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Global agricultural by‐products usually go to waste, especially in developing countries where agricultural products are usually exported as raw products. Such waste streams, once converted to "value‐added" products could be an additional source of revenue while simultaneously having positive impacts on the socio‐economic well‐being of local people. We highlight the utilization of thermochemical techniques to activate and convert agricultural waste streams such as rice and straw husk, coconut fiber, coffee wastes, and okara power wastes commonly found in the world into porous activated carbons and biofuels. Such activated carbons are suitable for various applications in environmental remediation, climate mitigation, energy storage, and conversions such as batteries and supercapacitors, in improving crop productivity and producing useful biofuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dihydrogen, commonly named 'hydrogen', is a carbon–neutral and renewable fuel meeting environmental regulations in transportation and industrial production. Hydrogen is currently employed in fuel cells, hydrogen vehicles, and as an efficient energy carrier due to its high energy capacity of 121 kJ per g. Here we review hydrogen production by steam reforming of alcohols including methanol, ethanol, propanol, glycerol and butanol, with focus on catalysts, mechanisms, and analytical methods to characterize deposited carbon. In general, Ru- and Rh-based catalysts show efficient performance with almost 100% feedstock conversion and up to 89% of hydrogen yield, while Ni and Co catalysts exhibit lower ethanol conversion in the range of 40–100% depending on operating conditions. Nevertheless, Ni and Co catalysts have been mainly chosen as active metals for alcohols steam reforming due to their lower cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research proposed an effective approach for recycling of waste plastics and agro-industrial waste as a source of energy optimizing the economic viability of the waste products and reducing environmental issues. The composites were developed by utilizing eight different types of waste plastics, rice hush husk, and sand. The density, water absorption, compressive strength, and flexural strength of the composites were evaluated. Moreover, the tribological characterizations as sliding wear rate and three-body abrasive wear were performed under the conditions of loads and speeds. The composites attained a maximum density of 1.9833 g/cm3 and a minimum percentage of water absorption of 0.261. The optimal values of the compressive strength and flexural strength were obtained to be 9.628 and 28.081 (MPa), respectively. The sliding wear rate was in the range of 2.655 × 10–8 -12.896 × 10–8 (kg/m). Whereas the ranges for abrasives wear were obtained to be 0.0309–0.6459 (cm3) and 0.0386–0.1257 (cm3), under the conditions of loads and sliding speeds, respectively. The study suggested the incorporation of 25 wt. % of rice husk ash and 25 wt. % of sand with 50 wt. % of polycarbonates in composites for tribological applications. The work contributes towards the attainment of circular economy in the composite manufacturing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of waste for the development of sustainable building materials has received an increasing attention in socio-eco-environment spheres. The rice husk ash (RHA) produced during burning of rice husk and the ever-increasing plastic wastes are useless causing detrimental effects on the environment. This research supports the idea of sustainability and circular economy via utilization of waste to produce value-added products. This research explores the potential of waste plastics, RHA, and silica sand as thermoplastic composite materials. The different composite samples were prepared through waste plastics which includes low- and high-density polyethylene and polypropylene with incorporation of RHA and silica sand in proportions. The study investigates the effect of filler/polymer in 30/70, 20/80, and 10/90 (wt. %) on the workability of the developed composite materials. The workability of the composites was found to improve with filler reinforcement. The experimental results showed the maximum density of 1.676 g/cm3 and mechanical strength of 26.39, 4.89, and 3.25 MPa as compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths, respectively. The minimum percentage of water absorption was 0.052%. The wear tests resulted in a minimum abrasive and sliding wear rate of 0.03759 (cm3) and 0.00692 × 10−6 kg/m. The correlations between wear mechanisms and responses were morphologically analyzed. The developed composites verify the feasibility of RHA and plastics waste as a cost effective and environmentally competent product. The results and discussions provided a direction for the future research on sustainable polymeric composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing global population, abiotic factors have emerged as a formidable threat to agricultural food production. If left unaddressed, these stress factors might reduce food yields by up to 25% by 2050. Plants utilize natural mechanisms, such as reactive oxygen species scavenging, to mitigate the adverse impacts of abiotic stressors. Diverse plants exhibit unique adaptations to abiotic stresses, which are regulated by phytohormones at various levels. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a crucial role in controlling essential physiological processes in plants, including seed germination, xylem differentiation, and reproduction. The BR cascade serves as the mechanism through which plants respond to environmental stimuli, including drought and extreme temperatures. Despite two decades of research, the complex signaling of BRs under different stress conditions is still being elucidated. Manipulating BR signaling, biosynthesis, or perception holds promise for enhancing crop resilience. This review explores the role of BRs in signaling cascades and summarizes their substantial contribution to plants' ability to withstand abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal areas that are rich in shrimp natural resources usually have a strong fishing industry. Shrimp consumption can contribute to the local economy. Several types of shrimp have higher utilization potential in the fishing industry and human consumption. Classification helps sort out shrimp species in coastal waters. Deep learning technology helps identify and separate shrimp species through deep learning with the Convolutional neural network. The seven classes observed were Vaname Shrimp, Tiger Shrimp, Jerbung Shrimp, Giant Prawns, Red Shrimp, Ronggeng Shrimp, and Prawns. The data used is 50 per class, so 350 images are used. Due to dataset limitations, the proposed contribution is an initial Resnet architecture with augmentation. Resnet helps perform in-depth training to save training computation time, and improvements add variety to limited amounts of data. The result is that the average accuracy of the model is 99.4%, with an average training computation time of 7 and a half minutes. The MSE misclassification value was 0.0143, RMSE was 0.1195, and MAE was 0.0086. Testing tests and testing data on the model only takes 1-2 seconds. Prediction accuracy ranges from 90.01%-99.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the effects of low-temperature stress on two tomato cultivars (S-22 and PKM-1) treated with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and selenium (Se) by determining the changes in the proteomics profiles, growth biomarkers, biochemical parameters, and physiological functions. The growth parameters, photosynthetic traits, and activity of nitrate reductase in the S-22 and PKM-1 plants were markedly reduced by exposure to low temperatures. However, the combined application of EBL and Se under different modes significantly enhanced the aforementioned parameters under stress and non-stress conditions. Exposure to low temperatures increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) and the proline content of leaves, which were further enhanced by treatment with Se and EBL in both varieties. This research sheds light on the potential for employing exogenous EBL and Se as crucial biochemical tactics to assist tomato plants in surviving low-temperature stress. Moreover, the differentially expressed proteins that were involved in plant metabolism following the combined application of EBL and Se under low-temperature stress were additionally identified. Functional analysis revealed that the Q54YH4 protein plays an active role against plant stressors. The conserved regions in the protein sequences were analyzed for assessing the reliability of plant responses against the external application of EBL and Se under low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying is an essential post-harvest preservation method for agricultural produce. Since drying is an energy absorbing process, farmers need to have access to effective dying techniques in order to maintain the quality of the products and maximize their profit. Hence, A Solar hybrid (PV/T) assisted dryer was designed, constructed and evaluated for drying of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon Esculentum). The load test drying efficiency of Solar Hybrid (PV/T) dryer was compared to Conventional Solar Thermal Dryer. The daily average moisture content reduction of tomatoes was 0.47g±0.169 while Solar thermal showed average reduction of 0.437g±0.188 for 35 and 37 hours respectively. The result of- t-test revealed there was no significant difference in the daily average drying rate between the hybrid (PV/T) and Solar thermal dryer. The results from the three models indicated moisture content reduction on daily basis shows that polynomial model has the highest (R²=0.9937, R²=0.9975) value and this implies that the average daily moisture content reduction of tomatoes for hybrid (PV/T) and solar thermal dryer were best described by polynomial model. The result of the proximate analysis conducted for the dried tomatoes sample using (PV/T) hybrid dryer and Solar thermal dryer indicated that ash content (5.3%), moisture content (13.31%), lipid (0.87), protein (8.87%), fiber (5.48%) 'was significantly lower in sample dried with solar thermal dryer, while the lipid content (0.64%) and available carbohydrates (62.3%) are lower in tomato dried with Solar thermal dryer. The mycology test conducted for the fresh and dried tomatoes samples revealed the presence of the following fungi; S. cireviceae, S. Pombe, F. oxyspurum and F. solani with highest frequency of occurrence of S. solani (28%) and S. Pombe with lowest (3.96%) respectively. The collection efficiency of the dryer on drying of 4kg tomato sample was 42.49 %, pickup efficiency 36.89% and System efficiency 5.63%. The result obtained showed that PVT hybrid dryer is better option for drying compared to solar thermal dryer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IN AGRICULTURE, crops that feed exponentially increasing populations are often exposed to harmful stresses in soil as well as in plants. These are serious pollution that can affect plant production and yield. Such stresses lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species, membrane injury, and disruption in metabolic activities within plants to reduce crop yield. To counteract these stresses, plant defense methods should be applied to restore their morpho-physiological activities and increase their yield. The advancement of nanotechnology in agriculture has gained much attention in recent years for the production of sustainable crop and abiotic stresses remediation approaches. Compared with conventional methods, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) is a very promising approach to mitigate the toxicity caused by drought and heavy metal (HM) stress in plants. NPs play important roles in seed germination, growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzymes activity. In plants, NPs may be used as nanofertilizers, nano-remediators, and nanosensors, which play an important role in developing modern agricultural practices. Several studies have confirmed that NPs alter biosynthetic pathways and improve plant stress tolerance by accelerating metabolic fluxes and enhancing the cellular pool through the upregulation of enzymatic activities. Although many beneficial outputs of NPs have been described in plants, the translocation mechanism of NPs inside the cell remains unclear. In this perspective, the transportation mechanism of NPs within the plant cell and their action mechanism in the alleviation of HMs stress for sustainable crop production have been focused on in this review. In addition, authors also highlighting the NPs-mediated gene delivery towards stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported herein a green and efficient catalyst-free synthesis of 4'-(substituted phenyl)spiro[indoline-3,3'-[1,2,4]triazolidine]-2,5'-diones (3a–g) in excellent yields. A one-pot multi-component synthesis was achieved using a glycerol-water (4:1) green solvent system. The current synthetic procedure has the advantage of being environmentally friendly, catalyst free, and having a simple workup with high yields. The structure of the title compounds (3a–g) was confirmed by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectral data, followed by their biological evaluation. Using the standard protocol, all of the compounds were tested for antibacterial, antifungal, and antitubercular activities. 4'-(4-Chlorophenyl)spiro[indoline-3,3'-[1,2,4]triazolidine]-2,5'-dione (3b) was found to be the most potent compound in the series, with MIC values ranging from 12.71 to 50.84 M, but it was found to be inactive against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and M. bovis. 4'-(4-Methoxyphenyl)spiro[indoline-3,3'-[1,2,4]triazolidine]-2,5'-dione (3e) displayed significant antifungal activity with MIC values of 12.89 and 25.78 µM. The SwissADME prediction studies of revealed that the compounds (3a–g) followed the Lipinski rule of 5 and have good absorption from gastrointestinal tract. The title compounds were also investigated using molecular docking against bacterial DNA gyrase (PDB ID: 1KZN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene is a well-known two-dimensional material with a large surface area and is used for numerous applications in a variety of fields. Metal-free carbon materials such as graphene-based materials are widely used as an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). Recently, more attention has been paid to developing metal-free graphenes doped with heteroatoms such as N, S, and P as efficient electrocatalysts for ORR. In contrast, we found our prepared graphene from graphene oxide (GO) by the pyrolysis method under a nitrogen atmosphere at 900 °C has shown better ORR activity in aqueous 0.1 M potassium hydroxide solution electrolyte as compared with the electrocatalytic activity of pristine GO. At first, we prepared various graphene by pyrolysis of 50 mg and 100 mg of GO in one to three alumina boats and pyrolyzed the samples under a N2 atmosphere at 900 °C. The prepared samples are named G50-1B to 3B and G100-1B and G100-2B. The prepared GO and graphenes were also analyzed under various characterization techniques to confirm their morphology and structural integrity. The obtained results suggest that the ORR electrocatalytic activity of graphene may differ based on the pyrolysis conditions. We found that G100-1B (Eonset, E1/2, JL, and n values of 0.843, 0.774, 4.558, and 3.76) and G100-2B (Eonset, E1/2, and JL values of 0.837, 0.737, 4.544, and 3.41) displayed better electrocatalytic ORR activity, as did Pt/C electrode (Eonset, E1/2, and JL values of 0.965, 0.864, 5.222, and 3.71, respectively). These results display the wide use of the prepared graphene for ORR and also can be used for fuel cell and metal–air battery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current scenario, the rising concentration of heavy metals (HMs) due to anthropogenic activities is a severe problem. Plants are very much affected by HM pollution as well as other abiotic stress such as salinity and drought. It is very important to fulfil the nutritional demands of an ever-growing population in these adverse environmental conditions and/or stresses. Remediation of HM in contaminated soil is executed through physical and chemical processes which are costly, time-consuming, and non-sustainable. The application of nanobionics in crop resilience with enhanced stress tolerance may be the safe and sustainable strategy to increase crop yield. Thus, this review emphasizes the impact of nanobionics on the physiological traits and growth indices of plants. Major concerns and stress tolerance associated with the use of nanobionics are also deliberated concisely. The nanobionic approach to plant physiological traits and stress tolerance would lead to an epoch of plant research at the frontier of nanotechnology and plant biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of current research was to develop a new form of effective drug, curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (Cur-SLNs) and test its efficacy in the treatment of lung cancer. Different batches of SLNs were prepared by the emulsification–ultrasonication method. For the optimization of formulation, each batch was evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL). The formulation components and process parameters largely affected the quality of SLNs. The SLNs obtained with particle size, 114.9 ± 1.36 nm; PI, 0.112 ± 0.005; ZP, −32.3 ± 0.30 mV; EE, 69.74 ± 2.03%, and DL, 0.81 ± 0.04% was designated as an optimized formulation. The formulation was freeze-dried to remove excess water to improve the physical stability. Freeze-dried Cur-SLNs showed 99.32% of drug release and demonstrated a burst effect trailed by sustained release up to 120 h periods. The erythrocyte toxicity study of Cur-SLNs and its components demonstrated moderate hemolytic potential towards red blood cells (RBCs). The cytotoxic potential of the formulation and plain curcumin was estimated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay against A549 cell line. After 48 h of incubation, Cur-SLNs demonstrated more cytotoxicity (IC50 = 26.12 ± 1.24 µM) than plain curcumin (IC50 = 35.12 ± 2.33 µM). Moreover, the cellular uptake of curcumin was found to be significantly higher from Cur-SLNs (682.08 ± 6.33 ng/µg) compared to plain curcumin (162.4 ± 4.2 ng/µg). Additionally, the optimized formulation was found to be stable over the period of 90 days of storage. Hence, curcumin-loaded SLNs can be prepared using the proposed cost effective method, and can be utilized as an effective drug delivery system for the treatment of lung cancer, provided in vivo studies warrant a similar outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strict environmental concerns, depleting natural recourses, and rising demand for building construction materials have promoted scientific research toward alternative building materials. This research supports the idea of sustainability and a circular economy via the utilization of waste to produce value-added products. The research explored the potential of waste plastics and silica sand for developing thermoplastic composite as floor tiles. The samples were characterized by water absorption, compressive strength, flexural strength, and sliding wear. The morphological analysis of the sand-plastic interfaces was covered under the umbrella of this study. The maximum compressive and flexural strength were found to be 46.20 N/mm2 and 6.24 N/mm2, respectively, with the minimum water absorption and sliding wear rate of 0.039% and 0.143 × 10–8 kg/m, respectively. The study suggests the workability of the developed floor tiles in non-traffic areas of public places. Thus, the study provides a green building material through recycling waste plastics for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cells are considered as efficient and environmentally ecofriendly alternatives for energy production. The oxygen-reduction reaction is important in energy-conversion systems for fuel cells. In this work, rhodium (Rh) and cobalt (Co) alloy nanoparticles were deposited on nitrogen (N)-doped carbon (C) supports (RhCo/NC) using ball milling and thermal decomposition. The RhCo/NC composites were transformed into small nanoparticles with an average diameter of approximately 4 nm. The properties of the as-synthesized RhCo/NC nanocatalyst were characterized through transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The catalytic activity of the nanocatalyst for the ORR was investigated. The RhCo/NC nanocatalyst showed good activity for the ORR, long-term durability in chronoamperometry tests, and resistance to methanol crossover in an alkaline solution. This was because of the synergistic effects of the metal alloy. Chronoamperometric analysis demonstrated the remarkable durability of the RhCo/NC nanocatalyst compared to a commercial platinum (Pt)/C catalyst. Moreover, the RhCo/NC nanocatalyst exhibited good methanol tolerance. The RhCo/NC nanocatalyst can replace Pt-based catalysts in energy-conversion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products (NPs) continue to provide a structural template for the design of novel therapeutic agents and expedite the drug discovery process. The majority of FDA-approved pharmaceuticals used in medical practice can be traced back to natural sources, and NPs play a significant role in drug development. Curcumin, one of the most well-studied chemicals among the NPs, is currently the subject of intense investigation for its biological effects, including the prevention and treatment of cancer. Cancer has overtaken all other causes of death in the world today, with 19.3 million new cases and nearly 10 million deaths predicted in 2020. In the present investigation, we reported the synthesis of three semi-synthetic analogues of curcumin-bearing pyrimidinone moiety by the chemical modification of the diketone function of curcumin followed by their characterization by analytical techniques including infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectral data. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI US) methodology, the curcumin analogues (C1-C3) were tested for their anticancer efficacy against 59 cancer cell lines in a single dose assay. 1-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-4,6-bis((E)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxystyryl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (C2) demonstrated the most promising anticancer activity with mean percent growth inhibition (%GIs) of 68.22 in single dose assay at 10 µM. The compound exhibited >68 %GIs against 31 out of 59 cancer cell lines and was found to be highly active against all leukemia and breast cancer cell lines. The compound C2 showed a lethal effect on HT29 (colon cancer) with %GI of 130.44, while 99.44 %GI was observed against RPMI-8226 (Leukemia). The compound C2 displayed better anticancer activity against the panels of CNS, melanoma, ovarian, prostate, and breast cancer cell lines than curcumin and other anti-EGFR agents gefitinib and imatinib in single dose assay. The compound C2 also demonstrated potent anticancer activity in a 5-dose assay (0.001 to 100 µM) with GI50 values ranging from 1.31 to 4.68 µM; however, it was found to be non-selective with SR values ranging from 0.73 to 1.35. The GI50 values of compound C2 were found to be better than that of the curcumin against all nine panels of cancer cell lines. All of the curcumin analogues were subsequently investigated for molecular docking simulation against EGFR, one of the most attractive targets for antiproliferative action. In molecular docking studies, all the ligands were found to accommodate the active site of EGFR and the binding affinity of ligand C2 was found to be −5.086 kcal/mol. The ligand C2 exhibited three different types of interactions: H-bond (Thr790 and Thr854), π-cationic (Arg841), and aromatic H-bond (Asn842). The curcumin analogues reported in the current investigation may provide valuable therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of cancer and accelerate anticancer drug discovery programs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to optimize and formulate apigenin (APG)-loaded pegylated chitosan nanoparticles (PEGylated-CNPs) via ionic gelation techniques using the Box–Behnken design (BBD). Three individual variables, X1(chitosan: TPP concentration), X2 (PEG-400 concentration), and X3 (sonication time), were investigated for their influence on response variables (Y1—particle size (PS); Y2—drug entrapment efficiency (DEE); and Y3—zeta potential (ZP). The optimized formula of APG-PEGylated CNPs was picked from the statistical design and was then examined for physical, morphological, release characterization, anti-oxidant, and anti-tumor potential. The average PS, PDI, %DEE, and ZP were found to be 139.63 ± 5.67 nm, 0.296 ± 0.014, 79.55 ± 3.12%, and 24.68 ± 1.84 mV, respectively. The optimized APG formulation was chosen and reformulated based on the desirability function. Results of the observed and predicted values of responses through the BBD process were found to be nearly identical. The resulting APG-PEGylated CNPs were spherical and smooth, according to surface morphology studies. The release study revealed that PEGylated-CNPs exhibited biphasic release patterns distinguished by an initial burst release of APG only at early phases accompanied by a delayed release near 24 h. Furthermore, APG-PEGylated CNPs demonstrated statistically increased antioxidant activities and cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells compared to pure APG. Based on the findings, it is possible to conclude that BBD was efficient in optimizing the PEGylated CNPs formulation and recognizing the impacts of formulation variables. In conclusion, the developed formulation has a significant potential for anticancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollutants and climate change are the major cause of abiotic stresses. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is an airborne and aero-disseminated persistent organic pollutants (POP) molecule causing severe health issues in humans, and temperature extremes and HCB in combination severely affect the growth and yield of crop plants around the globe. The higher HCB uptake and accumulation by edible plants ultimately damage human health through the contaminated food chain. Hence, confining the passive absorbance of POPs is a big challenge for researchers to keep the plant products safer for human consumption. BioClay functional layered double hydroxide is an effective tool for the stable delivery of acidic molecules on plant surfaces. The current study utilized gibberellic acid (GA3) impregnated BioClay (BioClayGA) to alleviate abiotic stress in Brassica alboglabra plants. Application of BioClayGA mitigated the deleterious effects of HCB besides extreme temperature stress in B. alboglabra plants. BioClayGA significantly restricted HCB uptake and accumulation in applied plants through increasing the avoidance efficacy (AE) up to 377.61%. Moreover, the exogenously applied GA3 and BioClayGA successfully improved the antioxidative system, physiochemical parameters and growth of stressed B. alboglabra plants. Consequently, the combined application of BioClay and GA3 can efficiently alleviate low-temperature stress, heat stress, and HCB toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to traditional physical and chemical approaches, nanobiotechnology and plant-based green synthesis procedures offer significant advantages, as well as having a greater range of medical and biotechnological applications. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) have recently been recognized as a promising option for many industries, including optics, electrics, packaged foods, and medicine, due to their biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and cost-effectiveness. Several studies have shown that zinc ions are important in triggering cell apoptosis by promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and releasing zinc ions (Zn2+), which are toxic to cells. The toxic nature of the chemicals used in the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles limits their clinical utility. An overview of recent developments in green ZnO NP synthesis is presented in this review, emphasizing plant parts as reducing agents and their medical applications, including their antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as key mechanisms of action for these applications to facilitate further research on the biomedical fields in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of cassava stalks has been intriguing as a promising, feasible chemical refinery method in terms of waste-to-energy conversion from cassava cultivation. This study aims to determine the synergetic influence of Mo and Co on Ni catalysts (Ni, Ni–Mo, and Ni–Co) prepared via ultrasonic-assisted incipient wetness impregnation method for catalytic pyrolysis vapor upgrading. The results indicated that Co and Mo enhance the reducibility of NiO and promote weak-to-medium acidity, thereby enhancing Ni's performance. Mono-Ni favors cracking deoxygenation, whereas oxophilicity promoters particularly enhance the oxygen absorbability efficiency to selective deoxygenated production. A fine Ni dispersion on CoNi/SiO 2 catalyst was observed to positively affect the production of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (46.10 %), in contrast to those without promoters (21.63 %). This is attributed to an optimal Ni-metallic distribution with a small crystal size of 7.01 nm and a high surface area of 342.6 m2 g−1, highlighting the effectiveness of the promoter-assisted Ni catalyst. Additionally, a high yield of H 2 (66.9 %) in non-condensable gas was recorded at 550 °C. The study suggests that a simplified approach to developing Ni-based catalysts could enhance the eco-friendliness of commercial catalysts, thereby facilitating the scale-up of biomass pyrolysis applications. [Display omitted] • Co, Mo boosts Ni reducibility, reduces the Ni particle. • Co, Mo raises weak-to-medium acidity in Ni/SiO 2. • Enhanced selective of BTX with the presence of the Co, Mo. • Syngas produced by reforming methane at elevated temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Retraction Note: Synergy of RHA and silica sand on physico-mechanical and tribological properties of waste plastic-reinforced thermoplastic composites as floor tiles" has been retracted by the publisher due to concerns about the peer review process, inappropriate references, nonstandard phrases, and the article's alignment with the journal's scope. The publisher, in consultation with the Editor-in-Chief, no longer has confidence in the results and conclusions of the article. The authors disagree with the retraction. Springer Nature, the publisher, remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of fenchone, a biologically active bicyclic monoterpene, against infections caused by bacteria and Candida spp. The interactions between fenchone and three distinct proteins from Escherichia coli (β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase), Candida albicans (1, 3-β–D-glucan synthase), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Anthranilate-CoA ligase) were predicted using molecular docking and in silico/ADMET methods. Further, to validate the in-silico prediction, the antibacterial and antifungal potential of fenchone was evaluated against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bacterial concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The lowest MIC/MBC values of fenchone against E. coli and P. aeruginosa obtained was 8.3 ± 3.6/25 ± 0.0 and 266.6 ± 115.4/533.3 ± 230.9 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the MIC/MFC value for C. albicans was found to be 41.6 ± 14.4/83.3 ± 28.8 mg/mL. It was observed that fenchone has a significant effect on antimicrobial activity (p < 0.05). Our findings demonstrated that fenchone at 1 mg/mL significantly reduced the production of biofilm (p < 0.001) in E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans by 70.03, 64.72, and 61.71%, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner when compared to control. Based on these results, it has been suggested that the essential oil from plants can be a great source of pharmaceutical ingredients for developing new antimicrobial drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wound refers to a cut or blow that may result in primary or secondary infection or even death, if untreated. In the current study, we have explored the wound-healing properties of lidocaine nanogel, owing to its antioxidant and neutrophilic modulatory potential. Initially, the pre-formulation study was performed and then using central composite design (CCD) fabrication and the characterization of lidocaine-loaded nanoemulsion was carried out. After the preparation of a nanogel of lidocaine-loaded nanoemulsion, it was evaluated on various parameters, such as pH, spreadability, extrudability, drug content, in vitro drug release, dermatokinetic study and in vivo skin safety. Based on the pre-formulation study, the maximum solubility of lidocaine was found in oleic acid (324.41 ± 4.19 mg/mL) and in Tween 20 (192.05 ± 8.25 mg/mL), selected as a suitable emulsifier. The refractive index of the optimized nanoemulsion was found to be 1.35 ± 0.04, the electrokinetic potential was recorded as −15.47 ± 0.95 mV. The pH, spreadability and extrudability of nanogel was found to be 6.87 ± 0.51, 73.32 ± 4.59 gm.cm/sec and 107.41 ± 6.42 gm/cm2, respectively. The percentage of the cumulative drug content and drug release from nanogel was found to be 99.94 ± 1.70% and 93.00 ± 4.67%, respectively. Moreover, dermatokinetic study showed significantly (p < 0.0005) improved drug deposition and the in vivo skin safety study showed no sign of dermal erythematous lesion or any visible damage. Stability studies also testified the secureness of nanogel after storage in a prescribed environmental condition. Thus, this study provides substantial evidence for healing wounds effectively and the further evaluation of the in vivo model. The patent related to this work was published in the Indian Official Journal of the Patent Office (Issue number: 20/2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentrating photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) collectors offer the benefits of the reduced per-unit price of electrical energy and co-generation of electrical and thermal energies by intensifying the solar irradiation falling on the hybrid receiving plane. The compound parabolic concentrating (CPC) collectors have appeared as a promising candidate for numerous applications in the field of solar energy due to their ability to collect both direct and diffuse solar radiation and suitability for stationary installation. Over the last few decades, various configurations of CPC collectors have been proposed and investigated by different researchers for the simultaneous generation of electrical and thermal energies. This article presents a comprehensive review of historical and recent developments and applications of CPC-based hybrid PVT systems. The review focuses on the heat extraction mechanisms and commonly used application areas of CPC-PVT systems. The innovative design configurations proposed by different researchers have been reviewed in detail. The outputs of CPC-PVT systems are generally found to be superior to their counterparts without CPCs, which justifies their increased popularity. Due to dual outputs, the hybrid CPC-PVT systems are considered to be suitable for rooftop and building façade integrated applications. Finally, future recommendations have been enlisted, highlighting the potential research opportunities and challenges for the prospective researchers working in the field of concentrating solar PVT systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bi‐reforming of methane (BRM) is gaining an increase interest due to the critical requirements to mitigate global warming and provide alternative energy resources. However, there has been a serious challenge to the scale‐up of the process to commercial production due to the catalyst deactivation. In the present study, the influence of ZrO2 modifications on the activity and stability of MgO‐supported Ni catalyst in the BRM reaction was investigated. The ZrO2‐MgO mixed oxide support was prepared by co‐precipitation method with variation in the ZrO2 composition and subsequently impregnated with Ni. The characterization of the freshly prepared Ni/MgO and Ni/MgO‐ZrO2 catalysts using N2 physisorption analysis, X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), FESEM, XPS, H2‐TPR, and CO2‐TPD techniques revealed suitable physicochemical properties for the BRM reaction. The Ni/MgO‐ZrO2 catalysts showed an improved performance in the BRM reaction in terms of activity and stability compared to the Ni/MgO at 800°C and CH4, H2O, CO2 ratio of 3:2:1, respectively. The best performance was obtained using the Ni/15%ZrO2‐MgO for the BRM with CO2 and CH4 conversion of 81.5% and 82.5%, respectively. The characterization of the spent Ni/MgO catalyst using Raman spectroscopy, FESEM, and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed the formation of amorphous carbon that could be responsible for its fast deactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, Al7075-TiC composites were synthesized by using a novel dual step blending process followed by cold pressing and sintering. The effect of ball milling time on the microstructure of the synthesized composite powder was characterized using X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Subsequently, the integrated effects of the two-stage mechanical alloying process were investigated on the crystallite size and lattice strain. The crystallite size and lattice strain of blended samples were calculated using the Scherrer method. The prediction of the crystallite size and lattice strain of synthesized composite powders was conducted by an artificial neural network technique. The results of the mixed powder revealed that the particle size and crystallite size improved with increasing milling time. The particle size of the 3 h-milled composites was 463 nm, and it reduces to 225 nm after 7 h of milling time. The microhardness of the produced composites was significantly improved with milling time. Furthermore, an artificial neuron network (ANN) model was developed to predict the crystallite size and lattice strain of the synthesized composites. The ANN model provides an accurate model for the prediction of lattice parameters of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a single-objective modulated model predictive control for a bidirectional dc–dc flying-capacitor (FC) converter in a microgrid. The presence of an FC facilitates the converter to integrate a low-voltage battery to a high-voltage dc bus at reduced voltage stress on its power switches. The converter in such a configuration demands a multiobjective controller to accomplish dc bus and FC voltage regulations and bidirectional power flow. The proposed controller realizes these multiple control objectives by determining the optimum duty ratio for the power switches using a single-objective cost function based on the battery current. In doing so, the converter realizes its multiple control objectives without weighting factors in the cost function and operates its power switches at a fixed switching frequency. The proposed controller also eliminates an additional control loop by utilizing an improved dynamic reference model to generate an appropriate battery current reference for the dc bus voltage regulation and bidirectional power flow. Finally, the proposed system is validated experimentally under step response of the dc bus voltage, load, PV power, and system parameter variations, and compared with a finite control set model predictive control to prove its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that auxin and nitric oxide have the ability to ameliorate various abiotic stresses in plants individually. However, their interactive effects on the stress generated by salt in plants are not reported yet. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explore the effectiveness of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a donor of nitric oxide and IAA (Indole acetic acid) individually and in combination on the photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidative enzyme activities, and plant biomass under salt stress. Twenty-five-day-old plants were exposed to SNP and IAA individually and in combination for 5 days continuously, and it was found that both SNP and IAA showed almost similar response at 30 and 45 days of old plants and increased studied parameters over their respective controls. However, the interactive effect of both SNP and IAA excelled over the individual response of SNP and IAA. On the other hand, the presence of salt in soil significantly decreased the parameters studied. Furthermore, stress generated by NaCl was overcome by the exogenous application of SNP, IAA alone as well as in combination at both the stages of samplings. However, the combination of IAA and SNP was more effective at 45 DAS where the value of plant biomass and photosynthetic efficiency was more in comparison to control plants. The level of antioxidant enzymes and proline was further enhanced by SNP and IAA and maximum values were reported in the plants received both SNP and IAA under NaCl stress. This enhanced antioxidant system and proline accumulation could ameliorate the stress induced by NaCl in plants that was reflected by the improved plant biomass, and photosynthetic efficiency in comparison to control plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium ferrites belong to normal spinel ferrites, and they exhibit interesting electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. The pure and cerium-doped cadmium ferrites CdFe2−xCexO4 (x = 0.0, 0.125, 0.250, 0.375, 0.5) were synthesized by a chemical co-precipitating technique using sodium hydroxide as a co-precipitating agent. The structures and phase purity of fabricated nanomaterials were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystallite size for all the prepared nanomaterials was in the range of 28–46 nm. The lattice constant and unit cell volume were found to decrease with the increasing concentration of Cerium, which was confirmed by the peak shift in the XRD pattern. The X-ray density for all nano ferrites increased with the enhancement of cerium composition. The resistivity of the nanomaterials has random behavior with the enhancement of cerium composition for a temperature, but the value of resistivity at x = 0.125 has the lowest value and at x = 0.375 has the highest value for almost all temperatures. For specific concentrations, a decreasing trend of resistivity of fabricated materials was found with an increment of temperature. The activation energies were also calculated, and it increased for x = 0.125 and then decreased for all the nanomaterials. For the confirmation of the M–O bonds, FTIR analysis of all the nano ferrites was also performed. The analysis shows a higher frequency absorption band in the range of 531.24–534.84 cm−1. This absorption band confirms that metal oxides are formed in all the synthesized nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, we have studied the effect of Al concentration on the thermoelectric performance of ZnAlSe alloy. ZnAlSe alloy with different concentrations of Al (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) were synthesized by simple solid-state reaction method. Seebeck data suggested an improvement in Seebeck coefficient value from 38 to 99 μV/°C with the increase of Al atom concentration which leads to a higher power factor of 4.2 × 10−4 Wm−1 K−2. This improvement in Seebeck coefficient and power factor is related to the enhancement in mobility of the carriers by the degradation of the metallic phases with the addition of Al atoms. The verification of metallic phases and crystal degradation is confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Some additional measurements such Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy were also performed to strengthen our argument. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images shows the spherically shaped morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, photocatalysis has attracted considerable interest, leading to opportunities for using renewable energy sources. A Cu:Ni metal–organic framework (MOF) modified with graphene oxide (GO) was fabricated by a facile and convenient process. Subsequently, the Cu:Ni sulfide encapsulated on porous C with reduced GO (Cu2S:NiS2@C/rGO) as a core–shell nanostructure was achieved using a MOF (Cu:Ni-BTEC/GO). Cu2S:NiS2@C/rGO with a hybrid structure showed superior photocatalytic activity for producing N-substituted derivatives through three kinds of oxidative coupling reactions. Moreover, the MOF-derived photocatalyst exhibited good reusability and stability. The excellent photocatalytic behavior of MOF-derived bimetallic chalcogenides would channel further interest in the design, synthesis, and modification of MOFs as photocatalysts for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, studies have shown conflicting results regarding the association of blood groups with SARS CoV-2 infection. Objective: To observe the association between ABO blood groups and the presentation and outcomes of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Design, setting, and participants: This was a prospective cohort study of patients with mild-to-moderately severe COVID-19 infections who presented in the COVID-19 unit of Dhaka Medical College Hospital and were enrolled between 01 June and 25 August, 2020. Patients were followed up for at least 30 days after disease onset. We grouped participants with A-positive and A-negative blood groups into group I and participants with other blood groups into group II. Results: The cohort included 438 patients; 52 patients were lost to follow-up, five died, and 381 completed the study. The prevalence of blood group A [144 (32.9%)] was significantly higher among COVID-19 patients than in the general population (p < 0.001). The presenting age [mean (SD)] of group I [42.1 (14.5)] was higher than that of group II [38.8 (12.4), p = 0.014]. Sex (p = 0.23) and co-morbidity (hypertension, p = 0.34; diabetes, p = 0.13) did not differ between the patients in groups I and II. No differences were observed regarding important presenting symptoms, including fever (p = 0.72), cough (p = 0.69), and respiratory distress (p = 0.09). There was no significant difference in the median duration of symptoms in the two group (12 days), and conversion to the next level of severity was observed in 26 (20.6%) and 36 patients (13.8%) in group I and II, respectively. However, persistent positivity of RT-PCR at 14 days of initial positivity was more frequent among the patients in group I [24 (19%)] than among those in group II [29 (11.1%)]. Conclusions: The prevalence of blood group A was higher among COVID-19 patients. Although ABO blood groups were not associated with the presentation or recovery period of COVID-19, patients with blood group A had delayed seroconversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smooth combustion process of biomass is of great importance as the world transit away from the use of fossil fuels to embracing environmentally friendly and renewable energy. Ash-related problems, such as slagging, fouling, agglomeration, and corrosion, significantly disrupt the efficient operation of gasification systems, leading to unforeseen breakdowns. Potassium, a prevalent alkali metal in biomass, reacts with chlorine and sulfur in flue gas, generating troublesome compounds. This interaction constitutes the primary source of challenges linked to biomass combustion processes. Additives, especially kaolin, an aluminum-silicate, proved most effective in capturing potassium during combustion, forming high-melting-point potassium aluminum silicate compounds. Hence, this paper provides a summary of issues related to biomass ash, explores the deposition mechanism, outlines methods to mitigate problems associated with ash, and concludes by introducing alum sludge as an outlook. [Display omitted] • Potassium in biomass set in motion ash deposition during combustion. • Biomass ash related problem include slagging and fouling, bed agglomeration and corrosion. • The use of additives, co-combustion and leaching are biomass ash deposition remedy. • Suggestion of waste sludge as an economical alternative solution for biomass ash deposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

24-epibrassinolide (EBL) and iron (Fe) individually are well recognized for their significant role in various biological functions of plants but their interactive effect on iron transport, stress biomarkers, photosynthetic and biochemical parameters in Brassica juncea is poorly investigated. Therefore, this study was conducted to reveal the effect of Fe in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), an analogue of brassinosteroids (BRs) on Brassica juncea plants. Fe in the form Fe-EDTA (1, 5 or 50 µM) was supplied with nutrient solution for 5 days followed by the foliar spray with deionised water (control) or EBL (0.01 µM) on 16-day-old plants for 5 days. Plant samples of 30-day-old plants were collected for the assessment of growth and photosynthetic performance and antioxidant parameters. Results clearly indicated that Fe altered plant metabolism. Lower concentration of Fe (5 µM) increased the growth biomarkers, SPAD (soil plant analysis development) chlorophyll level and photosynthetic rate, whereas higher concentration of Fe (50 µM) proved toxic to Brassica juncea and showed reduced growth, biomass of plant, SPAD chlorophyll level, and photosynthetic traits. However, the application of EBL to Fe-stressed plants reversed the deleterious effects caused by the Fe (50 µM) by improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes and increasing the proline accumulation in plant cells that are reflected in increased plant growth and other physiological parameters. It is concluded that lower concentration of Fe could be exploited as micronutrients whereas combined application of Fe with EBL acts as a stress alleviator for the toxic effects caused by Fe alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment conducted during Rabi season of 2017-18 at wheat research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India to study the effect of sowing dates and varieties on yield and quality performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications containing four sowing dates viz. 5th November, 25th November, 15th December and 5th January as main plot treatments and seven wheat varieties i.e. HS 562, HD 2967, HD 3086, HI 1544, MACS 6222, WR 544 and WH 1105 as sub plot treatments. On the basis of one year study it was concluded that among sowing dates, 5th November sowing is the most economical and suitable than rest of the sowing dates. 5th November sown crop recorded significantly longer spike (11.7 cm), higher number of effective tillers (98.3 per mrl), grains per spike (48.6), test weight (39.9 g), grain appearance score (8.3), hectoliter weight (82.9 kg/hl), grain yield (5432 kg ha-1) and harvest index (39.0%) compared to rest of the sowing dates, while highest protein content (12.9%) was observed with 5th January sown crop. Maximum net return (Rs.54, 262 ha-1) and B: C (1.73) were recorded with 5th November sowing. Among the varieties, HI 1544 recorded significantly higher number of effective tillers (94.6 per mrl), grains per spike (48.4), test weight (38.6 g), grain yield (4920 kg ha-1) harvest index (39.2), grain appearance score (8.1) and hectoliter weight (82.0 kg/hl), while variety WH 1105 resulted in longer spike (11.5 cm) and WR 544 in higher protein content (12.6%) as compared to rest of the varieties. While comparing the interaction of varieties with date of sowing, HI 1544 produced significantly higher grain higher yield (6007 kg ha-1) of wheat sown at 5th November which was statistically at par with WH 1105 (5833 kg ha-1) and HD 3086 (5616 kg ha-1) at same date of sowing. Delayed sowing of HI 1544 from 5th November to 25th November reduced the grain yield by 9.1 per cent; to 15th of December by 21.0 per cent and to 5th January by 42.3 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High temperature poses a severe extortion to productivity of many crops like wheat. Therefore, well documented roles of brassinosteroid (BR) and silicon (Si) in terms of abiotic stress tolerance, the current study was designed to evaluate the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Var. PBW-343) to 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) mediated by silicon grown under high temperature stress. At 10- and 12-day stage after sowing, the seedlings were administered Si (0.8 mM) through the sand, and the plants at 20, 22, or 24 days after sowing (DAS) were given EBL (0.01μM) through foliage. Plants were treated to high-temperature stress (35/28 or 40/35 °C), for 24 h with 12-h photoperiod in plant growth chamber at 25- and 26-day stage of growth. High temperatures cause significant reduction in growth performance and photosynthesis-related attributes at 35 days after sowing. However, antioxidant enzymes and proline content also augmented substantially with increasing temperature. BR and Si enhanced antioxidant activity and proline content, which was earlier increased by the high temperature. It is established that interaction of EBL and Si considerably improved the growth features, photosynthetic efficacy, and several biochemical traits under high-temperature stress through elevated antioxidant system and osmoprotectant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based derivatives have been found to be promising heterogeneous catalysts for organic transformations. Herein, hollow‐structure Cu‐MOFs derived by reduction of Cu3(BTC)2 (BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate; denoted as RCB) were prepared by using hydrazine hydrate as a reducing agent under various conditions. The influence of hydrazine hydrate induced the structure of Cu3(BTC)2 and led to dynamic variation in the interior and exterior as well as oxidation states of the Cu ion. The synthesized materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, N2 sorption isotherms, XRD, and XPS. The product of the catalytic reaction was observed by GC‐MS. In addition, the prepared RCBs were found to have excellent catalytic activity and selectivity for benzyl alcohol oxidation when assisted by 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Customs post-clearance audit (PCA) environment has been in use as a robust tool to facilitate trade across the world for many years. The Revised Kyoto Convention (RKC) of the World Customs Organization (WCO) emphasises maximising post-clearance controls and minimising physical controls to expedite the customs clearance process. Moreover, the recently enacted WTO trade facilitation agreement (TFA) has mandated PCA for facilitation of trade. Following the ratification of the WTO TFA, the importance of PCA has increased significantly for WTO members. This study is an attempt to take stock of PCAs in Bangladesh, the challenges in using PCA as a facilitation tool and the way forward to enhance the practice of PCA in Bangladesh. Based on primary and secondary evidence, this study finds that the PCA mechanism can be used more effectively if other support measures, such as risk management, information sharing among the public offices and automation, are properly implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peste‐des‐petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease of small ruminants, which is endemic in much of Africa, the Middle East and Asia. In South Asia, PPR is of significant concern to the Indian subcontinent including Bangladesh as more than 30% of the world's sheep and goats are farmed in this region, predominantly by small, poor and marginal farmers. PPR virus was detected and isolated from goat milk from field samples from PPR outbreaks (2012–2015) in Bangladesh and its full‐length sequences obtained. Sequence analysis of the partial N gene of Bangladesh isolates showed 99.3%–100% identity whereas 98.2%–99.6% identity was observed when compared with neighbouring Indian viruses. Further analysis of the full‐length genomes indicated that the Bangladesh isolates were 99.3%–99.99% identical among themselves and 98.3%–98.4% identical to neighbouring Indian viruses. These findings further support the transboundary transmission of PPR virus across the Indian and Bangladesh border. In additional, the establishment of a cross‐border strategy between India and Bangladesh will be of paramount importance for the eradication of PPR in this region. Molecular detection and isolation of PPR virus from milk is of significant potential concern for spread of the disease to free areas as the major producers of goat milk globally are PPR endemic countries in particular India and Bangladesh, as well as Sudan. Milk is a noninvasive sample type and bulk goat milk sampling for the detection of PPRV would be of practical significance for regional surveillance of PPRV as progress is made towards the targeted 2030 eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]