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The East Australian Current (EAC) is a highly dynamic western boundary current of the South Pacific Gyre. The EAC frequently encroaches shoreward, drives upwelling, changes coastal bio-physical dynamics, and thus exerts significant impacts on coastal marine ecosystems. In this study, with high frequency (HF) radar and mooring data, for the first time accurate daily mapping and tracking of a rapid EAC intrusion event was conducted and the impacts of the EAC intrusion on the shelf water off Coffs Harbor were monitored. The results show that, during the event, the EAC was highly dynamic with a mean daily onshore/offshore movement of ~5 km/day. In addition, we found that the bottom ocean temperature and the surface current speed on the shelf varied linearly with the EAC-to-coast distance. This study thus demonstrates the value of HF remotely sensed data for the ongoing quantitative monitoring of the highly dynamic EAC fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East Australian Current (EAC) is a highly dynamic western boundary current that exerts significant influences on the marine ecosystem off southeast margin of Australia. For the first time, a quantitative mapping of the EAC system was conducted using Himawari‐8 sea surface temperature data and a Topographic Position Index (TPI)‐based image processing technique. The validation using Bluelink ReANalysis data suggested good reliability of our mapping results. Subsequent quantitative examination provides new insights into the EAC's cross‐shelf movement which is a driving force of adjacent slope‐shelf circulations. Along the coast of New South Wales (NSW), large‐scale and high‐frequency EAC encroachment was observed, being every 60–80 days upstream (30–32°S) and every 90–100 days downstream (33–35°S), which is associated with the EAC's intrinsic oscillation and eddy shedding. Downstream, the EAC encroachment exhibits a 20‐day longer period and a double amplitude. Such dephasing is most likely due to the abrupt change of regime at the EAC separation point (32–33°S). Upstream, the EAC encroachment also exhibits seasonality, being 10–15 km closer to the coast in austral summer, which is due to the seasonal EAC broadening. Higher‐frequency (16–32 days) and smaller‐magnitude EAC intrusion was observed along the entire NSW coast (28–37°S), which is possibly associated with EAC's meanders and frontal eddies. In the extension zone (37.30–44°S), we observed maximum EAC encroachment in summer, which is an expression of the seasonal boundary flow off eastern Tasmania. A data set of EAC encroachment (2015–2017) is available (see Data Availability Statement).Plain Language Summary: The East Australian Current (EAC) frequently intrudes landward, drives coastal water uplift, and consequently brings nearshore nutrient blooms. Such current intrusions therefore exert significant impacts on the coastal marine ecosystem. To thoroughly examine the EAC intrusions, first, we developed an accurate mapping of the EAC using satellite imagery. Next, using the mapping products, we directly measure and investigate the time‐varying spatial closeness between the EAC and the coast. Our results show that the EAC is a highly dynamic and unstable eddy‐current system which intrudes landward all year round with multiple periods and scales. The semiautomatic mapping presented here has many practical applications in measuring, monitoring and tracking of ocean currents and eddies.Key Points: For the first time a quantitative mapping of a highly dynamic WBC system is created using imagery technique on satellite SST dataDirect evidences confirm that the EAC is an unstable eddy‐current system which encroaches onshore with multiple frequencies and amplitudesOur semiautomatic mapping has many practical applications in measuring, monitoring and tracking of ocean currents and eddies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalyzed conversion of waste cooking oil by transesterification into biodiesel yields exceptional environmental benefits and is the focus of this study. Sodium methoxide (CHONa), an alkaline catalyst, was selected for transesterification. A hydrothermal pretreatment was first applied to heat the kitchen waste to 140-170 °C. The pretreated waste cooking oil was then extracted from kitchen waste after a set time for use as a reactant. The aim of this study was to discuss whether hydrothermal pretreatment affects biodiesel productivity of waste cooking oil by alkali catalyst. Transesterification was conducted following hydrothermal pretreatment. Transesterification conditions were obtained from results of single factor experiments at 60 °C for 80 min, 0.9 wt% sodium methoxide concentration and 5:1 methanol/oil molar ratio. Maximum transesterification productivity reached 80.9 % locating the maximum increment of biodiesel productivity at 2.88 wt% relative to the control obtained under hydrothermal conditions at 160 °C for 80 min and a 1:1 volume ratio of kitchen waste to water. Biodiesel productivity was not impacted by hydrothermal temperature or hydrothermal time and analysis indicates principal properties of the final product complied with the European EN14214 Standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, the presence of a seasonal intrusion of the East Australian Current (EAC) has been disputed. In this study, with a Topographic Position Index (TPI)-based image processing technique, we use a 26-year satellite Sea Surface Temperature (SST) dataset to quantitatively map the EAC off northern New South Wales (NSW, Australia, 28–32°S and ~154°E). Our mapping products have enabled direct measurement ("distance" and "area") of the EAC's shoreward intrusion, and the results show that the EAC intrusion exhibits seasonal cycles, moving closer to the coast in austral summer than in winter. The maximum EAC-to-coast distance usually occurs during winter, ranging from 30 to 40 km. In contrast, the minimum distance usually occurs during summer, ranging from 15 to 25 km. Further spatial analyses indicate that the EAC undergoes a seasonal shift upstream of 29°40′S and seasonal widening downstream. This is the first time that the seasonality of the EAC intrusion has been confirmed by long-term remote-sensing observation. The findings provide new insights into seasonal upwelling and shelf circulation previously observed off the NSW coast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]