetic analyses of 2 isolates RP13PK and RP27PK have shown 99.3% homogeneity with isolate DQ233469 as compared to remaining isolates. Therefore, the findings indicate that IYSV is a highly variable virus, undergoing rapid evolution in the region, necessitating vigilant monitoring and effective management. The outcomes imply that greater caution is required for controlling IYSV compared to GVX. Disease management strategies should be formulated with careful consideration of the swift evolution patterns exhibited by IYSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial pattern of many pathogens that are transmitted by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) is changing due to globalization and climate change. Thus, surveillance of mosquito vectors is becoming increasingly widespread as basis for risk assessment and control. Species identification by loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays is simple, fast and reliable. Specific primers for several mosquito species are available (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes geniculatus, Aedes japonicus, Aedes koreicus, species of the Anopheles funestus group and An. gambiae complex). In the present work, LAMP assays targeting the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region were developed for Ae. cretinus, a minor sister taxon of Ae. albopictus, and for Culex pipiens/Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex torrentium. The specificities of the primers designed in silico were confirmed by in vitro tests with DNA form non‐target species. Further, the release of DNA from mosquito stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, adults) was investigated, revealing that an incubation for 5 min at 80°C in water is suitable for LAMP. With this method, one specimen (egg, larva, pupa, adult) of a target species could be detected among 49 non‐targets. Thus, the assays are suitable for fast and reliable identification of mosquito species of all life stages by colour change visible to the naked eye, and they are operable under field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mungbean and Urdbean are the important pulses in India which are regarded as prospective protein source for human daily diet and rich source of protein and carbohydrate. Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus is one of the destructive diseases to pulses and transmitted by whitefly. Among the pulses, mungbean and urdbean are severely affected by MYMV in India. Present investigation was aimed to determine the congenial and mitigating factors of mungbean and urdbean crops with reference to infection of MYMV and its vector. Methods: The morphological and biochemical analysis was carried out by factorial RCBD consisting of two factors viz., factor 1: Crops (V) (Mung bean and Urd bean) and factor 2: observation at 15 days interval up to 90 DAS (S) for recording different morphological and biochemical parameters. Result: Morphological parameters of urdbean are able to mitigate the vector incidence and indirectly reduced the MYMV infection in urdbean than mungbean. Further, the biochemical parameters levels were more in urdbean than mungbean and their levels increased with the increased MYMV incidence. Hence, it is concluded that the morphological characters are found responsible for vector infestation where as biochemical levels are important for the infection of MYMV in both the crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out in 345 water ecosystems (rivers, streams, ditches, lagoons, ponds, puddles, rockpools, and artificial containers) throughout the autonomous community of Galicia (NW Spain) during different seasons between 2020 and 2023. The results revealed the first detections of Anopheles (Anopheles) petragnani Del Vechio, 1939 (n  = 185) and Culex (Culex) mimeticus Noè, 1899 (n  = 12) in the territory, allowing to update and expand the overall knowledge about their distribution and ecology. The breeding preferences of the species were analyzed considering habitat characteristics (land use, water body type, and degree of insolation), geographical variables (latitude, longitude, and altitude), and physical–chemical water parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity). In addition, the relationship between the occurrence of these species and other mosquitoes present in the study area was discussed. Anopheles petragnani is widely distributed in the region and shows breeding preferences for water bodies of fluvial origin, forest environments, and shaded situations. Culex mimeticus was detected sporadically breeding in a pond and in a river in the south of the region, both in industrial and agricultural land uses, and always exposed to the sun. Although the presence of these species may not currently pose a health risk in the region, it is important not neglecting their study since the adequate characterization of their larval biotopes is relevant regarding vector surveillance and control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bartonella quintana is a body louse-borne bacterium causing bacteremia and infective endocarditis. We aimed to describe B. quintana detection among arthropods and their hosts. Methods: We searched databases in PubMed Central/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1, 1915 (the year of B. quintana discovery) to January 1, 2024, to identify publications containing specific search terms relating to B. quintana detection among arthropods. Descriptive statistics and meta-analysis of pooled prevalence using random-effects models were performed for all arthropods and body and head lice. Results: Of 1265 records, 62 articles were included, describing 8839 body lice, 4962 head lice, and 1692 other arthropods, such as different species of fleas, bedbugs, mites, and ticks. Arthropods were collected from 37 countries, of which 28 had arthropods with B. quintana DNA. Among articles that reported B. quintana detection among individual arthropods, 1445 of 14,088 (0.1026, 95% CI [0.0976; 0.1077]) arthropods tested positive for B. quintana DNA, generating a random-effects model global prevalence of 0.0666 (95% CI [0.0426; 0.1026]). Fifty-six studies tested 8839 body lice, of which 1679 had B. quintana DNA (0.1899, 95% CI [0.1818; 0.1983]), generating a random-effects model pooled prevalence of 0.2312 (95% CI [0.1784; 0.2843]). Forty-two studies tested 4962 head lice, of which 390 head lice from 20 studies originating from 11 different countries had B. quintana DNA (0.0786, 95% CI [0.0713; 0.0864]). Eight studies detected B. quintana DNA exclusively on head lice. Five studies reported greater B. quintana detection on head lice than body lice; all originated from low-resource environments. Conclusions: Bartonella quintana is a vector-borne bacterium with a global distribution, disproportionately affecting marginalized populations. Bartonella quintana DNA has been detected in many different arthropod species, though not all of these arthropods meet criteria to be considered vectors for B. quintana transmission. Body lice have long been known to transmit B. quintana. A limited number of studies suggest that head lice may also act as possible vectors for B. quintana in specific low-resource contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gene therapy by convection‐enhanced delivery of type 2 adeno‐associated virus‐glial cell derived neurotrophic factor (AAV2‐GDNF) to the bilateral putamina seeks to increase GDNF gene expression and treat Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: A 63‐year‐old man with advanced PD received AAV2‐GDNF in a clinical trial. He died from pneumonia after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion 45 months later. An autopsy included brain examination for GDNF transgene expression. Putaminal catecholamine concentrations were compared to in vivo 18F‐Fluorodopa (18F‐FDOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) scanning results before and 18 months after AAV2‐GDNF infusion. Results: Parkinsonian progression stabilized clinically. Postmortem neuropathology confirmed PD. Bilateral putaminal regions previously infused with AAV2‐GDNF expressed the GDNF gene. Total putaminal dopamine was 1% of control, confirming the striatal dopaminergic deficiency suggested by baseline 18F‐DOPA‐PET scanning. Putaminal regions responded as expected to AAV2‐GDNF. Conclusion: After AAV2‐GDNF infusion, infused putaminal regions showed increased GDNF gene expression, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive sprouting, catechol levels, and 18F‐FDOPA‐PET signal, suggesting the regenerative potential of AAV2‐GDNF in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intramuscular vaccines present limitations in eliciting robust mucosal immunity and preventing respiratory pathogens transmission. Sublingual vaccine administration offers promising advantages, including interconnected mucosal protection. Despite these advantages, only a few clinical trials have explored sublingual vaccines, underscoring the necessity of optimizing next-generation vaccine formulas. Critical research priorities include understanding vector behavior in the oral environment, understanding their interactions with mucosal immunity and developing formulations enabling sustained mucosal contact to facilitate efficient transduction. Consequently, tonsil organoids, as representative human mucosal models, could offer critical insights into sublingual immunization. Thus, a multi-disciplinary approach integrating pharmacological, immunological, and manufacturing considerations is pivotal for sublingual vaccines in targeting pathogen-aggravated prevalent respiratory diseases including asthma, COPD and lung cancer, as well as the antimicrobial resistance crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female mosquitoes produce eggs in gonadotrophic cycles that are divided between a previtellogenic and vitellogenic phase. Previtellogenic females consume water and sugar sources like nectar while also being attracted to hosts for blood feeding. Consumption of a blood meal activates the vitellogenic phase, which produces mature eggs and suppresses host attraction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that neuropeptide Y-like hormones differentially modulate host attraction behavior in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. A series of experiments collectively indicated that enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the posterior midgut produce and release neuropeptide F (NPF) into the hemolymph during the previtellogenic phase which stimulates attraction to humans and biting behavior. Consumption of a blood meal, which primarily consists of protein by dry weight, down-regulated NPF in EECs until mature eggs developed, which was associated with a decline in hemolymph titer. NPF depletion depended on protein digestion but was not associated with EEC loss. Other experiments showed that neurons in the terminal ganglion extend axons to the posterior midgut and produce RYamide, which showed evidence of increased secretion into circulation after a blood meal. Injection of RYamide-1 and -2 into previtellogenic females suppressed host attraction, while coinjection of RYamides with or without short NPF-2 also inhibited the host attraction activity of NPF. Overall, our results identify NPF and RYamide as gut-associated hormones in A. aegypti that link host attraction behavior to shifts in diet during sequential gonadotrophic cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector is one of the most important subjects in mathematics, but many students face difficulties in learning vector. To find out the cause, this study is conducted to find the differences and similarities in learning opportunities presented in the vector tasks from Indonesian and Singaporean mathematics textbooks. Therefore, vector tasks from the two books are compared with the aspects of representations, contextuality, and response types. Firstly, this study finds out that the chosen Indonesian textbook provides fewer learning opportunities than the chosen Singaporean textbook in terms of vector tasks. Secondly, this study also finds out that the Indonesian textbook tends to present tasks in visual representation, while the Singaporean textbook tends to present tasks in pure mathematics form. Thirdly, this study also finds out that Indonesian textbook usually uses applicative tasks that correlate with real-life situations, while the Singaporean textbook does the otherwise. Lastly, this study also finds out that both textbooks mostly use close-ended tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the extension of principal component analysis, canonical correlation analysis, the Cramer–Rao inequality, and a few other statistical concepts in the real domain to the corresponding complex domain. Optimizations of Hermitian forms under a linear constraint, a bilinear form under Hermitian-form constraints, and similar maxima/minima problems in the complex domain are discussed. Some vector/matrix differential operators are developed to handle the above types of problems. These operators in the complex domain and the optimization problems in the complex domain are believed to be new and novel. These operators will also be useful in maximum likelihood estimation problems, which will be illustrated in the concluding remarks. Detailed steps are given in the derivations so that the methods are easily accessible to everyone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capripoxviruses are the causative agents of sheeppox, goatpox, and lumpy skin disease (LSD) in cattle, which cause economic losses to the livestock industry in Africa and Asia. Capripoxviruses are currently controlled using several live attenuated vaccines. It was previously demonstrated that a lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) field isolate from Warmbaths (WB) South Africa, ORF 005 (IL-10) gene-deleted virus (LSDV WB005KO), was able to protect sheep and goats against sheeppox and goatpox. Subsequently, genes encoding the protective antigens for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and Rift Valley fever (RVF) viruses have been inserted in the LSDV WB005KO construct in three different antigen forms (native, secreted, and fusion). These three multivalent vaccine candidates were evaluated for protection against PPR using a single immunization of 104 TCID50 in sheep. The vaccine candidates with the native and secreted antigens protected sheep against PPR clinical disease and decreased viral shedding, as detected using real-time RT-PCR in oral and nasal swabs. An anamnestic antibody response, measured using PPR virus-neutralizing antibody response production, was observed in sheep following infection. The vaccine candidates with the antigens expressed in their native form were evaluated for protection against RVF using a single immunization with doses of 104 or 105 TCID50 in sheep and goats. Following RVF virus infection, sheep and goats were protected against clinical disease and no viremia was detected in serum compared to control animals, where viremia was detected one day following infection. Sheep and goats developed RVFV-neutralizing antibodies prior to infection, and the antibody responses increased following infection. These results demonstrate that an LSD virus-vectored vaccine candidate can be used in sheep and goats to protect against multiple viral infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Egypt, the most common mosquito-borne diseases transmitted to human beings are exacerbated by water contamination caused by the unregulated discharge of chemical contaminants. Population growth and urbanization have expanded possible habitats, resulting in an increase in the abundance of Culex pipiens. In the present study, the fifth generation was reared at 27± 2°C, 75% RH, and a photoperiod of 12:12h (light-dark) in clean, moderately, and contaminated water to determine the impact of water contaminants on the population dynamics of Culex pipiens. Our results showed that C. pipiens had a finite growth rate (λ) of 1.3116 d-1, an intrinsic growth rate (r) of 0.3145 d-1, a net reproductive rate (R0) of 100.06 offspring, and a mean fertility (F) of 262.53 eggs in highly contaminated water. These values are much higher than those found in the offspring of water with minimal contamination. While there was no significant difference in male adult lifetime across treatments, female adult lifespan was significantly reduced in clean water (9.91 days) and moderately polluted (10.54 days) water compared to contaminated water (13.63 days). In moderately and clean water, the parameters were as follows: λ = 1. 2311 d1, 198.02 eggs, r = 0.2105 d-1 and R0 = 68.45 offspring, λ = 1.169 d-1, 186.92 eggs, r = 0. 2047 d-1, and R0 = 64.09 offspring, respectively. This research suggests that Culex pipiens may undergo the degree of adaptation to severely contaminated water, which might do enough to increase the diversity of the mosquito-borne disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The yellow-fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is the primary global arboviral vector of dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Widespread resistance to insecticides has made this mosquito difficult to control. In our study, we compare wild-caught, insecticide-resistant California populations to a susceptible lab colony, Rockefeller, by comprehensively investigating levels of metabolites and conducting comparative gene expression analysis, alongside studies of life history traits. We specifically attempt to identify candidate metabolites that could be investigated further as biomarkers for an insecticide-resistant phenotype. We identify baseline differences in flux through pathways mediating the response to oxidative stress and identify metabolites that vary between the two groups across samples but identify few promising metabolite features with greater than 10-fold change in relative abundance between the strains. This study examines the phenotypic differences between wild-derived F2 Central Valley mosquitoes and the insecticide-susceptible Rockefeller (Rock) lab strain of Ae. aegypti. Given the rarity of wild pyrethroid-susceptible populations, the focus of this work is to develop an understanding of the resistance physiology in this invasive mosquito population and explore the potential of metabolites as diagnostic biomarkers for metabolic resistance. This study utilizes metabolomic, gene expression, and lifespan data for a comparison between strains. The findings indicate that wild-derived mosquitoes with greater metabolic resistance have a lifespan sensitivity to restricted larval nutrition. In terms of metabolism and gene expression, Central Valley mosquitoes show increased activity in oxidoreductase, glutathione metabolism, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Conversely, Rock mosquitoes display signs of metabolic inefficiency and mitochondrial dysregulation, likely tolerated due to the consistency and nutritional abundance of a controlled lab environment. The study also examines Ae. aegypti P450 and GSTE profiles in relation to other insecticide-resistant groups. While metabolomic data can differentiate our study groups, the challenges in biomarker development arise from few detected markers meeting high fold change thresholds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cache Valley virus (CVV) is an understudied Orthobunyavirus with a high spillover transmission potential due to its wide geographical distribution and large number of associated hosts and vectors. Although CVV is known to be widely distributed throughout North America, no studies have explored its geography or employed computational methods to explore the mammal and mosquito species likely participating in the CVV sylvatic cycle. Methods: We used a literature review and online databases to compile locality data for CVV and its potential vectors and hosts. We linked location data points with climatic data via ecological niche modeling to estimate the geographical range of CVV and hotspots of transmission risk. We used background similarity tests to identify likely CVV mosquito vectors and mammal hosts to detect ecological signals from CVV sylvatic transmission. Results: CVV distribution maps revealed a widespread potential viral occurrence throughout North America. Ecological niche models identified areas with climate, vectors, and hosts suitable to maintain CVV transmission. Our background similarity tests identified Aedes vexans, Culiseta inornata, and Culex tarsalis as the most likely vectors and Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) as the most likely host sustaining sylvatic transmission. Conclusions: CVV has a continental-level, widespread transmission potential. Large areas of North America have suitable climate, vectors, and hosts for CVV emergence, establishment, and spread. We identified geographical hotspots that have no confirmed CVV reports to date and, in view of CVV misdiagnosis or underreporting, can guide future surveillance to specific localities and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent years the Asian bush mosquito Aedes japonicus has invaded Europe, including the Netherlands. This species is a known vector for a range of arboviruses, possibly including West Nile virus (WNV). As WNV emerged in the Netherlands in 2020, it is important to investigate the vectorial capacity of mosquito species present in the Netherlands to estimate the risk of future outbreaks and further spread of the virus. Therefore, this study evaluates the potential role of Ae. japonicus in WNV transmission and spillover from birds to dead-end hosts in the Netherlands. Methods: We conducted human landing collections in allotment gardens (Lelystad, the Netherlands) in June, August and September 2021 to study the diurnal and seasonal host-seeking behaviour of Ae. japonicus. Furthermore, their host preference in relation to birds using live chicken-baited traps was investigated. Vector competence of field-collected Ae. japonicus mosquitoes for two isolates of WNV at two different temperatures was determined. Based on the data generated from these studies, we developed a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model to calculate the risk of WNV spillover from birds to humans via Ae. japonicus, under the condition that the virus is introduced and circulates in an enzootic cycle in a given area. Results: Our results show that Ae. japonicus mosquitoes are actively host seeking throughout the day, with peaks in activity in the morning and evening. Their abundance in August was higher than in June and September. For the host-preference experiment, we documented a small number of mosquitoes feeding on birds: only six blood-fed females were caught over 4 full days of sampling. Finally, our vector competence experiments with Ae. japonicus compared to its natural vector Culex pipiens showed a higher infection and transmission rate when infected with a local, Dutch, WNV isolate compared to a Greek isolate of the virus. Interestingly, we also found a small number of infected Cx. pipiens males with virus-positive leg and saliva samples. Conclusions: Combining the field and laboratory derived data, our model predicts that Ae. japonicus could act as a spillover vector for WNV and could be responsible for a high initial invasion risk of WNV when present in large numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tropical countries, combating leaf curl disease in hot peppers has become important in improvement programs. Leaf curl disease is caused by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted begomoviruses, which mainly include chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV). However, multiple begomoviruses have also been found to be associated with this disease. The Capsicum annuum line, DLS-Sel-10, was found to be a tolerant source against this disease during field screening. In this study, we characterized the resistance of DLS-sel-10 against chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV) in comparison to the susceptible cultivar Phule Mukta (PM), focusing on the level, stage, and nature of resistance. Comprehensive investigations involved screening of DLS-Sel-10 against the whitefly vector ChiLCV. The putative tolerant line displayed reduced virus infection at the seedling stage, with increasing resistance during vegetative, flowering, and fruiting stages. Both DLS-Sel-10 and PM could be infected with ChiLCV, although DLS-Sel-10 remained symptomless. Insect feeding assays revealed DLS-Sel-10 as a less preferred host for whiteflies compared to PM. In conclusion, DLS-Sel-10 demonstrated tolerance not only to ChiLCV but also served as an unfavorable host for the whitefly vector. The study highlighted an age-dependent increase in tolerance within DLS-Sel-10, showcasing its potential for effective leaf curl disease management in chilli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: RNA interference (RNAi) is a target-specific gene silencing method that can be used to determine gene functions and investigate host–pathogen interactions, as well as facilitating the development of ecofriendly pesticides. Commercially available transfection reagents (TRs) can improve the efficacy of RNAi. However, we currently lack a product and protocol for the transfection of insect cell lines with long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Methods: We used agarose gel electrophoresis to determine the capacity of eight TRs to form complexes with long dsRNA. A CellTiter-Glo assay was then used to assess the cytotoxicity of the resulting lipoplexes. We also measured the cellular uptake of dsRNA by fluorescence microscopy using the fluorophore Cy3 as a label. Finally, we analyzed the TRs based on their transfection efficacy and compared the RNAi responses of Aedes albopictus C6/36 and U4.4 cells by knocking down an mCherry reporter Semliki Forest virus in both cell lines. Results: The TRs from Biontex (K4, Metafectene Pro, and Metafectene SI+) showed the best complexing capacity and the lowest dsRNA:TR ratio needed for complete complex formation. Only HiPerFect was unable to complex the dsRNA completely, even at a ratio of 1:9. Most of the complexes containing mCherry-dsRNA were nontoxic at 2 ng/µL, but Lipofectamine 2000 was toxic at 1 ng/µL in U4.4 cells and at 2 ng/µL in C6/36 cells. The transfection of U4.4 cells with mCherry-dsRNA/TR complexes achieved significant knockdown of the virus reporter. Comparison of the RNAi response in C6/36 and U4.4 cells suggested that C6/36 cells lack the antiviral RNAi response because there was no significant knockdown of the virus reporter in any of the treatments. Conclusions: C6/36 cells have an impaired RNAi response as previously reported. This investigation provides valuable information for future RNAi experiments by showing how to mitigate the adverse effects attributed to TRs. This will facilitate the judicious selection of TRs and transfection conditions conducive to RNAi research in mosquitoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fleas, one of the most significant ectoparasites, play a crucial role as vectors in spreading zoonotic diseases globally. The Qinghai Province, as part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is one of the provinces in China with the largest number of flea species. In this study, we characterized the microbial communities of eighty-five adult fleas, belonging to nineteen species within four families (Ceratophyllidae, Ctenophthalmidae, Leptopsyllidae, and Pulicidae). We identified a total of 1162 unique operational taxonomic units at the genus level, with flea-borne pathogens such as Wolbachia, Bartonella, Rickettsia being the members of top abundant taxa. Except for comparison between Ctenophthalmidae and Leptopsyllidae families, the analyses of both alpha- and beta- diversity indicators suggested that bacterial diversity varied among flea families. This could be attributed to flea phylogeny, which also influenced by their geographical sites and animal hosts. Results of Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) indicated that 29 genera in Ceratophylloidea, 11 genera in Ctenophthalmidae, 15 genera in Leptopsyllidae, and 22 genera in Pulicidae were significantly responsible for explaining the differences among the four flea families (linear discriminant analysis score > 2, P < 0.05). Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt2) analyses showed that the functional pathways varied significantly across flea families, which was supported by the significant correlation between the functional pathways and the microbial communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pumpkins are often referred to as the "king of cucurbits" due to their large fruit size. In 2021, we conducted studies on the biology of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, under insect-proof screen house conditions, focusing on both healthy and Squash Leaf Curl China Virus (SLCCNV)-infected pumpkin plants. Before reaching adulthood, the whiteflies went through three nymphal instars and a pupal stage. In terms of fecundity, female whiteflies laid between 42 and 57 eggs on healthy pumpkin plants, and between 35 and 49 eggs on SLCCNV-infected plants during the spring season. During the rainy season, fecundity ranged from 45 to 60 eggs per female on healthy plants and 31 to 53 eggs per female on SLCCNV-infected plants. The total life cycle of B. tabaci, from egg to adult, varied between 20 and 26 days on healthy plants and 19 to 27 days on SLCCNV-infected plants during the spring season. In contrast, during the rainy season, the life cycle duration ranged from 18 to 24 days on healthy plants and 18 to 23 days on SLCCNV-infected plants. These findings offer valuable insights into the reproductive and developmental dynamics of B. tabaci in relation to pumpkin plant health and viral infection status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm) permeate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and constitute a hazard to animal life. Although much research has been conducted on the effects of microplastics on marine and benthic organisms, less consideration has been given to insects, especially those adapted to urban environments. Here, we provide a perspective on the potential consequences of exposure to microplastics within typical larval habitat on mosquito biology. Mosquitoes represent an ideal organism in which to explore the biological effects of microplastics on terrestrial insects, not least because of their importance as an infectious disease vector. Drawing on evidence from other organisms and knowledge of the mosquito life cycle, we summarise some of the more plausible impacts of microplastics including physiological, ecotoxicological and immunological responses. We conclude that although there remains little experimental evidence demonstrating any adverse effect on mosquito biology or pathogen transmission, significant knowledge gaps remain, and there is now a need to quantify the effects that microplastic pollution could have on such an important disease vector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cockroaches, widespread pests found in metropolitan areas, are known as vectors of various disease agents, including viruses, fungi and antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, as well as causing allergies in humans. Insect growth regulators have been used in pest management for several decades. These insecticides disrupt insect development and reproduction. Chitin synthesis inhibitors interfere with chitin biosynthesis in insects, causing abortive moulting and mortality, as well as inhibiting egg fertility, and larval hatching in insects. In this research, we evaluated the various effects of diflubenzuron, a chitin synthesis inhibitor, on synthetic pyrethroid‐resistant German cockroach (Blattella germanica L. Blattodea: Ectobiidae), including ootheca production, oothecal viability, ootheca incubation time, the number of nymphs emerging from the ootheca and survivorship of nymphs. The cockroaches were fed diets that contained diflubenzuron, which was added to solid bait (impregnated fish food) and ingestible aqueous bait (impregnated cotton). Three concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 2%) were used in the experiments. As a result, diflubenzuron treatment led to ootheca production ranging from 60% to 100%; statistically, no difference was found between the treatment and the control groups. The number of nymphs emerging from the first and second ootheca was reduced by 40%–100% in the diflubenzuron‐treated groups compared with the control. Nymphs exposed to diflubenzuron‐impregnated solid bait and ingestible aqueous bait experienced mortality exceeding 92.1% and 66.27% within 15 days, respectively. In conclusion, diflubenzuron is a potential insecticide for use in cockroach baits to control B. germanica, as it caused high nymphal and embryonic mortality in the synthetic pyrethroid‐resistant population and decreased the number of nymphs emerging from the ootheca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacillus subtilis is regarded as a promising microbial expression system in bioengineering due to its high stress resistance, nontoxic, low codon preference and grow fast. The strain has a relatively efficient expression system, as it has at least three protein secretion pathways and abundant molecular chaperones, which guarantee its expression ability and compatibility. Currently, many proteins are expressed in Bacillus subtilis, and their application prospects are broad. Although Bacillus subtilis has great advantages compared with other prokaryotes related to protein expression and secretion, it still faces deficiencies, such as low wild-type expression, low product activity, and easy gene loss, which limit its large-scale application. Over the years, many researchers have achieved abundant results in the modification of Bacillus subtilis expression systems, especially the optimization of promoters, expression vectors, signal peptides, transport pathways and molecular chaperones. An optimal vector with a suitable promoter strength and other regulatory elements could increase protein synthesis and secretion, increasing industrial profits. This review highlights the research status of optimization strategies related to the expression system of Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, research progress on its application as a food-grade expression system is also presented, along with some future modification and application directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the genus Avipoxvirus (APV) of the family Poxviridae, Fowlpox virus (FWPV) is of the highest economic importance associated with a severe drop in egg production, retarded growth of younger birds, and sometimes heavy mortality. Despite its worldwide prevalence, the status of fowlpox infection varies in different geographical regions due to differences in climate, vector population, vaccination status, management, and employed hygienic practices. The disease is frequently seen in all production systems, ranging from backyard to commercial poultry flocks due to insufficient vaccination coverage, strain differences or the emergence of novel variants. FWPV can either produce cutaneous lesions (hypertrophy/hyperplasia of epidermal cells) or can affect mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract or digestive system (diphtheritic form). The host specificity has been considered broader than previously thought: (a) 'fowlpox-like viruses' being mainly isolated from Galliformes, (b) 'canarypox-like viruses' from Passeriformes and (c) viruses of Psittaciformes. Currently, fowlpox is considered an evolving disease in the poultry industry with several incidences documented in vaccinated chicken flocks worldwide. Limited reports are available on the antigenic, genetic, and biological characterisation of FWPV and other APVs. Complete genome sequencing of different APVs is necessary to understand its molecular epidemiology which would help to solve the complex paradigm of its host range. In the recent past, FWPV has been used as a vector to produce recombinant veterinary vaccines. This review has briefed the aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, prevention, and control strategies related to fowlpox infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic adenovirus (Ad) infections are widespread but typically mild and transient, except in the immunocompromised. As vectors for gene therapy, vaccine, and oncology applications, Ad-based platforms offer advantages, including ease of genetic manipulation, scale of production, and well-established safety profiles, making them attractive tools for therapeutic development. However, the immune system often poses a significant challenge that must be overcome for adenovirus-based therapies to be truly efficacious. Both pre-existing anti-Ad immunity in the population as well as the rapid development of an immune response against engineered adenoviral vectors can have detrimental effects on the downstream impact of an adenovirus-based therapeutic. This review focuses on the different challenges posed, including pre-existing natural immunity and anti-vector immunity induced by a therapeutic, in the context of innate and adaptive immune responses. We summarise different approaches developed with the aim of tackling these problems, as well as their outcomes and potential future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, the recently reported plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex affects several wild, ornamental, and cultivated trees causing scorch diseases. In 2018, the sequence type 87 was reported in Tuscany on Mediterranean shrubs and trees. Although spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) were already identified as main vectors of this bacterium in Europe, their role in the transmission of this subspecies has not been ascertained yet. In this study the ability of Philaenus spumarius and Neophilaenus campestris to acquire and transmit Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex sequence type 87 from and to Rhamnus alaternus was evaluated in two-year semi-field experiments. To acquire the bacterium, insects were confined on wild, naturally infected R. alaternus shrubs for 120 h. Then, they were transferred to healthy plants and maintained in cages for 96 h. To follow the infection, plant samples were collected every two months for three times. Tested plants were destroyed at the end of experiments and roots, twigs and leaves were analysed. Philaenus spumarius showed a significantly higher survival rate than N. campestris. The infection status of both insects and plants was assessed through molecular analysis. P. spumarius and N. campestris were able to infect healthy plants although the acquisition rate and the estimated probability of transmission appeared to be low. These findings provide new accounts on the role of two polyphagous insect vectors in spreading a quarantine organism, which is lethal to a huge number of plant species. However, further studies are needed to disclose more specific interactions within this complex pathosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]