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Summary: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation influences development and genome stability in organisms; however, its impact on meiosis, a special cell division essential for the delivery of genetic information across generations in eukaryotes, has not yet been elucidated.In this study, by performing cytogenetic studies, we reported that UV radiation does not damage meiotic chromosome integrity but attenuates centromere‐mediated chromosome stability and induces unreduced gametes in Arabidopsis thaliana.We showed that functional centromere‐specific histone 3 (CENH3) is required for obligate crossover formation and plays a role in the protection of sister chromatid cohesion under UV stress. Moreover, we found that UV specifically alters the orientation and organization of spindles and phragmoplasts at meiosis II, resulting in meiotic restitution and unreduced gametes. We determined that UV‐induced meiotic restitution does not rely on the UV Resistance Locus8‐mediated UV perception and the Tapetal Development and Function1‐ and Aborted Microspores‐dependent tapetum development, but possibly occurs via altered JASON function and downregulated Parallel Spindle1.This study provides evidence that UV radiation influences meiotic genome stability and gametophytic ploidy consistency in flowering plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) modeling is a widely used double‐exponential model for describing diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) signal, with a slow component related to pure molecular diffusion and a fast component associated with microcirculatory perfusion, which compensates for the limitations of traditional DWI. IVIM is a noninvasive technique for obtaining liver pathological information and characterizing liver lesions, and has potential applications in the initial diagnosis and treatment monitoring of liver diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that IVIM‐derived parameters are useful for evaluating liver lesions, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver fibrosis and liver tumors. However, the results are not stable. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the current applications of IVIM in liver disease research, identify existing shortcomings, and point out the future development direction. In this review, we searched for studies related to hepatic IVIM‐DWI applications over the past two decades in the PubMed database. We first introduce the fundamental principles and influential factors of IVIM, and then discuss its application in NAFLD, liver fibrosis, and focal hepatic lesions. It has been found that IVIM is still unstable in ensuring the robustness and reproducibility of measurements in the assessment of liver fibrosis grade and liver tumors differentiation, due to inconsistent and substantial overlap in the range of IVIM‐derived parameters for different fibrotic stages. In the end, the future direction of IVIM‐DWI in the assessment of liver diseases is discussed, emphasizing the need for further research on the stability of IVIM‐derived parameters, particularly perfusion‐related parameters, in order to promote the clinical practice of IVIM‐DWI. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of thoracic vertebrae (NTV) in pigs is an important economic trait that significantly influences pork production. While the Licha black pig is a well-known Chinese pig breed with multiple thoracic vertebrae, the genetic mechanism is still unknown. Here, we performed a selective signal analysis on the genome of Licha black pigs, comparing individuals with 15 NTV versus those with 16 NTV to better understand functional genes associated with NTV. A total of 2265 selection signal regions were detected across the genome, including 527 genes and 1073 QTL that overlapped with the selection signal regions. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that LRP5 and SP5 genes were involved in biological processes such as bone morphogenesis and Wnt protein binding. Furthermore, three genes, LRP8, DEF6, and SCUBE3, associated with osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, were located within or close to the QTL related to bone development and vertebrae number. These five genes were hypothesized to be potential candidates for regulating the NTV trait in Licha black pigs. Our findings revealed several candidate genes that play crucial roles in NTV regulation and provide a theoretical foundation to understand the genetic mechanism of the NTV trait in pig breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the worldwide burden of leukemia owing to occupational exposure to formaldehyde (OEF) from 1990 to 2019. Data on leukemia due to OEF were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. By region, age, sex, and disease subtype, the numbers and age-standardized rates (ASRs) associated with deaths, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were analyzed. Annual average percentage change (AAPC) was used to estimate disease burden trends from 1990 to 2019. To measure the risk of leukemia due to OEF, the population attributable fraction (PAF) was introduced. From 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths, DALYs, YLLs, and YLDs for leukemia caused by OEF increased by 44%, 34%, 33%, and 124%, respectively. Regarding the change in ASRs, the age-standardized YLDs (ASYLDs) rate of leukemia due to OEF, which was 38.03% (AAPC = 1.17 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11, 1.23]), indicated an increased trend. But the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), age-standardized DALY (ASDALY) rate, and age-standardized YLL (ASYLL) rate showed decline trends, with − 11.90% (AAPC = − 0.41 [95% CI − 0.45, − 0.37]), − 14.19% (AAPC = − 0.5 [95% CI − 0.55, − 0.45]), and − 14.97% (AAPC = − 0.53 [95% CI − 0.58, − 0.48]), respectively. In terms of PAFs, there were increasing trends in PAFs of age-standardized deaths, ASDALYs, ASYLLs, and ASYLDs for leukemia caused by OEF, with 20.15% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 11.76%, 30.25%), 36.28% (95% UI 21.46%, 53.42%), 51.91% (95% UI 35.05%, 72.07%), and 36.34% (95% UI 21.58%, 53.63%), respectively. Across the socio-demographic index (SDI) regions, the leukemia burden caused by OEF was concentrated in middle and high-middle SDI regions. Besides, OEF poses a more serious risk for acute leukemia among the leukemia subtype. Globally, leukemia caused by OEF remains a public health burden. Policies must be developed to avoid the burden of leukemia caused by OEF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laterally epitaxial two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) heterojunctions are of considerable interest in recent years due to atomically sharp interfaces and tunable band alignment, which have potential applications in novel functional electronics and optoelectronics. However, the studies of 2D lateral heterostructures have mainly focused on the synthesis methods and pristine performance of the fabricated heterojunctions. Herein, the controllable photocurrent generation and enhanced performances of the lateral bilayer (LBL) MoS2–WS2 heterojunctions are reported. A tunable and abrupt built‐in field forms at the interface, and the gate‐tunable rectifying behavior and photovoltaic effect are realized. It is demonstrated that the generation of the photocurrent in the device can be highly controlled to realize ultrahigh responsivity of 1.06 × 104 A W−1 and detectivity of 1.14 × 1013 Jones at a 638 nm incident light. The lateral TMDs heterostructures are expected to constitute the ultimate functional elements of novel electronics and optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in the artificial syntheses of organic pollutants has raised widespread concern. However, the mechanisms by which fungi degrade these new organic pollutants in the environment and adapt to environmental stressors remain unclear. In this study, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a model white rot fungus, was used to explore the interfacial processes and mechanisms for synergistic degradation of 4,4′-dichlorobiphenyl (PCB15) with magnetite nanoparticles. The results showed that after 3 and 5 days of cultivation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium alone, the rates for PCB15 degradation were 32% and 65%, respectively, indicating that the white rot fungus itself was able to degrade the organic pollutant. Moreover, the addition of magnetite nanoparticles significantly enhanced the degradation of PCB15 by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. After cocultivation for 3 and 5 days, the rates for PCB15 degradation increased to 42% and 84%, respectively. Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy (SR-FTIR) showed that the magnetite particles were tightly adhered to the fungal hyphae and were unevenly distributed on the hyphal surfaces. Furthermore, cocultivation of the fungus and magnetite nanoparticles significantly enhanced the nanozymatic activity of magnetite. A linear regression model provided a significantly negative correlation (r=−0.96, p<0.001) between the nanozymatic activity of the magnetite and the concentration ratio of the PCB15, supporting the hypothesis that white rot fungi degraded the PCB15 by enhancing the nanozyme activity of magnetite. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the nanozymatic activity of magnetite was mainly governed by oxygen vacancies on the mineral surfaces rather than the iron valence. Together, these findings increase our understanding of the powerful capabilities of fungi in terms of stress resistance and adaptation to extreme environments and provide new insights into fungal-mediated degradation of organic pollutants for soil remediation in contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is typically associated with iron (Fe) hydroxides in paddy soils. Our study investigated the impact of different fertilization treatments on the availability of P regulated by Fe redox transformation in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system in the mid‐low reaches of the Yangtze River. Five fertilization treatments were examined: control (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), 35% CF (P) plus pig manure compost (CFM), 100% CF (P) plus straw (CFS), and 35% CF (P) plus pig manure compost and straw (CFMS). Nine‐year rice–wheat rotations increased the oxalate‐extractable poorly crystalline Fe hydroxides (i.e., Feo) by 33%–87% compared with the initial soil, while fertilization further accelerated this process. Compost application increased the proportion of labile P by 75%–108% and decreased the proportion of non‐labile P by 14%–22% compared with the single chemical fertilization treatment. Furthermore, organic fertilization increased the mass proportions of macroaggregates and macroaggregate‐associated labile P. The Feo was positively correlated with the content of labile P but negatively correlated with the proportion of non‐labile P. Moreover, the reductive dissolution of Fe hydroxides was accompanied by the transformation of P from NaOH‐extractable to NaHCO3‐ and H2O‐extractable phases. These results indicate that seasonal alternation of drying and wetting can progressively drive the redox transformation of Fe hydroxides and promote the formation of Feo, thereby affecting the availability of P. Therefore, we suggested that P fertilizer should be reduced in the rice season due to the reduction of Fe hydroxides, particularly in the compost‐amended soils in the temperate rice–wheat cropping system. Core Ideas: Fertilization accelerated the poorly crystalline iron hydroxide formation.Organic fertilization enhanced the availability of phosphorus.Poorly crystalline iron hydroxide formation contributed to the increase in phosphorus availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the remarkable achievements of modern communication systems based on Shannon's theory, there is still considerable room for exploration in information transmission capacity, and semantic communication technology has emerged as a promising approach in this regard. Nonetheless, the benefits of semantic communication remain elusive, and the absence of a unified system model has hindered practical implementation. In this context, we contend that semantic communication can benefit from data distortion and the incorporation of natural language modeling information, such that source coding with semantic modeling information does not compromise the performance of semantic communication systems. To fortify our stance, a novel Separated Data-Semantic Coding (SDSC) system is proposed, which disentangles the source coding and semantic coding. Furthermore, relevant experiments are conducted to validate the contention and the SDSC system. By illuminating the superiority of semantic communication, the research not only contributes to the advancement of semantic communication technologies but also facilitates the development of more practical communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with binary transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), ternary alloys or heterojunctions have more abundant properties. The spin-coating method has been widely used in the synthesis of TMDCs. However, there is still a lack of research on the effect of acidity and alkalinity of precursor solutions on the epitaxial growth of TMDCs. It is found that the MoxW1–xS2 ternary alloy is formed when an acidic solution of (NH4)2MoO4 and (NH4)2WO4 is used for spin-coating, while the MoS2/WS2 lateral heterojunction with a sharp boundary is formed when an alkaline solution of Na2MoO4, Na2WO4, and NaOH is used. According to the calculation, under alkaline conditions, sulfur atoms preferentially bind to MoO42– due to lower energy and finally form a lateral heterojunction. However, under acidic and neutral conditions, MoO42– and WO42– in the precursor solution will undergo a complex reaction, respectively. Because there is no significant difference in the binding energy of the reaction between the sulfur atom and two complexes, a ternary alloy will be formed. The controllable synthesis of different types of TMDCs can be achieved by regulating acidity and alkalinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study aimed to quantify the exposure-lag-response effects of the diurnal temperature range (DTR) on other infectious diarrhea (OID) in Tongcheng city and examine the vulnerable populations. Distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) and generalized additive model (GAM) were applied jointly to quantify the association between DTR and the daily number of OID cases compared with the median DTR. Stratified analysis was performed by gender, age, and seasons of onset. There are a total of 8231 cases during this decade. We observed a j-shaped relationship between DTR and OID, with a peak point at the maximum DTR (RR: 2.651, 95% CI: 1.320–5.323) compared to the median DTR. As DTR increased from 8.2 to 10.9 °C, we found the RRs started to decrease and then rise from day 0, and the minimum value occurred on day 7 (RR:1.003, 95% CI: 0.996–1.010). From stratified analysis, we observed that females and adults are more likely to be affected by high DTR significantly. In addition, the influence of DTR was different in cold and warm seasons. High DTR in warm seasons affects the number of OID daily cases, but no statistical significance was identified in cold seasons. This study suggests a significant relationship between high DTR and the incidence risk of OID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolymer is widely used as a supplement to cementitious composites because of its advantages of low carbon and environmental protection, and geopolymer concrete is also broadly used in practical engineering. In recent years, geopolymer concrete has attracted increasing interest owing to its superior mechanical properties, and a series of research results have been obtained. In this paper, from the preparation of geopolymer concrete, based on the characteristics that geopolymer concrete is brittle and easy to crack, the types and basic properties of fibers to enhance the toughness of concrete are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of different fibers used as a material to enhance the toughness of concrete are summarized, and we review the effects of type, shape, volume rate, aspect ratio, and hybrid fiber combinations on the static mechanical properties. The results indicate that fibers have significant potential to enhance the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of geopolymer concrete, and the optimal fiber volume rate seems to be related to the fiber type. Whereas the effect of aspect ratio and hybrid fiber combinations on the properties of geopolymer concrete seems to be obvious. This paper reviews the influence of fiber on the basic mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete, which provides a solid foundation to promote the further development and application of the research on the toughness of fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete and provides recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain boundary cracks in flexible perovskite films can be repaired by filling with self‐repairing polymers during the preparation and wearable operation. However, the self‐repairing polymers are commonly active through external heating or humidification treatments, which cannot match with the human body's temperature tolerance of wearable devices. Herein, a body temperature‐responsive shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) is demonstrated to achieve the real‐time mechanical self‐repairing of grain boundary cracks (~37°C). Furthermore, the strong intermolecular interaction between SMPU and the uncoordinated Pb2+ and I−, can reduce the trap density in perovskite films. The blade‐coated device achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.33%, which is among the best reported flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs; 0.10 cm2). Importantly, the device with SMPU can recover more than 80% of the PCE after 6000 cycles (bending radius: 8 mm). Finally, the flexible PSCs are used for wearable solar power supply of a smartphone, which show great potential for self‐repairing wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calmodulin-like interacting protein kinases play an important role in plant response to abiotic stresses and development. But the role of the CIPK gene in grapevine is unknown. In this study, VyCIPK1, isolated from the Chinese wild grape V. Yanshanesis, was strongly induced by salt stress. Overexpressing VyCIPK1 could induce AOC and AOS, and result in notably increased jamonate levels in tobacco. Under salt stress, transgenic plants showed higher germination rate, leaf number, and fresh weight than wild-type plants. Moreover, transgenic plants displayed higher chlorophyll content, catalase activity, peroxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, and lower malondialdehyde content, H2O2, and O2- content than that of wild type under salt stress conditions. And the stress-related genes, including ERD10C, ERD10D, LEA5, POD, SOD, and CAT, were up-regulated in transgenic plants. Our founding demonstrated that the VyCIPK1 has the potential for grape molecular breeding of salt tolerance as a candidate gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different transitional-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) can form lateral heterojunctions by epitaxial growth. TMD heterojunctions exhibit unique optical and electrical properties by seamlessly connecting atoms at the interface. Bilayer (BL) TMDs with nanoscale thicknesses have higher state density, mobility, and room temperature stability than monolayer (ML) TMDs, so they may be more suitable for optoelectronic device applications. However, the synthesis of BL lateral heterojunctions is challenging due to the uncontrolled orientation of the second layer stacking. We report a method to grow lateral heterojunctions of BL TMDs by self-assembly epitaxy. The number of nucleation layers can be controlled by the Mo/S ratio. The BL lateral heterojunctions synthesized by this method are all AB stacking, which effectively avoids the simultaneous existence of vertical and lateral heterojunctions in AA′ stacking. After the alkaline precursor solution is spun, the binding ability of WO42– or MoO42– ions to sulfur atoms is different. Sulfur atoms preferentially combine with MoO42– ions to form MoS2, resulting in a lateral heterojunction with a sharp interface. The BL lateral heterojunction has a better photoelectric detector performance than the ML. This work provides a method for the synthesis of BL lateral heterojunctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in situ polymerization controlled growth of perovskites has been demonstrated as a general strategy to effectively repair grain boundary defects. However, the highly active, volatile, and brittle cross-linked scaffolds of small molecular monomers simultaneously limit the efficiency and mechanical endurance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we first adopt macromonomer poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) to achieve an effective in situ cross-linking polymerization for flexible PSCs. PEGDMA can chemically anchor at the grain boundaries during thermal annealing of perovskite films, thus effectively regulating the crystallization and reducing grain boundary defects. In addition, the in situ cross-linking of PEGDMA can limit the thermal expansion of perovskites during thermal annealing, which releases the residual strain to enhance the mechanical stability of the perovskite film. Overall, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the rigid and flexible PSCs with PEGDMA reaches 23.15% and 21.41%, respectively, retaining over 90% of the initial PCE after 3500 h of storage in a glove box. Furthermore, the efficiency retention of the PSCs is maintained at more than 86% after 5000 bending cycles (bending radius: 5 mm), which is of great significance for the practical application of PSCs in portable and wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic cesium lead iodide perovskite CsPbI3 is attracting great attention as a light absorber for single or multi‐junction photovoltaics due to its outstanding thermal stability and proper band gap. However, the device performance of CsPbI3‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is limited by the unsatisfactory crystal quality and thus severe non‐radiative recombination. Here, vacuum‐assisted thermal annealing (VATA) is demonstrated as an effective approach for controlling the morphology and crystallinity of the CsPbI3 perovskite films formed from the precursors of PbI2, CsI, and dimethylammonium iodide (DMAI). By this method, a large‐area and high‐quality CsPbI3 film is obtained, exhibiting a much reduced trap‐state density with prolonged charge lifetime. Consequently, the solar cell efficiency is raised from 17.26 to 20.06 %, along with enhanced stability. The VATA would be an effective approach for fabricating high‐performance thin‐film CsPbI3 perovskite optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic cesium lead iodide perovskite CsPbI3 is attracting great attention as a light absorber for single or multi‐junction photovoltaics due to its outstanding thermal stability and proper band gap. However, the device performance of CsPbI3‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is limited by the unsatisfactory crystal quality and thus severe non‐radiative recombination. Here, vacuum‐assisted thermal annealing (VATA) is demonstrated as an effective approach for controlling the morphology and crystallinity of the CsPbI3 perovskite films formed from the precursors of PbI2, CsI, and dimethylammonium iodide (DMAI). By this method, a large‐area and high‐quality CsPbI3 film is obtained, exhibiting a much reduced trap‐state density with prolonged charge lifetime. Consequently, the solar cell efficiency is raised from 17.26 to 20.06 %, along with enhanced stability. The VATA would be an effective approach for fabricating high‐performance thin‐film CsPbI3 perovskite optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding riboflavin to boar sperm freezing extender on the challenge of cryopreservation. Methods: Different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 μM) of riboflavin were added to the freezing extender. Spermatozoa motility, membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and enzyme activities were analysed once 10 min after thawing. Q‐PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of Caspase3, Bcl‐2 and Bax. Results: The results showed that the addition of 10 μM riboflavin to boar sperm freezing extender significantly increased the frozen‐thawed sperm progressive motility compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase improved after adding riboflavin to the extender (p < 0.05). During freezing‐thawing, the boar sperm mitochondrial membrane potential, acrosomal integrity, plasma membrane and DNA at 10 μM in the riboflavin group increased by 6.6%, 9.6%, 5.49% and 5.62% (p < 0.05), respectively, compared with the control group. The addition of 10 μM riboflavin to the extender significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (p < 0.05) content, whereas it increased the ATP content (p < 0.05) of boar sperm during freezing‐thawing. Furthermore, the expression of Caspase‐3 and Bax (p < 0.05) were significantly lower, whereas the expression of BCL‐2 (p < 0.05) was greater than the control group when adding 10 μM riboflavin to the extender. Conclusions: Riboflavin showed cryoprotective capacity to the freezing extender used for boar sperm during the process of freezing‐thawing, and the optimal concentration of riboflavin for the frozen extender was 10 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between the in vitro ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3‐N) concentration and the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) N‐fractions of feeds for cattle and further compare the performance of developing multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models in estimating the NH3‐N concentration in rumen fermentation. Two data sets were established, of which the training data set containing forty‐five rations for cattle with concentrate/roughage ratios of 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80 and 10:90 used for developing models and the test data set containing ten other rations with the same concentrate/roughage ratios with the training data set were used for validating of models. The NH3‐N concentrations of feed samples were measured using an in vitro incubation technique. The CNCPS N‐fractions (g), for example PB1 (rapidly degraded true protein), PB2 (neutral detergent soluble nitrogen), PB3 (acid detergent soluble nitrogen) of rations, were calculated based on chemical analysis. Statistical analysis indicated that the NH3‐N concentration (mg) was significantly correlated with the CNCPS N‐fractions (g) PB1, PB2 and PB3 in a multiple linear pattern: NH3‐N = (130.70±33.80) PB1 + (155.83±17.89) PB2 ‐ (85.44±37.69) PB3 + (42.43±1.05), R2 = 0.77, p < 0.0001, n = 45. The results indicated that both MLR and ANN models were suitable for predicting in vitro NH3‐N concentration of rations using CNCPS N‐fractions PB1, PB2, and PB3 as independent variables while the neural network model showed better performance in terms of greater r2, CCC and lower RMSPE between the observed and predicted values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halide perovskites are highly promising semiconductors for photovoltaics due to their high efficiency and simple solution processing. However, their halide-terminated surface is unstable due to the low binding energy of the Pb–I bond in the perovskites, which allows for surface defect formation and ion migration under external stresses, deteriorating the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, phenethylammonium fluoride (PEAF) is deposited on a perovskite film with controlled thickness via a fast thermal evaporation method at low temperatures and normal pressure, passivating the commonly existing surface halide vacancies without destabilizing the underlying perovskite and sacrificing charge transport in the PSC. Moreover, the fluoride anion in PEAF could undergo a strong interaction with the perovskites due to its high electronegativity, effectively reinforcing the structural stability of the perovskite film. The PEAF-treated PSCs exhibit high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.2% with significantly enhanced stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Via the bottom‐up synthetic strategy, we synthesized a pair of dodecanuclear metal clusters of Eu12(C2O4)9(R/S‐BNP)18(EtOH)6(H2O)6·8EtOH·7H2O (complex 2), which represent the largest axial chiral lanthanide metal clusters. In the structure, rare four‐pointed star coordination mode of oxalic acid is reported by this work. In addition, as a fluorescence sensor, the complex 2 exhibits high enantioselectivity for R‐/S‐BINOL‐TF2 (EF = 2.87) and other chiral binaphthyl derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the genetic status of some indigenous pig breeds, such as Liangshan pigs [[6]], Laiwu pigs [[7]], Ningxiang pigs [[8]], and Jiangquhai pigs [[9]], has been studied. Keywords: Licha black pig; single nucleotide polymorphism; genetic diversity; population structure; inbreeding coefficient EN Licha black pig single nucleotide polymorphism genetic diversity population structure inbreeding coefficient N.PAG N.PAG 10 04/26/22 20220415 NES 220415 1. Compared with other local breeds in China, the inbreeding coefficient of the Licha black pig population was higher than that of the Liangshan pig population [[6]], but lower than that of the Laiwu, Ningxiang, and Wannan black pig populations [[7], [28]]. In this study, we selected a 50 K SNP chip to analyze the genetic diversity, genetic relationships, population structure, and inbreeding coefficient in this Licha black pig population. [Extracted from the article]

Herein, the effect of metal contact doping on the scaled graphene field effect transistor (GFET) is investigated. Different from the traditional semiconductors device, the drain current of GFET is not inversely proportional to the channel length (LCH). The abnormal scaling behavior for drain current in GFETs can be attributed to the modification of channel resistance induced by the penetration of contact metal doping. In addition, the field‐effect mobility (μEF) of long channel GFET trend to saturate with decreasing LCH, which is consistent with the diffusive transport model. As the channel length is further scaled down, the μEF at first increases drastically and then decreases due to the enhanced effect of electrical property of graphene under the metal electrode as well as the contact resistance on the carrier transport of GFET. This study indicates that there will be a trade‐off between scaled channel length and the best performance of GFET. Further efforts should be made to modulate the properties of graphene both in channel and contact region to improve the scaling behavior of GFET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene has great application potential in radio frequency (RF) electronics such as low-noise amplifier (LNA) due to its amazing electrical properties. In this work, a graphene-transfer after process was developed to fabricate two-stage graphene LNA monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) on sapphire substrate to reduce possible damage to the graphene material in the device fabrication process. Using microstrip lines, inductances, and capacitances as input–output, and interstage impedance match networks, the two-stage Ku-band graphene LNA MMIC was obtained with a 10.2 dB maximum gain at 12.7 GHz, and 4.2 dB minimum noise figure at 12.5 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edge of the 2H-MoS2 phase has good electrocatalytic behavior for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, the shape of monolayer MoS2 synthesized under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions is triangular, which limits the density of catalytic sites at the edge of a crystal domain. The morphology of the edge of monolayer MoS2 grown under non-thermodynamic equilibrium conditions will show a large number of dendrite nanostructures. The abundant dendrite edge nanostructures make it have more catalytic site densities than monolayer MoS2 synthesized under thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The relationship between MoO3 source supply and MoS2 fractal dimension was established through the simulation of fractal dimension. HER performance showed that the Tafel slope (59 mV/Dec) of dendrite monolayer MoS2 was much lower than that of the triangular sample (97 mV/Dec), which confirmed that the dendrite MoS2 monolayer was more conducive to the application of hydrogen evolution reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Metal-Contact-Induced Transition of Electrical Transport in Monolayer MoS2: From Thermally Activated to Variable-Range Hopping" was published in Advanced Electronic Materials in 2019. The article acknowledges additional funders that were not initially listed in the manuscript. The authors apologize for any inconvenience caused, but assure that these additions do not impact the conclusions of the paper. The authors of the article are Songang Peng, Zhi Jin, Yao Yao, Ling Li, Dayong Zhang, Jingyuan Shi, Xinnan Huang, Jiebin Niu, Yanhui Zhang, and Guanghui Yu. [Extracted from the article]

Bayesian Personalized Ranking (BPR) is a representative pairwise learning method for optimizing recommendation models. It is widely known that the performance of BPR depends largely on the quality of negative sampler. In this paper, we make two contributions with respect to BPR. First, we find that sampling negative items from the whole space is unnecessary and may even degrade the performance. Second, focusing on the purchase feedback of E-commerce, we propose a negative sampler for BPR by leveraging the additional view data. In our proposed sampler, users’ viewed interactions are considered as an intermediate feedback between the purchased and unobserved interactions. We jointly learn the pairwise rankings of user preference among these three types of interactions and design a user-oriented weighting strategy during learning process, which is more effective and flexible. Compared to the vanilla BPR that applies a uniform sampler on all candidates, our view-enhanced sampler enhances BPR with a relative improvement over 36.64 and 16.40 percent on Beibei and Tmall datasets, respectively. Empirical studies demonstrate the importance of considering users’ additional feedback when modeling their preference on different items, which can effectively improve the quality of sampled negative items towards learning a better personalized ranking function. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/dingjingtao/NegativeSamplerBPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most attractive application of graphene in the RF area is low-noise amplifier (LNA) due to its amazing properties. But, design and fabrication of graphene LNA Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) are still blank. In this work, 200 nm gate-length chemical vapor deposition (CVD) monolayer graphene transistors were fabricated on a sapphire substrate. The graphene transistor shows an intrinsic gain of ${g} _{\text{m}}/{g} _{\text{ds}}= {1.1}$ , and high extrinsic maximum oscillation frequency with ${f} _{\text{max}}$ (48 GHz) > cutoff frequency ${f} _{\text{T}}$ (43 GHz). The graphene transistors show low extrinsic minimum noise figure of 2–7 dB in the measured frequency range of 6–50 GHz. A C-band graphene LNA MMIC was designed and fabricated and shows a maximum gain of 8.34 dB at 5.5 GHz, and minimum noise figure of 4.96 dB at 5.8 GHz. This work demonstrates the application potential of graphene for future RF high-speed electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of mobile wound signals along the phloem pathway is essential to the activation of wound-induced systemic response/resistance, which requires an upsurge of jasmonic acid (JA) in the distal undamaged leaves. Among these mobile signals, the electrical signal mediated by the glutamate-dependent activation of several clade three GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR3) proteins is involved in the stimulation of JA production in distal leaves. However, whether JA acts as a mobile wound signal and, if so, how it is transmitted and interacts with the electrical signal remain unclear. Here, we show that JA was translocated from the local to distal leaves in Arabidopsis , and this process was predominantly regulated by two phloem-expressed and plasma membrane-localized jasmonate transporters, AtJAT3 and AtJAT4. In addition to the cooperation between AtJAT3/4 and GLR3.3 in the regulation of long-distance JA translocation, our findings indicate that importer-mediated cell–cell JA transport is important for driving the loading and translocation of JA in the phloem pathway in a self-propagating manner. Whether jasmonate (JA) can function as a mobile wound signal remains unclear. This study shows that two membrs of the jasmonate transporter family, AtJAT3 and AtJAT4, can import JA across the plasma membrane and regulate the translocation of wound-induced JA and systemic response/immunity. The findings suggest that transporter-mediated cell–cell transport drives the long-distance transmission of JA in a self-propagating manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting and utilizing the evolution trend of hot topics is critical for contingency management and decision-making purposes of government bodies and enterprises. This paper proposes a model named online opinion dynamics (OODs) where any node in a social network has its unique confidence threshold and influence radius. The nodes in the OOD are mainly affected by their neighbors and are also randomly influenced by unfamiliar nodes. In the traditional opinion model, however, each node is affected by all other nodes, including its friends. Furthermore, many traditional opinion evolution approaches are reviewed to see if all nodes (participants) can eventually reach a consensus. On the contrary, OOD is more focused on such details as concluding the overall trend of events and evaluating the support level of each participant through numerical simulation. Experiments show that OOD is superior to the improvement of the original Hegselmann–Krause (HK) model, HK-13 and HK-17, with respect to qualitative predictions of the evolution trend of an event. The quantitative predictions of the HK model cannot be used to make decisions, whereas the results of the OOD model are proved to be acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a type of oxygen monoelectronic reduction product, have a higher chemical activity than O2. Although ROS pose potential risks to all organisms via inducing oxidative stress, indispensable role of ROS in individual development cannot be ignored. Among them, the role of ROS in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is deeply studied. Mounting evidence suggests that ROS are essential for root and root hair development. In the present review, we provide an updated perspective on the latest research progress pertaining to the role of ROS in the precise regulation of root stem cell maintenance and differentiation, redox regulation of the cell cycle, and root hair initiation during root growth. Among the different types of ROS, O2•− and H2O2 have been extensively investigated, and they exhibit different gradient distributions in the roots. The concentration of O2•− decreases along a gradient from the meristem to the transition zone and the concentration of H2O2 decreases along a gradient from the differentiation zone to the elongation zone. These gradients are regulated by peroxidases, which are modulated by the UPBEAT1 (UPB1) transcription factor. In addition, multiple transcriptional factors, such as APP1, ABO8, PHB3, and RITF1, which are involved in the brassinolide signaling pathway, converge as a ROS signal to regulate root stem cell maintenance. Furthermore, superoxide anions (O2•−) are generated from the oxidation in mitochondria, ROS produced during plasmid metabolism, H2O2 produced in apoplasts, and catalysis of respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) in the cell membrane. Furthermore, ROS can act as a signal to regulate redox status, which regulates the expression of the cell-cycle components CYC2;3, CYCB1;1, and retinoblastoma-related protein, thereby controlling the cell-cycle progression. In the root maturation zone, the epidermal cells located in the H cell position emerge to form hair cells, and plant hormones, such as auxin and ethylene regulate root hair formation via ROS. Furthermore, ROS accumulation can influence hormone signal transduction and vice versa. Data about the association between nutrient stress and ROS signals in root hair development are scarce. However, the fact that ROBHC / RHD2 or RHD6 is specifically expressed in root hair cells and induced by nutrients, may explain the relationship. Future studies should focus on the regulatory mechanisms underlying root hair development via the interactions of ROS with hormone signals and nutrient components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modulating the electronic property of graphene by doping is essential for its device and circuit applications. Unfortunately, controllable p‐ and n‐type doping in top‐gated graphene field effect transistor (GFET) is reported. Here, the O3‐based atomic layer deposited Al2O3 layer as top gate dielectric is chosen. The epoxide functional group formed in the O3 process serves as effective interface trap sites. As the sweeping range of top gate voltage increases, the Dirac point position of GFET moves from positive voltage to negative voltage. The shift of the Dirac point voltage indicates the doping transition of graphene from p‐type to n‐type. The gate voltage dependent doping can be attributed to the charge exchange between graphene and interface trap sites. Furthermore, a trap‐dependent charge model is proposed to explain the transport mechanism in the doping process. This approach is promising to produce the complementary p‐ and n‐type top‐gated GFET for multiple applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rarely reported defects with crack-and-fold (CAF) style graphene grown on raw Cu foils substrates by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) were examined in this study. Factors for the formation of CAF defects were explored by performing different substrate treatments and varied hydrogen inflow. A clear relationship was found between CAF defects and Cu (110) facets by electron back-scattered diffraction measurement. CAF defects were affected by the interaction between graphene and the substrate. A model with a two-step process, including cracking and folding, is established to elucidate the formation of CAF defects. CAF defects can be reduced by performing substrate treatment, varying hydrogen flow and controlling the orientation of the Cu substrate. This study was performed to improve the quality of graphene grown by CVD for industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in climate and land use are causing grasslands to suffer increasingly from abiotic stresses, including soil salinization. Silicon (Si) amendment has been frequently proposed to improve plant resistance to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses and increase ecosystem productivity while controlling the biogeochemical carbon (C) cycle. However, the effects of Si on plant C distribution and accumulation in salt-suffering grasslands are still unclear. In this study, we investigated how salt ions affected major elemental composition in plants and whether Si enhanced biomass C accumulation in grassland species in situ. In samples from the margins of salt lakes, our results showed that the differing distance away from the shore resulted in distinctive phytocoenosis, including halophytes and moderately salt-tolerant grasses, which are closely related to changing soil properties. Different salinity (Na+/K+, ranging from 0.02 to 11.8) in plants caused negative effects on plant C content that decreased from 53.9 to 29.2% with the increase in salinity. Plant Si storage [0.02–2.29 g Si m–2 dry weight (dw)] and plant Si content (0.53 to 2.58%) were positively correlated with bioavailable Si in soils (ranging from 94.4 to 192 mg kg–1). Although C contents in plants and phytoliths were negatively correlated with plant Si content, biomass C accumulation (1.90–83.5 g C m–2 dw) increased due to the increase of Si storage in plants. Plant phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) increased from 0.07 to 0.28‰ of dry mass with the increase of Si content in moderately salt-tolerant grasses. This study demonstrates the potential of Si in mediating plant salinity and C assimilation, providing a reference for potential manipulation of long-term C sequestration via PhytOC production and biomass C accumulation in Si-accumulator dominated grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inherent sulfur vacancies in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) films grown via chemical vapor deposition have restricted the practical application of MoS2 in optoelectronic devices. The repair of sulfur vacancies is important for improving the quality of MoS2 and enhancing the performance of devices based on MoS2 films. Here we report a route that uses hydrogen (H2) etching to detect the repair effect of sulfur vacancies. The domains with and without sulfur annealing were etched via H2 under the same conditions, and the changes of surface microstructures and properties were compared. It was found that the tolerance of MoS2 to H2 etching was enhanced after sulfur annealing. Results of the photoluminescence spectrum further proved that H2 etching could effectively detect the repair effect of sulfur vacancies. As a practical application, the optimum condition of sulfur annealing was obtained through H2 etching. Our work promotes the practical application of MoS2 in the field of new-generation electronics and optoelectronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jasmonates (jasmonic acid and its relatives) are a group of oxylipin phytohormones that are implicated in the regulation of a range of developmental processes and responses to environmental stimuli in plants. The biosynthesis of JAs occur sequentially in various subcellular compartments including the chloroplasts, peroxisomes and the cytoplasm. The biologically active jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) activates the core JA signaling in the nucleus by binding with its coreceptor, SCFCOI1-JAZ. Five members of a clade of ATP-binding cassette G (ABCG) transporters of Arabidopsis thaliana were identified as the candidates of jasmonate transporters (JATs) in yeast cells. Among these JATs, AtJAT1/AtABCG16, has a dual localization in the plasma membrane and nuclear envelop and mediates the efflux of jasmonic acid (JA) across the plasma membrane and influx of JA-Ile into the nucleus. Genetic, cellular and biochemical analyses have demonstrated that AtJAT1/AtABCG16 is crucial for modulating JA-Ile concentration in the nucleus to orchestrate JA signaling. AtJAT1 could also be involved in modulating the biosynthesis of JA-Ile by regulating the distribution of JA and JA-Ile in the cytoplasm and nucleus, which would contribute to the highly dynamic JA signaling. Furthermore, other JAT members are localized in the plasma membrane and possibly in peroxisomes. Characterization of these JATs will provide further insights into a crucial role of transporter-mediated subcellular distribution in the metabolism and signaling of plant hormones, an emerging theme supported by the identification of increasing number of endomembrane-localized transporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene growth on copper foil via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is extensively used because the low carbon solubility of Cu leads to uniform, single-layer graphene formation. However, re-nucleation and etching, which dramatically weaken the quality of graphene, occur in some cooling conditions. CVD graphene growth on Cu is influenced by the cooling stage. In this work, the role of cooling in CVD graphene domain growth on Cu foil was studied, and the effects of cooling rate and atmosphere on the growth of graphene during the cooling stage were investigated. The re-nucleation and etching of graphene domains were observed in some cooling processes. These phenomena occur due to the processes related with the varying cooling rate and hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) concentrations in the reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]