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Background: Membranous nephropathy is characterized by deposition of immune complex. The initial inflammatory responses induce cell apoptosis and oxidative injury, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease. Esculentoside A exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidant abilities, and protects against acute kidney injury. Objective: The renoprotective effect of Esculentoside A on a rat model with membranous nephropathy was investigated in this study. Results: Injection of cationic bovine serum albumin promoted the level of 24 h proteinuria, and induced histopathological damage, including glomerular atrophy and thick glomerular basement membrane in the kidney tissues. Intraperitoneal injection with Esculentoside A reduced the level of 24 h proteinuria, and attenuated the pathological damages. Esculentoside A attenuated cationic bovine serum albumin-induced reduction of Bcl-2 protein expression, enhancements in the protein expressions of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. Besides, the enhanced levels of MDA (malondialdehyde) and NO (nitric oxide), and reduced levels of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GSH (glutathione), in rats with membranous nephropathy were restored by Esculentoside A injection. Moreover, Esculentoside A counteracted with the promotive effects of cationic bovine serum albumin on the protein expressions of phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK), p-ERK1/2 and p-p38. Conclusion: The renoprotective effects of Esculentoside A on a rat model with membranous nephropathy was mediated by its anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects through inactivation of MAPKs pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the auxiliary principle technique is extended to study a system of generalized nonlinear mixed variational-like inequalities problem for set-valued mappings without compact values in Banach spaces with p-uniformly convex bidual spaces. First, the existence of the solutions of the related auxiliary problem is proved. Then, a new iterative algorithm based on the system of auxiliary variational inequalities is constructed. Finally, both the existence of the solutions of the original problem and the convergence of the iterative sequences generated by the algorithm are proved. And we also present a numerical example to demonstrate the result. Our results improve and extend some known results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]