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Deep sound speed structure in the western Irminger Sea is found to be highly dynamic in comparison to the adiabatic (uniform) sound speed gradient underpinning data assimilation and modeling efforts around the globe. A beamed source parabolic equation model is used to illustrate how the resulting non-uniform sound speed structure at 1 to 1.5 km in depth and sound speed inversion near the seafloor produce observable effects on acoustic signals between a shallow source and shallow vertical line array at convergence zone ranges. Beamforming analysis shows that a uniform sound speed gradient leads to "ideal" interference patterns that do not capture or represent modeled convergence zone properties, such as location, strength, and sharpness. Overall findings suggest that in situ information about sound speed below 1 km is necessary for low frequency, long-range propagation studies, particularly in areas of complex thermohaline circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we rethink the chronotope approach by examining what happened to religious space-times in a Chinese urban development project that completely transformed what had once been five relatively rural townships. What happens to chronotopes when a place is so completely transformed? We focus on multiple chronotopic dimensions in the religious experience of those villagers whose families had long occupied this land, but who now live separated from their old neighbors, without their old livelihoods, having lost their old temples, and surrounded by new migrants who are generally wealthier and better educated. Building on recent anthropological work on chronotopes, coupled with insights taken from Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Gilles Deleuze, this article explores the complex interrelationships and workings of chronotopes through the idea of the fold. This approach reconsiders what the boundaries between chronotopes might look like—not necessarily straight lines that are difficult to cross, but more like the infinite inflections of curves as those curves intersect and interact with each other. Rather than thinking of chronotopes as structured wholes separated by clear boundaries—much as we also tend to think about "states," "cultures," or "ontologies"—folding allows us to reconceptualize the kinds of interactions that take place when one space-time touches another. We examine in particular three ways in which folding elucidates how chronotopic boundaries can work: they can make the distant near, separate inside from outside, and complicate the boundary by interdigitating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A budget approach is used to disentangle drivers of the seasonal mixed layer carbon cycle at Station ALOHA (A Long‐term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG). The budget utilizes data from the WHOTS (Woods Hole—Hawaii Ocean Time‐series Site) mooring, and the ship‐based Hawai'i Ocean Time‐series (HOT) in the NPSG, a region of significant oceanic carbon uptake. Parsing the carbon variations into process components allows an assessment of both the proportional contributions of mixed layer carbon drivers and the seasonal interplay of drawdown and supply from different processes. Annual net community production reported here is at the lower end of previously published data, while net community calcification estimates are 4‐ to 7‐fold higher than available sediment trap data, the only other estimate of calcium carbonate export at this location. Although the observed seasonal cycle in dissolved inorganic carbon in the NPSG has a relatively small amplitude, larger fluxes offset each other over an average year. Major supply comes from physical transport, especially lateral eddy transport throughout the year and entrainment in the winter, offset by biological carbon uptake in the spring. Gas exchange plays a smaller role, supplying carbon to the surface ocean between Dec‐May and outgassing in Jul‐Oct. Evaporation‐precipitation (E‐P) is variable with precipitation prevailing in the first half and evaporation in the second half of the year. The observed total alkalinity signal is largely governed by E‐P with a somewhat stronger net calcification signal in the wintertime. Plain Language Summary: The ocean carbon cycle is a complicated system where chemical compounds react, are moved by ocean physics, altered by organisms, and exchange with CO2 in the atmosphere. To explore how the ocean will continue to take up CO2 from the atmosphere and how much will be removed into the deep ocean, we need to know how these processes influence ocean carbon. Here, we investigate them over a year. We create a model from observations of two carbon compounds, together with calculated estimates of processes (evaporation and precipitation, transport through the water, and air‐sea exchange) to back out the influence of two important reaction pairs executed by organisms: Photosynthesis and respiration, and calcification and dissolution. Over a year, the surface community at this location near Hawai'i in the Pacific photosynthesizes more than it respires, removing 53 g of CO2 per square meter. Also, marine calcifiers perform calcification, and our estimates are much higher than previous measurements from sediment traps. Gas exchange and evaporation‐precipitation vary with the seasons in opposite directions, and there are carbon inputs from horizontal transport throughout the year and from water column mixing in the winter. Key Points: First calculation of community calcification with a budget approach at this location, results exceed reported sediment trap dataIndependently constrained horizontal and vertical transport of dissolved inorganic carbon/total alkalinity. Largest annual supply: lateral inputs with strong eddy contributionIt is important to better characterize the physical, especially horizontal, transport of carbon to further investigate mixed layer carbon cycling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate (ε) are key in understanding how heat, gas, and other climate‐relevant properties are transferred across the air‐sea interface and mixed within the ocean. A relatively new method involving moored pulse‐coherent acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) allows for estimates of ε with concurrent surface flux and wave measurements across an extensive length of time and range of conditions. Here, we present 9 months of moored estimates of ε at a fixed depth of 8.4 m at the Stratus mooring site (20°S, 85°W). We find that turbulence regimes are quantified similarly using the Obukhov length scale (LM) $({L}_{M})$ and the newer Langmuir stability length scale (LL) $({L}_{L})$, suggesting that ocean‐side friction velocity u∗ $\left({u}_{\ast }\right)$ implicitly captures the influence of Langmuir turbulence at this site. This is illustrated by a strong correlation between surface Stokes drift us $\left({u}_{s}\right)$ and u∗ ${u}_{\ast }$ that is likely facilitated by the steady Southeast trade winds regime. In certain regimes, u∗3κz $\frac{{u}_{\ast }^{3}}{\kappa z}$, where κ $\kappa $ is the von Kármán constant and z $z$ is instrument depth, and surface buoyancy flux capture our estimates of ε $\varepsilon $ well, collapsing data points near unity. We find that a newer Langmuir turbulence scaling, based on us ${u}_{s}$ and u∗ ${u}_{\ast }$, scales ε well at times but is overall less consistent than u∗3κz $\frac{{u}_{\ast }^{3}}{\kappa z}$. Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) relationships from prior studies in a variety of aquatic and atmospheric settings largely agree with our data in conditions where convection and wind‐driven current shear are both significant sources of TKE, but diverge in other regimes. Plain Language Summary: Surface ocean turbulence is key to the transfer of heat, gas, and other climate‐relevant properties between the ocean and atmosphere. Because turbulence is difficult to measure in the field, it is often parameterized using more easily obtained variables such as wind speed, wave measurements, and surface heat flux. Here, we test such parameterizations against an extensive time series of turbulence measurements collected on a mooring line attached to a surface buoy in the Southeast Pacific Ocean. This region is known to support important South American fisheries as well play a significant role in the global radiation budget, yet is poorly represented in climate models. We find the parameterizations to describe our measurements well, and we explore how conditions at the study site influence their performance. Key Points: Moored instrumentation allows for prolonged time series of turbulence estimates with concurrent in‐situ meteorological and wave measurementsLaw of the Wall and Monin‐Obukhov Similarity theory are able to predict measurements of ε in certain turbulence regimesIn the context of turbulence scaling, it may be unnecessary to distinguish between a wind‐driven and Langmuir‐driven turbulence regime [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abyssal ocean is generally considered an aseasonal environment decoupled from the variabilities observed at and just below the ocean's surface. Herein, we describe the first in-situ timeseries record of seasonal warming and cooling in the Arabian Sea at a depth of 4000 m. The seasonal cycle was observed over the nearly four-year-long record (from November 2018 to March 2022). The abyssal seasonal temperature cycle also exhibited noticeable interannual variability. We investigate whether or not surface processes influence the near-seabed temperature through deep meridional overturning circulation modulated by the Indian monsoon or by Rossby wave propagation. We also consider if bottom water circulation variability and discharge of the dense Persian Gulf and Red Sea Water may contribute to the observed seasonality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is great interest in improving our understanding of the respective roles of the ocean and atmosphere in variability and change in weather and climate. Due to the sparsity of sustained observing sites in the open ocean, information about the air–sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum is often drawn from models. In this paper observations from three long-term surface moorings deployed in the trade wind regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are used to compare observed means and low-passed air–sea fluxes from the moorings with coincident records from three atmospheric reanalyses (ERA5, NCEP-2, and MERRA-2) and from CMIP6 coupled models. To set the stage for the comparison, the methodologies of maintaining the long-term surface moorings, known as ocean reference stations (ORS), and assessing the accuracies of their air–sea fluxes are described first. Biases in the reanalyses' means and low-passed wind stresses and net air–sea heat fluxes are significantly larger than the observational uncertainties and in some case show variability in time. These reanalyses and most CMIP6 models fail to provide as much heat into the ocean as observed. In the discussion and conclusions section, long-term observing sites in the open ocean are seen as essential, independent benchmarks not only to document the coupling between the atmosphere and ocean but also to promote collaborative efforts to assess and improve the ability of models to simulate air–sea fluxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Loss of resistance (LOR) for epidural catheter placement has been utilized for almost a century. LOR is a subjective endpoint associated with a high failure rate. Nerve stimulation (NS) has been described as an objective method for confirming placement of an epidural catheter. We hypothesized that the addition of NS to LOR would improve the success of epidural catheter placement. Methods: One-hundred patients were randomized to thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) utilizing LOR-alone or loss of resistance plus nerve stimulation (LOR + NS). The primary endpoint was rate of success, defined as loss of sensation following test dose. Secondary endpoints included performance time. An intention-to-treat analysis was planned, but a per-protocol analysis was performed to investigate the success rate when stimulation was achieved. Results: In the intention-to-treat analysis there was no difference in success rates (90% vs 82% [LOR + NS vs LOR-alone]; P = 0.39). The procedural time increased in the LOR + NS group (33.9 ± 12.8 vs 24.0 ± 8.0 min; P < 0.001). The per-protocol analysis found a statistically higher success rate for the LOR + NS group compared to the LOR-alone group (98% vs. 82%; P = 0.017) when only patients in whom stimulation was achieved were included. Conclusions: Addition of NS technique did not statistically improve the success rate for epidural placement when analyzed in an intention-to-treat format and was associated with a longer procedural time. In a per-protocol analysis a statistically higher success rate for patients in whom stimulation was obtained highlights the potential benefit of adding NS to LOR. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03087604 on 3/22/2017; Institutional Review Board Wake Forest School of Medicine IRB00039522, Food and Drug Administration Investigational Device Exemption: G160273. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inception of a moored buoy network in the northern Indian Ocean in 1997 paved the way for systematic collection of long-term time series observations of meteorological and oceanographic parameters. This buoy network was revamped in 2011 with Ocean Moored buoy Network for north Indian Ocean (OMNI) buoys fitted with additional sensors to better quantify the air–sea fluxes. An intercomparison of OMNI buoy measurements with the nearby Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) mooring during the year 2015 revealed an overestimation of downwelling longwave radiation (LWR↓). Analysis of the OMNI and WHOI radiation sensors at a test station at National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) during 2019 revealed that the accurate and stable amplification of the thermopile voltage records along with the customized datalogger in the WHOI system results in better estimations of LWR↓. The offset in NIOT measured LWR↓ is estimated first by segregating the LWR↓ during clear-sky conditions identified using the downwelling shortwave radiation measurements from the same test station, and second, finding the offset by taking the difference with expected theoretical clear-sky LWR↓. The corrected LWR↓ exhibited good agreement with that of collocated WHOI measurements, with a correlation of 0.93. This method is applied to the OMNI field measurements and again compared with the nearby WHOI mooring measurements, exhibiting a better correlation of 0.95. This work has led to the revamping of radiation measurements in OMNI buoys and provides a reliable method to correct past measurements and improve estimation of air–sea fluxes in the Indian Ocean. Significance Statement: Downwelling longwave radiation (LWR↓) is an important climate variable for calculating air–sea heat exchange and quantifying Earth's energy budget. An intercomparison of LWR↓ measurements between ocean observing platforms in the north Indian Ocean revealed a systematic offset in National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) Ocean Moored buoy Network for north Indian Ocean (OMNI) buoys. The observed offset limited our capability to accurately estimate air–sea fluxes in the Indian Ocean. The sensor measurements were compared with a standard reference system, which revealed problems in thermopile amplifier as the root cause of the offset. This work led to the development of a reliable method to correct the offset in LWR↓ and revamping of radiation measurements in NIOT-OMNI buoys. The correction is being applied to the past measurements from 12 OMNI buoys over 8 years to improve the estimation of air–sea fluxes in the Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method to carry out a priori simulations of pulsed-laser-induced single-event effects experiments is reported. Nonlinear optical simulations are conducted to model the 3-D distributions of charge from a laser pulse. These pulsed-laser-induced charge distributions are then incorporated into a charge transport solver to model the movement of charge as the device returns to a steady state. The output of the simulation infrastructure is a current transient from which collected charge and the temporal characteristics of the transient can be determined. This complete approach to modeling, which includes full device structure information, nonlinear optical energy deposition, and the subsequent movement of optically generated charge in a device and measurement circuit, allows for direct comparison between experimental and simulated current transients. A large-area silicon diode was used as the test vehicle, and good agreement was found between simulations and experiments in both total injected charge as well as temporal characteristics. Importantly, the a priori simulation approach does not require knowledge from prior heavy-ion testing, making it a predictive tool with broad versatility and minimal reliance on approximations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three Chinese cases involving ghost attacks, the increase of spirit mediums, and innovations in the forms and objects of temple worship suggest how nonequilibrium ecology, broadly conceived, can clarify processes of urban change. They extend Ingold's call for "ecologies of life" by clarifying how latent potentials become manifest and how new symbiotic assemblages can be created in disturbed ecosystems. These cases arise from the rapid urban expansion in wealthy parts of China, accompanied by the resettlement of many villagers into high-rise buildings, wiping out farms, village temples, and rural graves and making earlier forms of social organization impossible. The territorially based religion described in much of the anthropological and historical literature has thus become increasingly untenable. Contrary to many expectations, the expanding urban edge at our field sites in southern Jiangsu cities has fostered an especially creative zone of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay distinguishes the silence that makes rhythm (and thus ritual) possible, and the silence of loss and longing. It argues that both, as they intertwine, are crucial parts of the adjustment to traumatic change. The interaction between these two kinds of silence offers an alternative to theories that focus primarily on speaking as a way of overcoming trauma, or on silence as antisocial. The ethnographic evidence comes from a surgical case that illustrates the basic approach, followed by a case of rapid urbanization on the outskirts of a large Chinese city, involving the resettlement of 100,000 people. Both cases show the two kinds of silence as they resonate with each other. The analysis argues that silence is not just the absence of sound, but a necessary part of all the rhythms of life, not replaced but invoked by speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upper-ocean turbulence is central to the exchanges of heat, momentum, and gases across the air–sea interface and therefore plays a large role in weather and climate. Current understanding of upper-ocean mixing is lacking, often leading models to misrepresent mixed layer depths and sea surface temperature. In part, progress has been limited by the difficulty of measuring turbulence from fixed moorings that can simultaneously measure surface fluxes and upper-ocean stratification over long time periods. Here we introduce a direct wavenumber method for measuring turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates ϵ from long-enduring moorings using pulse-coherent ADCPs. We discuss optimal programming of the ADCPs, a robust mechanical design for use on a mooring to maximize data return, and data processing techniques including phase-ambiguity unwrapping, spectral analysis, and a correction for instrument response. The method was used in the Salinity Processes Upper-Ocean Regional Study (SPURS) to collect two year-long datasets. We find that the mooring-derived TKE dissipation rates compare favorably to estimates made nearby from a microstructure shear probe mounted to a glider during its two separate 2-week missions for O(10−8) ≤ ϵ ≤ O(10−5) m2 s−3. Periods of disagreement between turbulence estimates from the two platforms coincide with differences in vertical temperature profiles, which may indicate that barrier layers can substantially modulate upper-ocean turbulence over horizontal scales of 1–10 km. We also find that dissipation estimates from two different moorings at 12.5 and at 7 m are in agreement with the surface buoyancy flux during periods of strong nighttime convection, consistent with classic boundary layer theory. Significance Statement: This study outlines a method to estimate ocean turbulence from long-enduring platforms. It is difficult to make this measurement using commonly accepted turbulence estimation methods because of ocean waves, platform motions, battery and data limitations, biofouling, and the fragility of some common turbulence instruments. We applied the method at three sites and compared the results from the new method with those from short-duration datasets that use a currently accepted method. We outline the range and limitations of the new method, based both on the instrument's principles of operation and on the comparison with an established method. Our intention is that the new method may be applied by others in future long-enduring deployments, which will increase the number of available turbulence datasets in the upper ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on Judith Butler's distinction between censorship and foreclosure, and on Saidiya Hartman's work about how to narrate the silences of the slave trade, to explore two photographs. The first is a dismembered and reassembled family photograph that suggests a distinction between present absences and totally absent ones. The second opens up the case of the three deaths of the goddess Fengzhen caused by China's very rapid urbanization: first as a woman, then as a deity's statue-body, and finally as the photographic center of a ritual. In both photographs the silences of censorship and foreclosure create forms of haunting that help reveal their different structures of power. The focus on the haunting power of the silenced also shows the importance of adding the nondiscursive world to the more discourse-centered analysis of Butler and Hartman. The discussion emphasizes the difficulties of writing about the silences of censorship and foreclosure without breaking them, and suggests some possibilities through invocation, evocation, and a bypassing of the "archive" through the continuing presence of the absent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed-laser-induced single-event current measurements on two geometries of waveguide-integrated germanium photodiodes were conducted over a range of operating voltages to examine the impact of photodiode geometry on the transient response. Vertical p-i-n photodiodes exhibit transients with a duration that is relatively independent of the operating voltage, while the transient duration in lateral p-i-n photodiodes depends on the operating voltage. Furthermore, the experimental measurements facilitate identification of device dimensions that impact the transient response. These results can be used to identify potential radiation mitigation strategies for photodiodes operating in a radiation environment. Understanding the implications of design choices is critical for designing integrated photonic systems that balance system performance with tolerance for radiation degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy-ion, focused X-ray, and pulsed laser single-event transient (SET) experiments are performed on a silicon epitaxial diode. Collected charge, transient rise times, and transient fall times are calculated and compared between different sources. The transient shape characteristics depend on the source (ion, X-ray, or laser), even when similar amounts of charge are generated. The observed differences are examined and explained in terms of basic charge collection mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy distributions of electrons in gate-all-around (GAA) Si MOSFETs are analyzed using full-band 3-D Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Excellent agreement is obtained with experimental current–voltage characteristics. For these 24-nm gate length devices, the electron distribution features a smeared energy peak with an extended tail. This extension of the tail results primarily from the Coulomb scattering within the channel. A fraction of electrons that enter the drain retains their energy, resulting in an out-of-equilibrium distribution in the drain region. The simulated density and average energy of the hot electrons correlate well with experimentally observed device degradation. We propose that the interaction of high-energy electrons with hydrogen-passivated phosphorus dopant complexes within the drain may provide an additional pathway for interface-trap formation in these devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weber defined the state as having a monopoly on violence. Theories of policing that rely on his definition conceptualize police as technicians of sovereign violence. This marginalizes the nonviolent dimension of policing and occludes the broader spectrum of ways in which modern political life is implicated in police powers. I propose to expand theoretical engagement with policing beyond a narrow focus on sovereign violence to a broadly "performative" understanding of police power grounded in anthropological theories of ritual. Through a case study of the relationship between a group of Taiwanese police and a locally powerful union, I illuminate the dynamics by which violence, politics, and policing are connected in a Taiwanese city. How do police who lack the capacity to impose order by force effectively keep the peace? I answer this question by reference to my observation of a tense but nonviolent encounter between police and union members. By contextualizing this interaction in its cultural and historical conditions of possibility, I show how Taiwanese democracy has taken root in a polytheist political theology. This illustrates how the weakness of police power can be treated as an index for the strength of democratic values institutionalized in the wider political environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NOAA Science Advisory Board appointed a task force to prepare a white paper on the use of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs). Considering the importance and timeliness of this topic and based on this white paper, here we briefly review the use of OSSEs in the United States, discuss their values and limitations, and develop five recommendations for moving forward: national coordination of relevant research efforts, acceleration of OSSE development for Earth system models, consideration of the potential impact on OSSEs of deficiencies in the current data assimilation and prediction system, innovative and new applications of OSSEs, and extension of OSSEs to societal impacts. OSSEs can be complemented by calculations of forecast sensitivity to observations, which simultaneously evaluate the impact of different observation types in a forecast model system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four D flip-flop (DFF) layouts were created from the same schematic in Sandia National Laboratories’ CMOS7 silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process. Single-event upset (SEU) modeling and testing showed an improved response with the use of shallow (not fully bottomed) N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (NMOSFETs), extending the size of the drain implant and increasing the critical charge of the transmission gates in the circuit design and layout. This research also shows the importance of correctly modeling nodal capacitance, which is a major factor determining SEU critical charge. Accurate SEU models enable the understanding of the SEU vulnerabilities and how to make the design more robust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

David Martin's work has always bridged many worlds: the sacred and the secular, the world of power politics and of religious visions, of individual and society, and of poetry and rational analysis. His trenchant and uncompromising analyses of human social formations and their ideational concomitants have nevertheless provided many with a vision of that hope which must sustain scholarly analysis if it is not to become tedious and moribund. His sensitivity to tradition, to ritual, to received knowledge and the debt we owe to the past – even while appreciating the frisson of the radically new (as in his studies of Pentacostalism) – have made him one of only a small handful of scholars who could address the broad range of human religious expression and its implications for life in the world. This paper explores some of these themes in terms of what we understand as the overwhelming sense of hope that is a permanent feature of David's scholarly contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comparison of equivalent neutral winds obtained from (i) four WHOI buoys in the subtropics and (ii) scatterometer estimates at those locations reveals a root-mean-square (RMS) difference of 0.56–0.76 m s−1. To investigate this RMS difference, different buoy wind error sources were examined. These buoys are particularly well suited to examine two important sources of buoy wind errors because 1) redundant anemometers and a comparison with numerical flow simulations allow us to quantitatively assess flow distortion errors, and 2) 1-min sampling at the buoys allows us to examine the sensitivity of buoy temporal sampling/averaging in the buoy–scatterometer comparisons. The interanemometer difference varies as a function of wind direction relative to the buoy wind vane and is consistent with the effects of flow distortion expected based on numerical flow simulations. Comparison between the anemometers and scatterometer winds supports the interpretation that the interanemometer disagreement, which can be up to 5% of the wind speed, is due to flow distortion. These insights motivate an empirical correction to the individual anemometer records and subsequent comparison with scatterometer estimates show good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed, laser-induced, single-event current measurements on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) FinFETs at subbandgap wavelength (1260 nm) are affected by the polarization of the laser light used in the experimental testing setup. Such polarization dependence is not observed during pulsed laser, single-event effects testing on large-area silicon diodes, suggesting that polarization dependence arises due to the presence of the nanoscale fin. Plasmonic enhancement is proposed as a likely mechanism for the polarization effects due to the metal/dielectric interfaces in the fin region. The observed polarization dependence has ramifications for collection and interpretation of data acquired by pulsed laser testing. Device orientation of FinFETs and other nanoscale devices during pulsed laser testing should be considered in order to ensure consistent testing conditions and reproducible measurement results across multiple measurement campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive volume is developed using pulsed laser-induced collected charge for two bias conditions in an epitaxial silicon diode. These sensitive volumes show good agreement with the experimental two-photon absorption laser-induced collected charge at a variety of focal positions and pulse energies. When compared to ion-induced collected charge, the laser-based sensitive volume overpredicts the experimental collected charge at low bias and agrees at high bias. A sensitive volume based on ion-induced collected charge adequately describes the ion experimental results at both biases. Differences in the amount of potential modulation explain the differences between the ion- and laser-based sensitive volumes at the lower bias. Truncation of potential modulation by the highly doped substrate, at the higher bias, results in similar sensitive volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the observation of enhanced oxidation on silicon and porous silicon samples exposed in air ambient to high-dose-rate 10 keV x-ray radiation at room temperature. The evolution of the radiation-induced oxide growth is monitored by ellipsometry and interferometric reflectance spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy shows the emergence of Si-O-Si stretching modes and corresponding suppression of SiHx and Si-Si modes in the porous silicon samples. The radiation response depends strongly on initial native oxide thickness and Si-H surface species. The enhanced oxidation mechanism is attributed to photoinduced oxidation processes wherein energetic photons are used to dissociate molecular oxygen and promote the formation of more reactive oxygen species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unique in situ observations of atmospheric conditions over the Red Sea and the coastal Arabian Peninsula are examined to study the dynamics and regional impacts of the local land‐sea breeze cycle (LSBC). During a 26‐month data record spanning 2008–2011, observed LSBC events occurred year‐round, frequently exhibiting cross‐shore wind velocities in excess of 8 m/s. Observed onshore and offshore features of both the land‐ and sea‐breeze phases of the cycle are presented, and their seasonal modulation is considered. Weather Research and Forecasting climate downscaling simulations and satellite measurements are used to extend the analysis. In the model, the amplitude of the LSBC is significantly larger in the vicinity of the steeper terrain elements encircling the basin, suggesting an enhancement by the associated slope winds. Observed and simulated conditions also reflected distinct gravity‐current characteristics of the intrinsic moist marine air mass during both phases of the LSBC. Specifically, the advance and retreat of marine air mass was directly tied to the development of internal boundary layers onshore and offshore throughout the period of study. Convergence in the lateral moisture flux resulting from this air mass ascending the coastal topography (sea‐breeze phase) as well as colliding with air masses from the opposing coastline (land‐breeze phase) further resulted in cumulous cloud formation and precipitation. Key Points: sea‐breeze observationsland‐sea‐air interactionsmesoscale moisture transport dynamics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of satellite-derived shortwave attenuation depth and its spatial variability on the upper ocean dynamics has been studied using a numerical ocean model over the Bay of Bengal. We conducted two simulations, differing in the spatial distribution of shortwave attenuation depth for the period 2014–2015. The control run use a constant attenuation depth of 23 m (the default case for Type-I water) while the experimental run (ER) use spatially varying attenuation depths derived from daily climatology of the diffuse attenuation coefficient ( K d 490). Simulated parameters like sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed-layer depth (MLD) are sensitive to K d 490 that limits the penetration of downwelling shortwave radiation into the ocean. It has been found that K d 490 alters the upper ocean thermodynamics significantly. Validation has been performed using satellite, moored-buoy and profile data, for the year 2015. During spring, the errors in SST in the ER are reduced up to 35% at buoy location. The impact of improving shortwave attenuation depth is found to be maximum in the upper ocean (50–150 m). Error in simulated temperature at 100 m depth is reduced by 15% in the ER. MLD, barrier layer thickness, and the depth of 26 °C isotherm also show significant improvements in the ER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a Monte Carlo (MC) approach based on the binary collision approximation to estimate defect types and densities in proton- and heavy-ion-irradiated graphene layers. The types and concentrations of defects that appear in graphene due to irradiation with various ions with energies ranging from ~100 keV to ~100 MeV are identified. This simple method enables defect introduction rates in graphene to be predicted to within better than a factor of two accuracy, relative to experimental measurements in a beam environment. The results demonstrate that all defects generated by ions with high incident energy are formed via head-on collisions and in-plane recoils, which is unique for 2-D materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A yearlong record from moored current, temperature, conductivity, and four mixing meters (χpods) in the northernmost international waters of the Bay of Bengal quantifies upper‐ocean turbulent diffusivity of heat (Kt) and its response to the Indian monsoon. Data indicate (1) pronounced intermittency in turbulence at semidiurnal, diurnal, and near‐inertial timescales, (2) strong turbulence above 25‐m depth during the SW (summer) and NE (winter) monsoon relative to the transition periods (compare Kt > 10−4 m2/s to Kt  ∼ 10−5 m2/s, and (3) persistent suppression of turbulence (Kt < 10−5 m2/s) for 3 to 5 months in the latter half of the SW monsoon coincident with enhanced near‐surface stratification postarrival of low‐salinity water from the Brahmaputra‐Ganga‐Meghna delta and monsoonal precipitation. This suppression promotes maintenance of the low‐salinity surface waters within the interior of the bay preconditioning the upper northern Indian Ocean for the next year's monsoon. Plain Language Summary: Fluctuations in the intensity of the Indian monsoon system propagate northward from the equator toward the Indian subcontinent, bringing intervals of relatively wet and dry conditions. Rains both feed many rivers that discharge into the northern Bay of Bengal and provide close to 2 m of rainfall over the basin. The freshwater persists as a shallow layer in the bay for 3–5 months starting around July (the latter half of the summer monsoon). This shallow, freshwater layer adjusts quickly to changes in air‐sea heat fluxes but also limits atmospheric forcing of the ocean below. Our yearlong data set quantifies upper‐ocean turbulent mixing in the northern bay. Above 25 m, we find that (1) mixing is very strong during the summer monsoon (June–September) due to the strong winds, (2) mixing is reduced from summer monsoon values during the winter monsoon (November–January), and (3) mixing is lowest during transition periods between the two. The ocean responds differently below 25 m. The freshwater layer on top acts as a barrier to the winds, and mixing is suppressed for several months. Below 60 m, even an intense cyclone could not generate appreciable ocean mixing when the freshwater layer was present. Key Points: Upper‐ocean turbulence in the Bay of Bengal is quantified using yearlong moored dataTurbulence above 25 m was directly related to wind forcing throughout most of the yearAfter SW monsoon surface low‐salinity water suppressed turbulence below 25 m for 3–5 months [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon-on-insulator latch designs and layouts that are robust to multiple-node charge collection are introduced. A general Monte Carlo radiative energy deposition (MRED) approach is used to identify potential single-event susceptibilities associated with different layouts prior to fabrication. MRED is also applied to bound single-event testing responses of standard and dual interlocked cell latch designs. Heavy ion single-event testing results validate new latch designs and demonstrate bounds for standard latch layouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermalization process of sub-10-eV charge carriers is examined with treating carrier transport with full-band Monte Carlo simulations. The average energy loss (3.69 eV in Si and 2.62 eV in Ge) required to create a thermalized electron–hole pair, obtained from the simulations, is very close to the experimentally measured radiation–ionization energies of Si and Ge irradiated with high-energy particles. These results suggest that only interactions that occur after the radiation-generated charge carriers decay to energies of ~10 eV or less determine the fundamental property of the radiation–ionization energies. In addition to an energy loss equal to the band gap energy via impact ionization, acoustic-phonon emission, which has been omitted in prior work, contributes 30% of the remaining carrier energy loss, while optical-phonon emission contributes the other 70%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of boundaries depicting that it divide one thing from another, clarifying and improving the zones of difference. It mentions that political maps offer an example of how lines draw barriers, marking off nation-states from each other. It mentions that the Cold War can make the boundaries more absolute.

This brief introduction notes some of the salient aspects of David Martin's career and thought. It further presents and frames the following eight essays in this symposium devoted to different aspects of David Martin's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unrecognized changes in patients' vital signs can result in preventable deaths in hospitalized patients. Few publications or studies instituting routine patient monitoring have described implementation and the setting of alarm parameters for vital signs. We wanted to determine if continuous multi-parameter patient monitoring can be accomplished with an alarm rate that is acceptable to hospital floor nurses and to compare the rate of patient deterioration events to those observed with routine vital sign monitoring. We conducted a prospective, observational, 5-month pilot study in a 26-bed adult, neurological/neurosurgical unit (non-ICU) in an academic medical center. A patient surveillance system employing a wireless body-worn vital signs monitor with automated nursing notification of alarms via smartphones was used to gather data. Data collected included: alarm rates, rapid response team (RRT) calls, intensive care unit (ICU) transfers, and unplanned deaths before and during the pilot study. Average alarm rate for all alarms (SpO2, HR, RR, NIBP) was 2.3 alarms/patient/day. The RRT call rate was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) from 189 to 158 per 1000 discharges. ICU transfers per 1000 discharges were insignificantly reduced from 53 to 40 compared to the previous 5-month period in the same unit. Similar measures of comparison units did not change over the same period. Although unplanned patient deaths in the study unit were also reduced during the intervention period, this was not statistically significant. Continual, multi-parameter vital signs monitoring can be customized to reduce a high alarm rates, and may reduce rapid response team calls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of mesoscale eddies on the flow field and the water masses, especially the oxygen distribution of the eastern tropical South Pacific, is investigated from a mooring, float, and satellite data set. Two anticyclonic (ACE1/2), one mode-water (MWE), and one cyclonic eddy (CE) are identified and followed in detail with satellite data on their westward transition with velocities of 3.2 to 6.0 cm s-1 from their generation region, the shelf of the Peruvian and Chilean upwelling regime, across the Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS; ~ 20 ° S, 85 ° W) to their decaying region far west in the oligotrophic open ocean. The ORS is located in the transition zone between the oxygen minimum zone and the well oxygenated South Pacific subtropical gyre. Velocity, hydrographic, and oxygen measurements at the mooring show the impact of eddies on the weak flow region of the eastern tropical South Pacific. Strong anomalies are related to the passage of eddies and are not associated with a seasonal signal in the open ocean. The mass transport of the four observed eddies across 85 °W is between 1.1 and 1.8 Sv. The eddy type-dependent available heat, salt, and oxygen anomalies are 8:1 ×1018 J (ACE2), 1:0 ×1018 J (MWE), and -8.9 ×1018 J (CE) for heat; 25.2 ×1010 kg (ACE2), -3.1 ×1010 kg (MWE), and -41.5 ×1010 kg (CE) for salt; and -3.6 ×1016 μmol (ACE2), -3.5 ×1016 μmol (MWE), and -6.5 ×1016 μmol (CE) for oxygen showing a strong imbalance between anticyclones and cyclones for salt transports probably due to seasonal variability in water mass properties in the formation region of the eddies. Heat, salt, and oxygen fluxes out of the coastal region across the ORS region in the oligotrophic open South Pacific are estimated based on these eddy anomalies and on eddy statistics (gained out of 23 years of satellite data). Furthermore, four profiling floats were trapped in the ACE2 during its westward propagation between the formation region and the open ocean, which allows for conclusions on lateral mixing of water mass properties with time between the core of the eddy and the surrounding water. The strongest lateral mixing was found between the seasonal thermocline and the eddy core during the first half of the eddy lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lateral submesoscale processes and their influence on vertical stratification at shallow salinity fronts in the central Bay of Bengal during the winter monsoon are explored using high-resolution data from a cruise in November 2013. The observations are from a radiator survey centered at a salinity-controlled density front, embedded in a zone of moderate mesoscale strain (0.15 times the Coriolis parameter) and forced by winds with a downfront orientation. Below a thin mixed layer, often ≤10 m, the analysis shows several dynamical signatures indicative of submesoscale processes: (i) negative Ertel potential vorticity (PV); (ii) low-PV anomalies with O(1-10) km lateral extent, where the vorticity estimated on isopycnals and the isopycnal thickness are tightly coupled, varying in lockstep to yield low PV; (iii) flow conditions susceptible to forced symmetric instability (FSI) or bearing the imprint of earlier FSI events; (iv) negative lateral gradients in the absolute momentum field (inertial instability); and (v) strong contribution from differential sheared advection at O(1) km scales to the growth rate of the depth-averaged stratification. The findings here show one-dimensional vertical processes alone cannot explain the vertical stratification and its lateral variability over O(1-10) km scales at the radiator survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) is an integrated suite of instrumented platforms and discrete instruments that measure physical, chemical, geological, and biological properties from the seafloor to the sea surface. The OOI provides data to address large-scale scientific challenges such as coastal ocean dynamics, climate and ecosystem health, the global carbon cycle, and linkages among seafloor volcanism and life. The OOI Cyberinfrastructure currently serves over 250 terabytes of data from the arrays. These data are freely available to users worldwide, changing the way scientists and the broader community interact with the ocean, and permitting ocean research and inquiry at scales of centimeters to kilometers and seconds to decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single-event-transient response of InGaAs FinFETs with different fin widths is examined using pulsed-laser and heavy-ion irradiation. Devices with wider fins collect more charge in both environments. Quantum-well structures confine charge collection in the channel, and determine the sensitive volume. Simulations show that the charge density produced by irradiation is similar for devices with different fin widths, but more charge is collected by wider fin devices due to the larger channel volume. Charge accumulated in the buffer and substrate layers modulates the body potential, altering the degree of back-gate control, leading to additional effects associated with charge accumulation in wider fin devices. Optical simulations for a model system suggest that optical phenomena in the fins should be considered for laser testing. These include optical interference, plasmonic enhancement at the metal–dielectric interfaces, and enhanced electron–hole pair recombination due to multiple reflections in multigate devices with nanoscale dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The influence of mesoscale eddies on the flow field and the water masses, especially the oxygen distribution of the eastern tropical South Pacific is investigated from a mooring, float and satellite data set. Two anticyclonic (ACE1/2), one mode water (MWE) and one cyclonic eddy (CE) are identified and followed in detail with satellite data on their westward transition with velocities of 3.2 to 6.0 cm/s from their generation region, the shelf of the Peruvian and Chilean upwelling regime, across the Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS) (~ 20° S, 85° W) to their decaying region far west in the oligotrophic open ocean. The ORS is located in the transition zone between the oxygen minimum zone and the well-oxygenated South Pacific subtropical gyre. Velocity, hydrographic, and oxygen measurements at the mooring show the impact of eddies on the weak flow region of the eastern tropical South Pacific. Strong anomalies are related to the passage of eddies and are not associated to a seasonal signal in the open ocean. The mass transport of the four observed eddies across 85° W is between 1.1 and 1.8 Sv. The eddy type dependent available heat, salt and oxygen anomalies are 7.6 × 1018 J (ACE), 0.8 × 1018 J (MWE), -9.4 × 1018 J (CE) for heat, 23.9 × 1010 kg (ACE2), -3.6 × 1010 kg (MWE), -42.8 × 1010 kg (CE) for salt and -3.6 × 1016 μmol (ACE2), -3.5 × 1016 μmol (MWE), -6.5 × 1016 μmol (CE) for oxygen showing an imbalance between anticyclones and cyclones for heat and salt transports probably due to seasonal variability of water mass properties in the formation region of the eddies. Heat, salt and oxygen fluxes out of the coastal region across the ORS region in the oligotrophic open South Pacific are estimated based on these eddy anomalies and on eddy statistics (gained out of 23 years of satellite data). Furthermore, four profiling floats were trapped in the ACE2 during its westward propagation between the formation region and the open ocean, which allows conclusions on the isolation of water mass properties and the lateral mixing with time between the core of the eddy and the surrounding water showing the strongest lateral mixing between the seasonal thermocline and the eddy core during the first half of the lifetime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The piezoresistivity of thin films of indium tin oxide prepared by pulsed laser deposition has been measured as a function of processing parameters. The thickness of the films ranged from 200 to 1200 nm. Resistivity and strain sensitivity measurements as a function of laser deposition parameters are reported. Gauge factors, defined as the ratio of the fractional resistance change to the applied strain, were observed to vary from approximately 0.2 for deposition in vacuum to as large as -14.7 for deposition with a residual atmosphere of 50 mTorr of oxygen. The response of gauges to strains up to the measurement limit of approximately 220 μ&Vegr; was both linear and free of hysteresis. This fabrication strategy makes possible the direct deposition of sub-mm strain gauges onto surfaces and components, including those of micro electromechanical systems. © 2002 American Institute of Physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emily Ng Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2020 xii + 204 pp. In fact, not all of Ng's interlocutors seem to agree on how corrupt the gods are or on the role of Mao, so even very local variation remains as an important question for future work. According to Ng's interlocutors in what she calls Hexian County of Henan Province, all such spirits disappeared during the height of Mao's power, because Mao's sovereign power made them irrelevant. [Extracted from the article]

An open posterior component separation (PCS) is a commonly utilized surgical approach for repair of complex abdominal wall defects and hernias. Although this approach may improve surgical outcomes, significant postoperative pain can be expected given the required laparotomy and extensive abdominal wall manipulation. Both systemic opioids and thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) are viable postoperative analgesic options, and both are commonly utilized. Although the benefits of TEA have been investigated following a variety of surgeries, there is a paucity of literature related to its efficacy for this particular surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of TEA following open PCS under the hypothesis that the incorporation of TEA into the postoperative analgesic regimen would hasten bowel recovery. Patients who previously underwent an open PCS were identified through an electronic medical record query. A retrospective chart review was then performed, and patients who had TEA, either alone or combined with systemic opioids, were compared with patients who had only systemic opioids. The primary end point was a comparison of the postoperative day (POD) on which a full diet was started. Secondarily, time to liquid diet, postsurgical length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate, ICU LOS, and the rates of several postoperative adverse events were compared. A post hoc analysis was also performed, using the same end points, to compare the subgroup of TEA patients who avoided systemic opioids with all patients who received systemic opioids, whether alone or combined with TEA. One hundred and one patients were ultimately included for analysis. Time to full diet was not significantly different between patients who had TEA, either with or without systemic opioids, and those who received only systemic opioids (TEA 2.6 ± 1.7 vs. systemic opioids 3.1 ± 2.1 [mean POD ± SD], P =.21). Additionally, no statistically significant differences were found for any secondary outcome. In the post hoc analysis, the subgroup of TEA patients who avoided systemic opioids had a significantly faster time to bowel recovery when compared with all patients who received systemic opioids (2.2 ± 1.0 vs. 3.2 ± 2.2, P =.0033). This subgroup also had a significantly shorter time to liquid diet and a decreased postoperative LOS. In conclusion, for patients undergoing an open PCS, the inclusion of TEA in the postoperative analgesic regimen did not by itself hasten the return of bowel function. However, when TEA was utilized and systemic opioids were avoided, bowel recovery occurred significantly sooner and resulted in a shortened hospital LOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]