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The error threshold is the cornerstone to balance the mathematical complexity and simulation speed of wind farm (WF) equivalent models, and can promote the standardization process of equivalent methodology. Due to differences in power system conditions and model evaluation standards in different countries, the form and indexes of error thresholds of WF equivalent models have not been unified yet. This paper proposes a theoretical method for quantifying the minimum risk of error threshold of WF equivalent models based on the Bayes discriminant criterion. Firstly, the Euclidean errors of WF equivalent models in different periods are quantified, and the probability density distributions of the errors are fitted by kernel density estimation. Secondly, the real-time weighted prior probability algorithm is used to obtain the prior probability of a valid WF equivalent model, and the different losses caused by the missed judgment and misjudgment of the model validity to power systems are taken into account. Thirdly, the minimum risk quantification model of error threshold is established based on the Bayes discriminant criterion, and the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by an actual WF with numerical examples. Compared with the existing error thresholds, the proposed error threshold can more quickly and accurately determine the validity of WF equivalent models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the lack of essential understanding of asphalt foaming behavior, engineering problems such as mix design failure and unstable performance of foamed asphalt cold recycling mixtures are prone to occur. This paper develops a novel asphalt foaming performance testing system and proposes new indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of asphalt foaming. The 3D spatial coordinates of different points on the foamed asphalt surface and the height of the foamed asphalt corresponding to these coordinates can be continuously monitored by binocular ranging equipment. By analyzing these dynamic parameters, the application effect of binocular ranging technology, the expansion characteristics and dynamic evolution rules of foamed asphalt in the spatial domain are analyzed. Results showed that by a combined use of the designed binocular ranging system and new evaluation indicators, the foaming ability and post-foaming stability of asphalt can be accurately assessed by comprehensively reflecting the expansion characteristics of foamed asphalt. To achieve a more efficient mix design of foamed asphalt cold recycling mixture, the correlation between asphalt foaming indicators and the road performance of the mixture could be an important focus of the next stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials are emerging as important contributors in various applications and can be used especially in environmental catalysis. Herein, a brief summary on the basic knowledge of supercritical hydrothermal synthesis (SCWHS) is presented, including the synthesized functional nanomaterials, the effects of different experimental conditions on the properties of nanoparticles, and examples of their applications in environmental catalysis, highlighting the environmental and economic advantages of SCWHS. This review focuses on supercritical water as an environmentally friendly particle engineering tool for the production of high-quality, high-yield nanoparticles and the possibility of achieving their continuous production in industry. Nanoparticles are nucleated within a short time and their particle size can be controlled by SCWHS. Therefore, attention is given to the relationship between the formation and experimental conditions, as well as the properties of the obtained material in terms of particle size, surface area, crystallinity, morphology and surface properties. In addition, SCWHS can combine organic wastewater treatment, waste resource utilization and nanoparticle synthesis, and the in situ-generated nanoparticles can promote the oxidation of organic wastewater and the resourceful conversion of solid wastes as well as have production value as a by-product. The work may provide guidance for the further development of SCWHS, preparation of functional nanomaterials, and exploration of multiple applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) presents a promising alternative material due to its reduced CO2 emissions and superior mechanical properties compared to traditional Portland cement (PC). This study investigates the synergistic effect of calcined coal-series kaolinite (CCK) and limestone (LS) on the hydration behavior of cement, specifically focusing on varying mass ratios. The combination of CCK and LS promotes the formation of strätlingite and carboaluminates, which enhances early-age strength development. Additionally, the inclusion of CCK facilitates the formation of carboaluminates during later stages of hydration. After 56 days of hydration, the content of carboaluminates is over 10%wt. This stimulation of secondary hydration products significantly refines the evolution of pore structure, with the harmful large pores gradually transformed into harmless medium pores and gel pores, leading to marked improvements in compressive strength from 7 to 28 days. Replacing 45% PC with CCK and LS at mass ratio of 7 to 2, the compressive strength of blends reaches 47.2 MPa at 28 days. Overall, the synergistic interaction between CCK and LS presents unique opportunities to minimize the CO2 footprint of the cement industry without compromising early and long-term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the calcined coal gangue (CCG)-blended cements containing Stöber nano-SiO2 (SNS) particles. The effects of SNS particles on the workability, hydration behaviour, mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of the blended cements were comprehensively investigated at curing ages ranging from 1 to 28 d. The hydration behaviour was studied via isothermal calorimetry test, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric (TG) tests. The microstructural evolution was studied using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the incorporation of SNS led to a significant reduction in fluidity, particularly at an SNS content of 3%. The SNS significantly increased the compressive strength of the CCG-blended cement at all curing ages, and the optimum SNS content was found to be 2%. SNS significantly accelerated not only the early cement hydration but also the pozzolanic reaction of CCG at later curing ages, resulting in a decrease in portlandite, as evidenced by the isothermal calorimetry, XRD and TG analysis. Microstructural analysis shows that the incorporation of SNS effectively refined the pore structure of the CCG-blended cement, resulting in the formation of a dense microstructure. All these beneficial effects of SNS provides advantages in the development of the compressive strength of the CCG-blended cement at all curing ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil degradation has led to a continuous decline in the quality of phaeozem, which is seriously threatening the foundation of national food security. Therefore, precisely evaluating the health status of phaeozem resources and their spatial and temporal variations are crucial for ensuring the effective implementation of soil degradation prevention and control strategies. In this study, soil data from 140 sites were collected, and eight physical and chemical indices (sand content, silt content, pedon thickness, organic matter, total potassium, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and pH) were utilized to assess the soil health status of phaeozem in Liaoning Province. The results showed the following: (1) The minimum data set is aligned with previous research findings and effectively mirrors the soil's health condition. (2) The substantial coefficients of variation observed for pedon thickness, sand content, and silt content across regions suggest notable differences, likely influenced by climatic variations, parent material differences, and anthropogenic activities. (3) The study area's average soil pH of 6.39 indicates an overall acidic nature, potentially attributed to intense soil weathering and suboptimal fertilization practices. (4) The soil health index (SHI) ranged from 0.33 to 0.91, with an average of 0.62, which indicates that the majority of the phaeozem in Liaoning Province are in a sub-healthy state (SHI < 0.6 = unhealthy, SHI 0.6–0.8 = sub-healthy, SHI ≥ 0.8 = healthy). These sub-healthy areas are primarily located in hills, mountains, and the Liaohe Plain, and are significantly impacted by rainfall and wind erosion. Meanwhile, unhealthy areas are concentrated in the south and center of the province, characterized by fragile ecological environments and challenging agricultural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-stage planning method for independent energy storage (IES) based on dynamically updating key transmission sections (KTS) is proposed to address issues such as uneven power flow distribution and transmission congestion resulting from the high penetration of renewable energy sources and load growth. First, an IES planning model considering KTS constraints is established by searching and updating the KTS and associated constraints. This model takes into account IES investment and operation costs, maintenance costs, revenue from spot price differences, and penalties for system congestion. Then, a multi-stage planning method for energy storage is proposed based on the dynamic updating of KTS and the annual planning results. To verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, a case study simulation is conducted using the improved IEEE 39-bus New England standard system. The results demonstrate the ability of the method to achieve multi-stage rolling optimization of IES, providing a reference for future efforts toward multi-stage planning of IES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An axial flow circulating pump (AFCP), as a key facility of the large vessel power system, is designed for conveying cooling water of the power system. The pump will be rotated actively under the drive of motor when the vessel is navigated at a low speed, which is called the pump operating condition (POC). Besides, it will be rotated passively under the drive of Inlet flow fluid energy in the case of the vessel at a high speed, which is called the unpowered driven condition (UDC). It is worth noting that the characteristics of internal flow, energy generation and dissipation laws of the AFCP are varied under UDC and POC. This paper analyzes the energy transfer laws of the AFCP under UDC and POC using the modified PANS model and energy conveying theory. Pressure propulsion power (accounting for 82.6%) is a primary factor affecting energy conveying, while Lamb vector divergence and enstrophy (accounting for 17.4%) have limited effects on energy conveying, according to the research findings. Moreover, more intense energy generation and dissipation can be found under UDC with a rising proportion between Lamb vector divergence and enstrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The obstacle associated with continuous cropping is an important problem in the production of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). The allelochemicals from root exudates play an active role in root–microbe communication. The primary objective of this study was to delve into the impact of root exudates and the continuous cultivation of muskmelon on the growth and colonization patterns of Trichoderma viride T23. It was observed that the root exudates of muskmelon significantly promoted mycelial growth and the sporulation of Trichoderma viride T23 at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1 g·mL−1, while at a concentration of 0.05 g·mL−1, the enzyme activities of β-glucosidase, chitinase and cellulase were 12.34, 13.23, and 17.85 U·mL−1, respectively, which were higher than those of the control. With increasing concentrations of root exudates, the hyphal growth, spore germination, and the three enzyme activities of Trichoderma viride T23 were decreased. The findings from the pot experiments revealed that the total phenolic acid content in the soil of replanted muskmelon demonstrated a trend of escalating over the course of the first growth cycle of continuous cropping to the fourth growth cycle of continuous cropping. The population density in the rhizosphere soil of Trichoderma viride T23 in the first growth cycle and the second growth cycle of continuous cropping shows a significant difference compared with other treatments, which led to statistically significant increments of stem diameter, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight and SPAD index. It is necessary to increase the dose of the beneficial microorganism or degrade the phenolics in the rhizosphere soil to promote effectiveness while increasing the growth cycles of continuous cropping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online health communities (OHCs) function as significant platforms that people use to obtain information and emotional support. Despite many studies on user behavior and relationships, little attention has been paid to user identities and how different layers of identities are interwoven. To address this potential research gap, this study examined users' relationship‐layer identities and their evolution by elaborating on the communication theory of identity (CTI) and social support theory. Additionally, based on our previous study on users' personal‐layer identities in OHCs, we investigated how users' relationship‐layer identities interacted with their personal‐layer identities. This study classified users' posts and replies into providing informational support, seeking informational support, providing emotional support, seeking emotional support, and companionship using the bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT), with F1‐scores above 0.848. Through social network analysis, this study found that users of OHCs constructed their relationship‐layer identities more through informational interactions than through emotional interactions. Users with various personal‐layer identities presented different relationship‐layer identities. Users' relationships were more initiated by information exchange, and users with more interactions had more companionship activities. OHCs provided efficient communication channels for people to exchange social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alite(C3S)-Ye'elimite(C4A3$) cement is a high cementitious material that incorporates a precise proportion of ye'elimite into the ordinary Portland cement. The synthesis and hydration behavior of Alite-Ye'elimite clinker with different lime saturation factors were investigated. The clinkers were synthesized using a secondary thermal treatment process, and their compositions were characterized. The hydrated pastes were analyzed for their hydration products, pore structure, mechanical strength, and microstructure. The clinkers and hydration products were characterized using XRD, TG-DSC, SEM, and MIP analysis. The results showed that the Alite-Ye'elimite cement clinker with a lime saturation factor (KH) of 0.93, prepared through secondary heat treatment, contained 64.88% C3S and 2.06% C4A3$. At this composition, the Alite-Ye'elimite cement clinker demonstrated the highest 28-day strength. The addition of SO3 to the clinkers decreased the content of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and the ratio of Alite/Belite (C3S/C2S), resulting in a preference for belite formation. The pore structure of the hydrated pastes was also investigated, revealing a distribution of pore sizes ranging from 0.01 to 10 μm, with two peaks on each differential distribution curve corresponding to micron and sub-micron pores. The pore volume decreased from 0.22 ± 0.03 to 0.15 ± 0.18 cm3 g−1, and the main peak of pore distribution shifted towards smaller sizes with increasing hydration time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional coseismic surface deformation fields are important for quantifying the geometric and kinematic characteristics of earthquake rupture faults. However, traditional geodetic techniques are constrained by intrinsic limitations: Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) can only extract far-field deformation fields owing to incoherence; global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) can only acquire displacement at discrete points. The recently developed optical pixel correlation technique, which is based on high-resolution remote sensing images, can acquire near-field coseismic horizontal deformation. In this study, InSAR line-of-sight (LOS) and azimuth direction far-field deformation, horizontal near-field deformation determined using optical pixel correlation based on pre- and post-earthquake GaoFen (GF)-2/7 images, and vertical deformation determined by differencing pre- and post-earthquake GF-7 digital elevation models (DEMs) were combined to comprehensively provide the three-dimensional deformation field of the 2022 Mw 6.6 Menyuan earthquake. The results show that the near-field deformation field calculated by optical pixel correlation quantified displacements distributed over the rupture fault zone, which were not available from the InSAR deformation maps. We identified significant vertical displacements of ~1–1.5 m at a bend region, which were induced by local compressive stress. The maximum uplift (>2.0 m) occurred near the epicenter, on the southern sides of the main and secondary faults along the middle segment of the ruptured Lenglongling fault. In addition, surface two-dimensional strain derived from the displacement maps calculated by optical pixel correlation revealed high strain concentration on the rupture fault zone. The method described herein provides a new tool for a better understanding of the characteristics of coseismic surface deformation and rupture patterns of faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken into the preparation and properties of fly-ash-based geopolymers that can be used to make multistage-pore materials able to adsorb gases such as carbon dioxide. The influence of steel slag on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the final precursor products was investigated and characterised by mechanical strength tests, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The results showed that a low dose of steel slag significantly promoted the early compressive strength of a multistage-pore geopolymer. However, when the slag dose reached 30%, the strength decreased dramatically. The pore classification effect was more obvious when the capillary pores in the geopolymer disappeared and the pores mainly existed in the form of gel pores and voids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem gambling poses serious harm to individuals and societies worldwide. This study aims to investigate the relationship between stressful life events and problem gambling, and further explore the mediating role of coping strategies and magical thinking. Currently, the research on problem gambling is widely conducted worldwide. However, due to the unique characteristics of China's gambling industry, research on problem gambling conducted in the Chinese mainland has always been an underrepresented area in international gambling research. This study recruited participants from a province in central China, and data from 483 of them were ultimately analyzed. The data analysis results indicate that task-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping, avoidance-oriented coping, and magical thinking all serve as mediators in the relationship between stressful life events and problem gambling. Emotion-oriented coping and magical thinking, avoidance-oriented coping and magical thinking, all serve as serial mediators in the relationship between stressful life events and problem gambling. Task-oriented coping and magical thinking did not act as serial mediators in this relationship. This study demonstrates that helping problem gamblers develop effective coping strategies and reduce their level of magical thinking is crucial for treating their problem gambling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon careful examination, numerous wind turbine collapses can be attributed to the failure of the tower bolts. Nowadays, the Schmidt–Neuper algorithm is extensively accepted in wind turbine tower bolt design. It is not advisable to utilize the finite-element method, notwithstanding the effect of the flange gap. To quantitatively investigate the influence of flange gaps on bolt fatigue, a nonlinear finite-element model of a flange segment incorporating bolt pretension and contact elements is herein proposed. Three distinct types of flange gaps are defined intentionally. It is possible to determine the nonlinear relationship between the wall load and bolt internal force. The fatigue damage of bolts was thus computed using the obtained nonlinear curve. Comparing with the results with those of Schmidt–Neuper method revealed the bolt fatigue damage is susceptible to a specified flange gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of calcined coal gangue (CCG) and limestone for the preparation of blended cement is an efficient approach to address the issue of coal gangue disposal. However, the compressive strength development of blended cement is slow, particularly at high substitution levels of CCG. Therefore, this study aimed to promote the hydration and mechanical properties of the calcined coal gangue–limestone blended cements by increasing the curing temperature. In this study, the samples were cured at two different temperatures, namely 20 and 40 °C. The four groups of samples contained 15 wt.%, 30 wt.%, 45 wt.% and 60 wt.% cement substitutions using CCG and limestone (2:1 mass ratio). The compressive strength, hydration and microstructure were investigated at the ages of 1 to 28 d. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG) were used to study the hydration behavior of samples. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the microstructure of the samples. The results indicate that an increase in curing temperature significantly promotes the compressive strength of the calcined coal gangue–limestone blended cements from 1 to 28 d. The microstructural analysis indicates that increasing the curing temperature not only promotes cement hydration but also facilitates the reaction of CCG, which precipitated more hydrates such as C-A-S-H gel, Hc and Mc. These hydrates are conducive to refining the pore structures and densifying the microstructure, which sufficiently explains the enhanced compressive strength of the calcined coal gangue–limestone blended cements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pine wilt disease, caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a major quarantine forest disease that has resulted in massive economic losses as well as ecological disaster. Therefore, it is imperative to study the defence response mechanism of host pine trees to infection by B. xylophilus to understand further the internal causes of pine tree death and to find control strategies. For many years, systematic research has been carried out on the pathophysiological response of pine trees to pine wilt disease. However, due to the complexity of the occurrence and development of pine wilt disease, the specific response mechanisms of different tree species have remained unclear. This paper attempts to provide an overview of the resistance mechanism of host pine trees against B. xylophilus infection through the perspectives of histopathological characteristics, physiological and biochemical responses, and molecular response mechanisms, which provide a theoretical reference for further investigating the disease resistance mechanism of pine trees to pine wilt disease and lay the foundation for the prevention and quarantine of pine wilt disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the core course of civil engineering, the teaching quality of bridge engineering and the learning effectiveness of students are crucial for the construction of bridge engineering. The traditional teaching of bridge engineering courses tends to be teacher-centered, with learning as a supplement, and therefore is commonly referred to as teacher-centered. This article analyzes the drawbacks of the teacher-centered teaching model and proposes a student-centered holographic teaching method in the teaching practice of bridge engineering courses. By reconstructing the learning content and constructing a holographic information field from a comprehensive perspective of digital, physical, and humanistic aspects, a teacher–student learning community guided by teachers and deeply participated in by students is established. From the perspective of integrating life experience, professional knowledge cognition, and engineering philosophy thinking, the learning effect of students is made high order, innovative, and challenging. The improved analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to evaluate the student-centered holographic teaching concept, and the results showed that adopting a multidimensional and multi-level holographic teaching method has great practical significance in promoting the establishment of student knowledge systems and the development of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super 304H has been a crucial material for ultra-supercritical boilers. However, the relationship between microstructure evolution, strengthening mechanism, and embrittling behavior during long-term aging was lacking investigation. This investigation aimed to reveal the strengthening and embrittling mechanism from precipitates in Super 304H. The results showed that the hardness increment came from the grain boundary's M23C6 (GB's M23C6) and intragranular nano Cu-rich particles. After being aged for 5000 h, the GB's M23C6 and nano Cu-rich particles provided a hardness increment of approximately 10 HV and 30 HV, respectively. The impact toughness gradually decreased from 213 J/cm2 to 161 J/cm2 with the extending aging time. For the aged Super 304H, the GB's M23C6 provided a higher cracking source. In addition, the nano Cu-rich particle restricted the twin-induced plastic deformation of austenitic grain and depressed the absorbed energy from austenitic grain deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel slag is an industrial by-product of the steelmaking process, which is under-utilized and of low value due to its characteristics. Alkali-activated technology offers the possibility of high utilization and increased value of steel slag. A geopolymer composition was composed of steel slag, fly ash, and calcium hydroxide. Four experimental groups utilizing steel slag to substitute fly ash are established based on varying replacement levels: 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% by mass. The final samples were characterized by compressive strength tests, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements, thermogravimetric measurements, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and mercury intrusion porosimetry were used to investigate the chemical composition and microstructure of the final products. Higher steel slag/fly ash ratios lead to a lower bulk density and lower compressive strength. The compressive strength ranges from 3.7 MPa to 5.6 MPa, and the bulk density ranges from 0.85 g/cm3 to 1.13 g/cm3. Microstructural and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses show that the final geopolymer products were a type of composite consisting of both calcium aluminate silicate hydrate and sodium aluminate silicate hydrate, with the unreacted crystalline phases acting as fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-span cable-supported bridges constitute the most common type of bridge with a span of more than 400 m. They are generally designed as a double-tower long-span structure with good spanning capacity and economic performance. Wind resistance safety performance is the main index used to control the long-span cable-supported bridge structure. During the life of a long-span cable-supported bridge structure, because the service life of the cables is far shorter than the design life of the structure, the wind resistance performance of the structure will inevitably deteriorate significantly, which will seriously affect the structural service performance of symmetric cable-supported bridges. Under strong wind loads, the static wind stability and flutter stability of cable-stayed bridge structures are components of the limit state of bearing capacity, which directly affects the safety performance of the structure. We take the flutter and static wind stability of a long-span cable-supported bridge structure as the main design control index, use inverse reliability theory to calculate the reliability index of a symmetric cable-supported bridge structure, use inverse reliability theory to calculate the safety factor of a symmetric cable-supported bridge structure, and evaluate the time-varying wind resistance performance of a long-span cable-supported bridge structure by comprehensively considering the reliability index and safety factor. Taking a practical project concerning a long-span cable-supported bridge as a specific case, the time-varying wind resistance reliability of the bridge throughout its operation for more than 30 years is analyzed along with the parameter sensitivity. The results show that the wind resistance performance of the cable-supported bridge structure is obviously affected by its cables, and the degradation of cable performance will have a significant impact on the time-varying wind resistance performance of the structure, especially the critical wind speed of the structure, which has obvious time-varying characteristics. The safety factor and reliability index can be used to objectively evaluate the time-varying wind resistance performance of long-span cable-supported bridge structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the influence of geological characteristics on rock physics properties is crucial for accurately recognizing the relationship between rock physics variation and reservoir characteristics. Unlike the conventional rock species, the rock physics properties of the deep carbonate rocks in the third member of Yingshan Formation (Ying-III Member) in Gucheng area, Tarim Basin are relatively more complex. To address this problem, we investigated the rock physics characteristics and controlling factors of different sedimentary microfacies samples, combined with sedimentological analysis and rock physics experiments. The results show that the sedimentary environment affects the lithology and pore structure by controlling the properties of the primitive rock and early diagenesis. Dolomitized shoal microfacies and shoal top dolomitic flat microfacies primarily form crystalline dolomite and siliceous dolomite, with pores consisting of inter-crystalline pores, dissolution pores, and cracks. Inter-shoal dolomitic flat microfacies develops silty dolomite, with only a few inter-crystalline pores and cracks. Middle- to high-energy shoal microfacies and inter-shoal sea microfacies develop tight calcarenite and micritic limestone. Samples with similar mineral composition have relatively consistent density values and acoustic properties. Soft pores, such as micro-cracks, have a significant impact on the effective pressure and acoustic wave velocity, velocity and velocity ratio, and velocity and porosity relationships. The research shows a new approach for the rock physics characteristics of deep carbonate reservoirs under geological background constraints, as well as the rock physics basis for seismic prediction of the Ying-III Member reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) is a commonly spent catalyst in the petrochemical industry; and phosphogypsum (PG) is a kind of industrial waste produced in the process of phosphoric acid production. The environmental issues caused by these two solid wastes are urgent and thus sustainable methodologies are required to dispose of and reutilize them. In this research, the waste ZSM-5 and waste PG were used to prepare a novel autoclaved aerated concrete. The effects of the different contents of disused ZSM-5 on the microstructures and performance of the PG-based AAC were determined. The results showed that the compressive strength and bulk density of the DZ4 sample were 2.6 MPa and 520 kg/m3, respectively. This study provides a novel and green approach to the reutilization of both waste PG and spent ZSM-5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron ore tailings (IOTs) are byproducts of the iron mining industry that have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential for comprehensive utilization. This study investigates how blending steel slag with IOTs (a siliceous raw material) instead of lime (a calcareous raw material) affects slurry foaming properties, mechanical properties, and reaction mechanisms of autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The results indicate that the sample containing 24% IOT content exhibited the best performance, with a bulk density of 640 kg/m3 and a compressive strength of 4.1 MPa. In addition, IOTs not only served as a filling material but also acted as a carrier for the growth of tobermorite. Tobermorite was combined with the unreacted iron tailing and its neighboring tobermorite to form a cohesive whole. This study provides valuable insights into the potential for IOTs to improve the properties of AAC when used as a supplementary material. The findings also suggest that the comprehensive utilization of IOTs and other industrial byproducts have the potential to contribute to the development of sustainable building materials and reduce the environmental impact of the mining industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study on the compressive performance of longitudinal steel-fiber-reinforced polymer composite bars (SFCBs) in concrete cylinders confined by different type of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Three types of concrete cylinders reinforced with (or without) longitudinal SFCBs and different transverse FRP confinements were tested under monotonic compression. The results showed that the post-yield stiffness of SFCBs is higher when confined with high elastic modulus carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite than with low elastic modulus basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) composite. Decreasing confinement spacing did not significantly improve the compressive strength of SFCBs in concrete cylinders. The compressive failure strain of SFCBs could possibly reach 88% of its tensile peak strain in concrete cylinders confined by CFRP sheets, which is significantly higher than the value (around 50%) in previous studies. Existing design equations, which applied a strength reduction factor or a maximum compressive strain of concrete to consider the compressive contributions of SFCBs in concrete members, underestimate the load-carrying capacity of SFCB-reinforced concrete cylinders. The design equation that considers the actual compressive stress of SFCBs gives the most accurate prediction; however, its applicability and accuracy need to be verified with more experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of different structural parameters in the degradation of o -Dichlorobenzene (o -DCB) by dielectric barrier discharge nonthermal plasma (DBD-NTP) and to explore the optimal reactor structural parameters, experimental investigations were carried out using plasma reactors of different structures. The effects of single and double dielectric, different high-voltage electrode positions, different dielectric thicknesses, different discharge gaps and different discharge lengths on the degradation efficiency, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide selectivity, carbon balance, and ozone of o -DCB were investigated in the reactor. The results show that single dielectric, external high-voltage electrode and lower dielectric thickness, discharge gap, and longer discharge length favor ozone control and improve o -DCB degradation and carbon monoxide CO2 selectivity as well as carbon balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reclaimed asphalt pavement materials have been used for sustainable cold-recycling, significantly benefiting air quality and resource conservation, while its microscale interface properties greatly affected road performance during the cold-recycling processes. In this investigation, the cold recycled asphalt mixtures were prepared with different mixing proportions, considering the effects of cement content and mixing water amount. The adhesion characteristics of the asphalt-aggregate interface in different cold recycled asphalt mixtures have been comprehensively investigated based on the atomic force microscopic (AFM). The microscale morphology and the adhesion properties, including roughness, inclination angle, adhesion force, Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) modulus, and dissipated energy were evaluated at the interface and noninterface regions. The micromorphology results showed that the addition of cement could enhance the roughness and inclination in interface regions. In addition, the content of mixed water showed the most significant effect when the water amount was 80%. The results showed that the adhesion force, DMT modulus, and dissipated energy increased with the addition of cement, indicating that the cement could improve the microscale mechanical properties of cold recycled asphalt mixtures. With the increase of mixing water content, the adhesion characteristics showed varied results, and the optimum water content of 80% contributed to the adhesive properties. In addition, the adhesion force, DMT modulus, and dissipated energy were all higher in the interface region by comparing with the noninterface region. The correlations between the macroscale splitting tensile strength and microscale adhesion characteristics of cold recycled asphalt mixtures were established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superhydrophobic coating ice suppression is an advanced and durable technology that shows great potential for application on pavements. Although many researchers have conducted experimental and theoretical validations to confirm the effectiveness of superhydrophobic surfaces in actively suppressing ice formation, there are still some who remain skeptical. They argue that the roughness of the surface may increase ice adhesion due to the mechanical interlocking effect of condensation droplets in low-temperature and high-humidity environments. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of a novel superhydrophobic coating specifically designed for pavement surfaces, aiming to address the question of its active anti-icing/ice-sparing capabilities in a condensing environment. The changes in contact angle before and after condensation for four material surfaces with varying wettability were investigated, as well as the morphology and ice adhesion of liquid water after it freezes on the material surface. The findings reveal that the proposed superhydrophobic coating for pavements effectively prevents condensate droplets from infiltrating the surface structure, resulting in delaying the surface icing time and reducing the attachment strength of the ice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the transient temperature effect during the construction of a cross-sea bridge off the coast, based on the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge-Pipe Bridge Crossing Cliff 13-1 Gas Field, a refined analysis was conducted and the prediction of transient temperature gradient and structural response was carried out under the conditions of strong solar radiation and atmospheric convection using the method of combining theoretical research and numerical simulation. Firstly, the partial differential equation of uniform heat flux density on the outer surface of the main girder under the action of solar radiation and atmospheric convection was established. The equation was realized by calculating the solar radiation intensity and the comprehensive heat transfer coefficient, as well as fitting the atmospheric temperature on the outer surface of the main girder, and the equivalent comprehensive temperature at any time on the main girder was obtained. Secondly, a numerical analysis model of the heat conduction of the main girder section was established, and the equivalent comprehensive temperature was input into the numerical model as the temperature field boundary to solve the transient temperature gradient of the section, and the result was verified in comparison with the measured data. Finally, the transient temperature gradient was applied to the girder, and the temperature effect of the main girder during the closing process was also calculated. Construction control measures were also discussed. The research results show that the predicted value of the transient temperature gradient is consistent with the measured value (the maximum deviation is less than 2 °C), and the predicted value is slightly larger than the measured value, which makes the structure safer. During the closing process, the temperature gradient of the main girder has obvious non-linear characteristics: the temperature gradient is relatively high within 0.4 m of the top surface of the roof while tending to zero outside 0.4 m. The best closing time for the main girder is from 21:00 in the evening of the closing day to 6:00 a.m. the next day. For the small angles at both ends of the closure segment during the best closing time, temporary adjustment jacks and temporary counterweights can be adopted to eliminate the small angles at both ends of the closure segment in order to facilitate the welding construction and meet the smoothness requirements of bridge alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4D printing technologies are currently suffering from the inability to produce rapid motions, which limit their applications that require fast shape transformation such as rapid unlocking and deployment of aerospace equipment. Herein, inspired by the shooting mechanisms of Viola verecunda fruit for seed dispersal, the 4D‐printed biomimetic catapult is developed. Based on the structure change characteristics of gradient fan‐shaped cells of the fruit pods during seed ejection, the biomimetic smart catapult is processed via the programming of spatial distribution of heterogeneous materials with various storage modulus enabled by additive manufacturing. This catapult can achieve high‐speed ejection with the logically stimuli of external force, temperature, light, humidity, or electricity. The proposed biomimetic 4D printing strategy has broken through the limitations in motion speed, which helps fully unleash the potential of 4D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health status of Quaternary red soil is a comprehensive reflection of the production and ecological service functions, which directly affects agricultural productivity and ecosystem sustainability. Based on the Cornell Soil Health Assessment (CASH) system frame, a health evaluation system for Quaternary red soils was established including the soil's physical, chemical, and biological indicators. The soil's health status under different land use patterns (the buried Quaternary red soil, sparse forest and grassland, grassland, woodland, and arable land) was systematically diagnosed in the low hilly region of western Liaoning Province. The results showed significant differences in the soil health comprehensive index of the Quaternary red soils under different land use patterns (the whole soil), presenting a trend of woodland (0.64) > arable land (0.61) > grassland (0.49) > sparse forest and grassland (0.37) > buried Quaternary red soils (0.33). The woodland and arable land are at a healthy level, the grassland and sparse forest and grassland are at a sub-healthy level, and the buried Quaternary red soil is at an unhealthy level. The health status of the topsoil layer (A) under different land use patterns has a trend of woodland (0.86) > arable land (0.73) > grassland (0.70) > sparse forest and grassland (0.67). This is consistent with the overall health status of the profile, better than that of subsoil layer (B), which presents a trend of arable land (0.41) > grassland (0.40) > woodland (0.38) > sparse forest and grassland (0.34), with relatively poor soil health conditions. Overall, the soil health status of the four land use patterns is better than that of the buried Quaternary red soils, showing an evolution trend towards healthy soil. This indicates that at this stage, human land use activities have to some extent promoted the healthy development of Quaternary red soils. The Quaternary red soils of the woodland have a healthy status, and the land use pattern is suitable and can be scientifically recommended in low mountain and hilly areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient and stable catalysts for synergistic removal of NOx and dioxin has always been key for controlling air pollution. For this, the hydrotalcite-like structured Cr(x)/LDO catalysts were successfully synthesized for synergistic removal of NOx and o-DCB using a co-precipitation method. The performance test results show that the Cr(0.25)/LDO catalyst has the best catalytic performance, and the NOx and o-DCB conversions are 89% and 82% at 250 °C, respectively. In addition, the reaction mechanism of NH3-SCR and o-DCB catalytic oxidation on the surface of the Cr(0.25)/LDO catalyst, and the interaction between the two reactions were investigated by designing in- situ DRIFTS experiments. The results indicate that the NH3-SCR reaction follows both E–R and L–H reaction mechanisms. The reaction pathway for the o-DCB oxidation process is proposed: o-DCB → chlorinated phenolate → benzoquinone → maleic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, etc. → H2O, CO2, HCl. Moreover, there are interactions between NH3-SCR and catalytic oxidation of o-DCB. At low temperature, there is obvious competitive adsorption between NH3/NO and o-DCB. The competitive adsorption between NH3/NO and o-DCB leads to the decrease of the o-DCB conversion. At high temperature, NH3-SCR and o-DCB oxidation exhibit a synergistic effect, NO2in situ-generated from the oxidation of NO can further participate in the o-DCB oxidation and reduce the accumulation of o-DCB oxidation intermediates on the catalyst surface. The research results contribute to understanding the reaction processes of Cr(x)/LDO catalysts and provide support for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hierarchical design of zeolite materials from alkali-activated solid waste is a controversial topic. Deactivated ZSM-5 can serve as a potential foaming material for the preparation of porous zeolite precursors. This article evaluated the suitability of deactivated ZSM-5 for the preparation of porous zeolite material precursors. Curing temperature and water glass modulus were selected to regulate the properties of alkali-activated cementitious material. Two different moduli of water glass (1.4 M and 2.0 M) were applied to determine the effect of samples cured at three temperatures (25 ℃, 50 ℃ and 75 ℃). Characterization analyses such as XRD, FTIR, TG/DTA, SEM/EDS and MIP were performed to analyse the final products and pore structure of the precursors. A higher curing temperature and alkalinity have a substantial influence on the mechanical properties and yield a higher degree of polymerization of the reaction products. The main reaction product in the precursors was the N-A-S–H gel, whose degree of polymerization is strongly influenced by the Si/Al ratio. The purpose of this article is to design porous structures for zeolite precursors. The research results provide promising guidance for the preparation of zeolites with more active sites, high strength and porous structures that are self-supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shear cracking in concrete box-girder bridges, which could cause excessive deflection during the serviceability limit state, cannot be effectively avoided by code-guided design. While elastic shear deformation only accounts for a small proportion of total deformation for un-cracked reinforced concrete (RC) beams, the magnitude of after-cracking shear deformation becomes comparable to flexural deformation for RC beams. However, there is still a lack of practical models to predict the after-cracking shear deformation of RC beams. First, six thin-webbed I beams were tested to investigate the shear stiffness degradation mechanism and the decrease ratio. Then, a very simple truss strut angle formula, which is the crucial parameter for shear stiffness, was established. Furthermore, a stiffness degradation rule for partially cracked beams was proposed considering the influence of concrete tension stiffening, which is essential for predicting the development process of after-cracking shear deformation. Finally, directly measured shear strains were used to validate the proposed shear stiffness model. The results showed that the shear stiffness drops to about 30~40% of the original stiffness after the first diagonal crack, and the remaining shear stiffness is only about 10% of the original one when the stirrup yields. Increasing the stirrup ratio is a more effective method to control shear stiffness degradation for diagonally cracked RC beams. Also, the proposed shear stiffness model well captures the main features of the shear stiffness degradation, and it provides a relatively accurate prediction of the equivalent shear stiffness at the post-cracking stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various testing techniques established the association between precipitates and the mechanical characteristics of IN783 alloy at high temperatures. The results show that the β phase is coarser at the grain boundary and that the Ni5Al3 phase precipitates inside the β phase as service time increases, which destroys the structure of the β phase, weakening the strength of the grain boundary and reducing the ductility of the alloy at high temperatures. Meanwhile, increasing the size of the γ′ phase coarser from 53 to about 74 nm enhances the yield strength of the alloy. Following the recovery heat treatment, the grain boundary β phase is precipitated again with a smaller size and no Ni5Al3, and the size of the γ′ phase is refined to the unused level. The alloy material's high-temperature ductility is restored, which extends the material's service life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the vehicle dynamics model and the requirements of reliable safety and minimal time, the path planning problem of parking in different types of parking spaces is solved by obstacle avoidance analysis and motion analysis in the case of the optimal solution, and the parking trajectory from the initial position to the designated parking space is obtained. In the static situation, different parking spaces in the parking space are occupied; analyze the parking space type, parking space left and right occupancy situation, and the distance between the vacant parking space and the starting point location of unoccupied cars; and establish the attribute information matrix R0 of the vacant parking space and calculate the KMO value of the matrix R0. This is completed to determine the weak correlation between the attributes of the vacant parking space and use the matrix R0 as the original evaluation matrix of the entropy weight method, using the entropy weight method to calculate the three attributes of parking space type, parking space left and right occupancy situation, and distance between starting point and parking space. These results are weighted in the optimal parking space selection process, the difficulty score of the vacant parking space is determined, and the optimal parking space is determined through the ranking of the scores. In the dynamic case, the number of parking spaces and parking space usage will change over time, with the help of the Bayesian network, the existing parking spaces and number of spaces in the parking lot at the previous moment are learned according to the computer clock, which can be used to reason about the number of parking spaces and parking space availability in the parking lot at the next moment. The weights of the three attributes of parking space type, parking space left and right situation, and distance between the starting point and parking space are updated in the case of a dynamic change of parking space, and then the parking difficulty score of a new vacant parking space using the entropy weight method is used to select the optimal parking space in the dynamic situation. The optimized parking path planning and parking space selection method could contribute to enhancing parking efficiency for the sustainable management of indoor parking lots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-frequency oscillation (LFO) of the synchronous generators in power systems by wind power is boring. To improve the robustness of the damping control scheme, this paper applies the sliding mode control (SMC) at the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), with the parameter of the SMC optimized by the eigen-sensitivity. The originalities lie in, (1) the states strongly associated with the critical modes are newly applied to design the sliding surface, (2) the closed-loop model of the power system with the improved equivalent control is derived to analyze the damping effect on the critical modes and the undesirable effect on the noncritical modes, (3) the gain in the improved equivalent control is optimized to damp the critical and noncritical modes, and (4) the eigenvector sensitivity is improved to derive the second-order eigen- sensitivity to solve the nonlinear optimization. Numerical results show that the proposed model damps the critical modes effectively for different wind speeds, while the undesirable effect on the noncritical modes is avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry-processed rubberized asphalt mixture has recently attracted a lot of attention as an alternative to conventional asphalt mixtures. Dry-processed rubberized asphalt pavement has improved the overall performance characteristics compared to the conventional asphalt road. The objective of this research is to demonstrate the reconstruction of rubberized asphalt pavement and evaluate the pavement performance of dry-processed rubberized asphalt mixture based on laboratory and field tests. The noise mitigation effect of dry-processed rubberized asphalt pavement was evaluated at the field construction sites. A prediction of pavement distresses and long-term performance was also conducted using mechanistic-empirical pavement design. In terms of experimental evaluation, the dynamic modulus was estimated using materials test system (MTS) equipment, the low-temperature crack resistance was characterized by the fracture energy from the indirect tensile strength test (IDT), and the asphalt aging was assessed with the rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) test and the pressure aging vessel (PAV) test. The rheology properties of asphalt were estimated by a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Based on the test results: (1) The dry-processed rubberized asphalt mixture presented better resistance to cracking, as the fracture energy was enhanced by 29–50% compared to that of conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA); and (2) the high-temperature anti-rutting performance of the rubberized pavement increased. The dynamic modulus increased up to 19%. The findings of the noise test showed that at different vehicle speeds, the rubberized asphalt pavement greatly reduced the noise level by 2–3 dB. The pavement M-E (mechanistic-empirical) design-predicted distress illustrated that the rubberized asphalt pavement could reduce the IRI, rutting, and bottom-up fatigue-cracking distress based on a comparison of prediction results. To sum up, the dry-processed rubber-modified asphalt pavement has better pavement performance compared to the conventional asphalt pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The order Oedogoniales comprises three genera, Oedogonium, Oedocladium and Bulbochaete, which were classified based on traditional morphological criteria, and includes more than 600 described species. This group is economically important in astaxanthin production and the energy sector. However, only one mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) has been reported so far. This study determined the mitochondrial genomes of seven Oedogoniales species, including six Oedogonium species and Oedocladium prescottii. Comparative analyses between the newly determined mitogenomes and the previously reported Bulbochaete rectangularis var. hiloensis mitogenome showed that all eight mitogenomes comprised 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs) and two rRNAs; however, the mitogenomes differed in their genome sizes, GC content, tRNAs, non-coding regions and introns. Synteny analysis of the eight mitogenomes revealed a high degree of syntenic conservation in general, with some rearrangements and inversions. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis of the eight mitogenomes indicated Oedogonium dentireticulatum showed high similarity with Oedogonium sp3 (ANI of 96.32%). Most of the PCGs of the eight mitogenomes presented the conventional start codon ATG and stop codon TAR (TAA/TAG/TGA), and the synonymous codon preferences were conserved. Phylogenetic results indicated that Oedogonium was polyphyletic, and species of Oedocladium clustered with Oedogonium, while the position of B. rectangularis var. hiloensis was uncertain for the incongruent phylogenetic results. Statistical analyses of substitution rates demonstrated no significant differences among the three genera, and the dN/dS ratios based on branch model showed that cob, cox1 and nad4 of Oedocladium prescottii and B. rectangularis var. hiloensis were putative fast-evolving genes. These findings suggested that the traditional taxonomy of Oedogoniales did not define natural groups, and that species of Oedocladium and Bulbochaete may have undergone rapid evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assembling two-dimensional (2D) sheets into macroscopic three-dimensional (3D) forms has created a promising material family with rich functionalities. Multiscale wrinkles are intrinsic features of 2D sheets in their 3D assembles. Therefore, the precise wrinkling modulation optimizes the transition of outstanding properties of 2D sheets to expected performances of assembled materials and dominates their fabrication process. The wrinkling evolution of 2D sheets assembling onto flat surfaces has been extensively understood, however, the wrinkling behaviors on the more generally curved surface still remain unclear. Here, we investigate the wrinkling behaviors of graphene oxide sheets assembled onto curved surfaces and reveal the selection rule of wrinkling modes that determined by the curvature mismatch between 2D sheets and target surfaces. We uncover that three wrinkling modes including isotropic cracked land, labyrinth, and anisotropic curtain phases, respectively emerge on flat, spherical, and cylindrical surfaces. A favorable description paradigm is offered to quantitatively measure the complex wrinkling patterns and assess the curvature mismatch constraint underlying the wrinkling mode selection. This research provides a general and quantitative description framework of wrinkling modulation of 2D materials such as high performance graphene fibers, and guides the precise fabrication of particles and functional coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main asphalt binder used in porous asphalt is high-viscosity modified asphalt, which is overexposed to oxygen, temperature, water, and ultraviolet radiation, thus accelerating its aging damage, leading to the deterioration of asphalt pavement performance. The potential of shell powder as an asphalt modifier was found, and the high- and low-temperature properties and water stability of asphalt mixtures can be enhanced with the waste shell power modifier. 35009267 3 Zhao X., Ge D., Wang J., Wu D., Liu J. The Performance Evaluation of Asphalt Mortar and Asphalt Mixture Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash. LCA methods can effectively quantify the environmental impact of waste plastics on asphalt and asphalt mix modification. [Extracted from the article]

With the day–night temperature and moisture levels changing every day, expansion and shrinkage of concrete slabs is always occurring; therefore, joints provide extra room for concrete slab deformation. The joint spacing in jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) is continuously affecting long-term pavement behaviors. In this study, data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program were analyzed, and the behaviors of JPCP with different joint spacings were compared to discover the joint spacing effects. Since LTPP has an enormous database, three representative sections located in different states were selected for analysis, where the variable factors such as temperature, moisture, and average annual daily truck traffic (AADTT) were almost the same between the three sections. Three different joint spacings, including 15 ft (4.5 m), 20 ft (6 m), and 25 ft (7.5 m), were compared based on the collected LTPP data. The involved long-term pavement performances, such as average transverse cracking (count), average JPCP faulting, international roughness index (IRI), and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) deflections were compared between JPCP with different joint spacings. Based on the comparative analysis, the JPCP constructed with a 15 ft joint spacing demonstrated the best long-term performance. It showed no transverse cracking, the lowest average JPCP faulting, the best IRI value, and the smallest FWD deflection during the entire in-service period. With proper joint spacing, the cost of road maintenance throughout the life cycle could be significantly reduced due to there being less distress. Therefore, it is recommended to optimize the joint spacing to about 15 ft in JPCP in future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold-recycling technology with foamed asphalt is used widely because it has the incomparable advantages of environmental protection and resource conservation. In this study, cold-recycled mixtures with foamed asphalt were prepared with different gradation types, mixing water contents, and curing times to study the distribution characteristics of residual moisture. An optimum foaming water content of 2.5% and foaming temperature of 165°C were determined for producing the foamed asphalt that was used for the cold-recycled asphalt mixtures. Hyperspectral imaging tests and spectral processing technology were used to obtain the image information and spectral information of residual moisture from 44 specimens; the moisture content of all specimens ranged from 0.25% to 4.70%. Pseudocolor-coding technology was utilized to realize visualization of moisture distribution. In addition, the residual moisture content prediction model was established based on the partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model. Correlations of the residual moisture distribution characteristics and moisture damage resistance evaluation indicators were developed. The residual moisture distribution characteristics and moisture damage resistance are affected significantly by aggregate gradations, mixed water content, and curing time. After 3 days of curing, the strength of the recycled mixture tends to be stable, and the moisture damage resistance can reach the specification requirements, and is suitable for open traffic. It was confirmed that there is a certain correlation between the internal residual moisture content value distribution range and the moisture damage resistance of the cold-recycled mixtures with foamed asphalt. This study could contribute to a better application of cold-recycled asphalt pavement for environmental protection and carbon stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anti-collision pier plays an irreplaceable role in road traffic protection due to its significance. In this research, the biomimetic honeycomb structure was applied to internal anti-collision pier interior structures. The enhancement of mechanical strength and energy absorption characteristics was explored and optimized by five anti-collision pier honeycomb structures. Finite elements of the piers are designated as 650 mm in diameter and 850 mm in height. Polypropylene Acetate (PLA) material is utilized in this research due to its environment-friendly characteristics. Displacement loading in finite element simulation is 50 mm to the middle region of the model at YOZ direction. The energy-absorbing properties of five optimized honeycomb anti-collision piers at the same force position will be carefully compared. Moreover, the influence of internal hexagon direction-quantity configuration upon loading resistance under displacement loading is outlined. The results determined the best biomimetic structure to be three honeycomb shapes with a central triangle area, with maximum stress of 503.8 MPa and fracture displacement of 58.02 mm. Furthermore, the numerical simulation shows that the number of nest increases has a negative relationship with the effect upon force and deformation of the model. Moreover, the triangular central area is superior to the Y-shape central area in both mechanical strength and energy absorption performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Paeonol (PAE) is an active ingredient with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study was designed to investigate the effect of PAE on acute pancreatitis (AP). Methods AP was induced by the intraperitoneal injection of 20% l -arginine (4 g/kg) for 6 h. Mice were pretreated with PAE (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg) intragastrically for 5 days. The histological damage and alterations of biochemical indicators, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress factors in AP mice were detected. The Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways were examined to illustrate the potential mechanism. Key findings In AP model, we found that PAE attenuated histological injury of pancreatic tissues, reduced the serum levels of α-amylase and increased Ca2+ contents in a dose-dependent manner. The white blood cell content, and IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in the serum of AP mice were reduced by PAE. Furthermore, PAE caused a reduction of MPO and MDA levels, accompanied by an increase in SOD activity in the pancreas of AP mice. We also demonstrated that the alterations of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways in AP mice were reversed by PAE. Conclusions PAE attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress in the development of AP by the regulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]