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Climate change is creating a new era of infectious disease crises, further exacerbated by extreme weather. However, the relationship between extreme weather and infectious disease remain unclear. Here, we provide a new quantitative study on the impact of cold wave on COVID‐19 as an example. We found that during cold waves, extreme cold temperatures coupled with rapid aerosol transport accelerated COVID‐19 outbreaks. It directly increased the number of COVID‐19 cases in Beijing by 28.1% in the winter of year 2022. More urgently, cold temperatures led to a higher risk of death during infectious disease outbreaks, with a 7.07% increase in confirmed deaths and a 16.61% increase in excess mortality. Our findings emphasize the urgent need to promote a synergistic policy for responding to infectious diseases during cold wave disasters in order to minimize the risk of death among the elderly and those with underlying diseases. Plain Language Summary: The sudden drop in temperature and rapid spread of aerosols during cold waves resulted in a higher prevalence of infectious diseases. At the same time, low temperatures resulted in a higher risk of death due to infectious diseases and a variety of other factors during the epidemic. Key Points: The rapid dispersion of aerosols during cold waves hastens the transmission of infectious diseasesLow temperatures contribute to higher risk of death during infectious disease outbreaks [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have seen remarkable progress in recent years, largely attributed to various additives that enhance both efficiency and stability. Among these, fluorine-containing additives have garnered significant interest because of their unique hydrophobic properties, effective defect passivation, and regulation capability on the crystallization process. However, a targeted structural approach to design such additives is necessary to further enhance the performance of PSCs. Here, fluoroalkyl ethylene with different fluoroalkyl chain lengths (CH2CH(CF2)nCF3, n = 3, 5, and 7) as liquid additives is used to investigate influences of fluoroalkyl chain lengths on crystallization regulation and defect passivation. The findings indicate that optimizing the quantity of F groups plays a crucial role in regulating the electron cloud distribution within the additive molecules. This optimization fosters strong hydrogen bonds and coordination effects with FA+ and uncoordinated Pb2+, ultimately enhancing crystal quality and device performance. Notably, 1H,1H,2H-perfluoro-1-hexene (PF3) with the optimal number of F presents the most effective modulation effect. A PSC utilizing PF3 achieves an efficiency of 24.05%, and exhibits exceptional stability against humidity and thermal fluctuations. This work sheds light on the importance of tailored structure designs in additives for achieving high-performance PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special attention was drawn to the heavy metals contained in coal, due to it will cause harm to the environment during coal processing and utilization. The sequential chemical extraction of Shanxi coal (SX coal) and Wulanchabu coal (WLCB coal) was carried out to investigate the distribution of arsenic (As) in coals. Two raw coals were pyrolyzed at 300–900 °C in horizontal tubular furnace to investigate release behavior of As during pyrolysis process. The results showed that As in SX coal mainly existed in aluminosilicate-bound state (40.25%) and disulfide-bound state (32.51%), followed by carbonate-bound state and organic-bound state. The As in WLCB coal mainly existed in aluminosilicate-bound state (62.50%), followed by disulfide-bound state (19.10%). The As contents of water-soluble, ion-exchange and residue states in the two coals were less than others. The modes of occurrence of As had great influence on its volatilization behavior. As in organic part was easy to volatilize at low temperature. Sulfide-bound state would escape with the decomposition of pyrite. Because SX coal contained higher organic state and sulfide-bound state, the volatilization rate of As was higher than WLCB coal at any temperature, and the difference was more obvious at low temperature. In addition, FactSage simulation value was basically consistent with the experimental value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recipient-area perifollicular erythema (RPE) may delay graft growth after hair transplantation. However, there is currently a lack of observational clinical studies of RPE. Objective: To study the clinical features and risk factors associated with RPE while analyzing its correlation with graft growth. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study between June 2020 and January 2023. Results: A total of 1090 participants were included, 178 (16.33%) showed mild RPE, 56 (5.14%) showed moderate RPE, and 10 (0.92%) showed severe RPE. Patients with RPE had severe hair shaft shedding (P < 0.001) and a lower survival rate (P < 0.001) of grafts. Logistic regression analysis showed that folliculitis is a significant risk factor for mild RPE (OR 6.061, 95% CI 3.343–10.991, P < 0.001) and moderate RPE (OR 3.397, 95% CI 1.299–8.882, P = 0.013). Besides, untimely first postoperative hair washing was associated with the development of moderate RPE (OR 0.724, 95% CI 0.553–0.947, P = 0.018) and severe RPE (OR 1.553, 95% CI 1.156–2.086, P = 0.003). Conclusion: RPE is a postoperative complication closely related to high hair shaft shedding proportion and low graft survival rate. Both postoperative folliculitis and untimely first postoperative hair washing may induce the occurrence of RPE. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well‐engineered buried interfaces play a pivotal role in achieving high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A superior buried interface involves controlled perovskite crystallization, efficient charge transfer across interfaces, and robust interfacial bonding. Here, a class of innovative additives, benzoyl sulfonyl molecules including 4‐sulfobenzoic acid monopotassium salt (K‐SBA), and 4‐sulfamoylbenzoic acid (SBA) is introduced to tailer the SnO2/perovskite buried interface, aiming to meet these essential criteria. Among them, K‐SBA performed better. The findings reveal that the functional groups of K‐SBA establish interactions with both SnO2 and perovskite, leading to effective bilateral passivation and mitigation of interface stress. This results in the formation of a pore‐free buried interface and high‐quality perovskite films with substantial crystal sizes. Consequently, PSCs incorporating K‐SBA exhibited a notable increase in efficiency, achieving 24.56% efficiency compared to the control device's 22.27%. Furthermore, these K‐SBA‐enhanced PSCs maintain 90% of their original efficiency even after 500 h of maximum power point tracking. This work provides valuable insights for further refinement and advancement of buried interfaces in PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This research strived to construct a new signature utilizing disulfidptosis-related ferroptosis (SRF) genes to anticipate response to immunotherapy, prognosis, and drug sensitivity in individuals with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: The data for RNA sequencing as well as corresponding clinical information of individuals with CRC, were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. SRF were constructed with the help of the random forest (RF), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and stepwise regression algorithms. To validate the SRF model, we applied it to an external cohort, GSE38832. Prognosis, immunotherapy response, drug sensitivity, molecular functions of genes, and somatic mutations of genes were compared across the high- and low-risk groups (categories). Following this, all statistical analyses were conducted with the aid of the R (version 4.23) software and various packages of the Cytoscape (version 3.8.0) tool. Results: SRF was developed based on five genes (ATG7, USP7, MMD, PLIN4, and THDC2). Both univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses established SRF as an independent, prognosis-related risk factor. Individuals from the high-risk category had a more unfavorable prognosis, elevated tumor mutational burden (TMB), and significant immunosuppressive status. Hence, they might have better outcomes post-immunotherapy and might benefit from the administration of pazopanib, lapatinib, and sunitinib. Conclusion: In conclusion, SRF can act as a new biomarker for prognosis assessment. Moreover, it is also a good predictor of drug sensitivity and immunotherapy response in CRC but should undergo optimization before implementation in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant height is regarded as a key indicator that is crucial for assessing the crop growth status and predicting yield. In this study, an advanced method based on solid-state LiDAR technology is proposed, which is specifically designed to accurately capture the phenotypic characteristics of plant height during the maize growth cycle. By segmenting the scanned point cloud of maize, detailed point cloud data of a single maize plant were successfully extracted, from which stem information was accurately measured to obtain accurate plant height information. In this study, we will concentrate on the analysis of individual maize plants. Leveraging the advantages of solid-state LiDAR technology in precisely capturing phenotypic information, the data processing approach for individual maize plants, as compared to an entire maize community, will better restore the maize's original growth patterns. This will enable the acquisition of more accurate maize plant height information and more clearly demonstrate the potential of solid-state LiDAR in capturing detailed phenotypic information. To enhance the universality of the research findings, this study meticulously selected key growth stages of maize for data validation and comparison, encompassing the tasseling, silking, and maturity phases. At these crucial stages, 20 maize plants at the tasseling stage, 40 at the flowering stage, and 40 at the maturity stage were randomly selected, totaling 100 samples for analysis. Each sample not only included actual measurement values but also included plant height information extracted using point cloud technology. The observation period was set from 20 June to 20 September 2021. This period encompasses the three key growth stages of maize described above, and each growth stage included one round of data collection, with three rounds of data collection each, each spaced about a week apart, for a total of nine data collections. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data, all collections were performed at noon when the natural wind speed was controlled within the range of 0 to 1.5 m/s and the weather was clear. The findings demonstrate that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the maize plant height data, procured through LiDAR technology, stands at 1.27 cm, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) hovers around 0.77%, and the peak R2 value attained is 0.99. These metrics collectively attest to the method's ongoing high efficiency and precision in capturing the plant height information. In the comparative study of different stem growth stages, especially at the maturity stage, the MAPE of the plant height was reduced to 0.57%, which is a significant improvement compared to the performance at the nodulation and sprouting stage. These results effectively demonstrate that the maize phenotypic information extraction method based on solid-state LiDAR technology is not only highly accurate and effective but is also effective on individual plants, which provides a reliable reference for applying the technique to a wider range of plant populations and extending it to the whole farmland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycosylation, a dynamic modification prevalent in viruses and higher eukaryotes, is principally regulated by uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in plants. Although UGTs are involved in plant defense responses, their responses to most pathogens, especially plant viruses, remain unclear. Here, we aimed to identify UGTs in the whole genome of Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) and to analyze their function in Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV) infection. A total of 147 NbUGTs were identified in N. benthamiana. To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, the UGT protein sequences of N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana were aligned. The gene structure and conserved motifs of the UGTs were also analyzed. Additionally, the physicochemical properties and predictable subcellular localization were examined in detail. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the putative promoter revealed that NbUGTs were involved in temperature, defense, and hormone responses. The expression levels of 20 NbUGTs containing defense-related cis-acting elements were assessed in CWMV-infected N. benthamiana, revealing a significant upregulation of 8 NbUGTs. Subcellular localization analysis of three NbUGTs (NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17) revealed their predominant localization in the cytoplasm of N. benthamiana leaves, and NbUGT12 was also distributed in the chloroplasts. CWMV infection did not alter the subcellular localization of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17. Transient overexpression of NbUGT12, NbUGT16, and NbUGT17 enhanced CWMV infection, whereas the knockdown of NbUGT12, NbUGT16 and NbUGT17 inhibited CWMV infection in N. benthamiana. These NbUGTs could serve as potential susceptibility genes to facilitate CWMV infection. Overall, the findings throw light on the evolution and function of NbUGTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) are porous crystalline materials. The pores in HOFs are usually non‐covalent extrinsic pores constructed through the formation of the framework. Supramolecular macrocycles with intrinsic pores in their structures are good candidates for constructing HOFs with intrinsic pores from the macrocycles themselves, thus leading to hierarchically porous structures. Combining the macrocycle and HOFs will endow these hierarchically porous materials with enhanced properties and special functionalities. This review summarizes recent advances in macrocycle‐based HOFs, including the macrocycles used for constructing HOFs, the hierarchically porous structures of the HOFs, and the applications induced by the hierarchically HOFs porous structures. This review provides insights for future research on macrocycle‐based hierarchically porous HOFs and the appropriate applications of the unique structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen doping γ-graphyne (γ-NGY) is a recently synthesized carbon nitride two-dimensional material with a large specific surface area and unique structure. Based on the first-principles method, the CH4 adsorption properties of γ-NGY are calculated, and a substrate structure Ti-decorated γ-NGY is designed. The results show that the center of the rhombus hole of γ-NGY is the best CH4 adsorption position, and the adsorption energy is −0.145 eV. The most stable binding position of the Ti atom on γ-NGY is also the rhombus hole. The binding energy of a Ti atom is −5.737 eV, and the average binding energy of two Ti atoms is −4.88 eV. Ti-γ-NGY successfully adsorbs 24 CH4 molecules on both sides with an average adsorption energy of −0.184 eV and the storage capacity of 69.12 wt. %. After doping N atoms, the hole size increases, and the negative charges are concentrated on N atoms. The adsorption of CH4 by γ-NGY is mainly the intermolecular force, and the adsorption energy is slightly increased. After the Ti atom transfers the negative charge to the substrate, a strong electric field is formed between the positively charged Ti atom and the negatively charged substrate. The adsorption energy of CH4 molecules near the Ti atom is greatly increased, and the Coulomb attraction between CH4 and Ti atom is dominant. The adsorption energy of the CH4 molecule far away from the Ti atom is also improved, and the intermolecular force between negatively charged substrates and polarized CH4 molecules plays a dominant role in the adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high surface area and uniform porosity of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), they exhibit superior properties in capturing and detecting even trace amounts of gases in the air. However, the COFs materials that possess dual detected functionality are still less reported. Here, an imine‐based COF containing thiophene as a donor and triazine as an acceptor to form spatial‐distribution‐defined D‐A structures was prepared. D‐A system between thiophene and triazine facilitates the charge transfer process during the protonation process of the imine and the triazine units. The obtained COF exhibits simultaneous sensing ability toward both acidic and alkaline vapors with obvious colorimetric sensing functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nitrogen-rich graphdiyne (HATN-GDY) material containing electrochemical active hexaazatrinaphthylene units was successfully prepared. HATN-GDY exhibits a superior specific capacity of 2139 mA h g−1 and firm long-term stability due to the unique 2D π-conjugated structure and the large in-plane N-cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of triarylboron‐based graphdiyne analogues (TAB‐GDYs) with tunable pore size were prepared through copper mediated coupling reaction. The elemental composition, chemical bond, morphology of TAB‐GDYs were well characterized. The crystallinity was confirmed by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and stacking modes were studied in combination with high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and structure simulation. The absorption and desorption isotherm revealed relatively high specific surface area of these TAB‐GDYs up to 788 m2 g−1 for TMTAB‐GDY, which decreased as pore size enlarged. TAB‐GDYs exhibit certain selectivity for CO2/N2 (21.9), CO2/CH4 (5.3), CO2/H2 (41.8) and C2H2/CO2 (2.3). This work has developed a series of boron containing two‐dimensional frameworks with clear structures and good stability, and their tunable pore sizes have laid the foundation for future applications in the gas separation field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of triarylboron‐based graphdiyne analogues (TAB‐GDYs) with tunable pore size were prepared through copper mediated coupling reaction. The elemental composition, chemical bond, morphology of TAB‐GDYs were well characterized. The crystallinity was confirmed by selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and stacking modes were studied in combination with high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and structure simulation. The absorption and desorption isotherm revealed relatively high specific surface area of these TAB‐GDYs up to 788 m2 g−1 for TMTAB‐GDY, which decreased as pore size enlarged. TAB‐GDYs exhibit certain selectivity for CO2/N2 (21.9), CO2/CH4 (5.3), CO2/H2 (41.8) and C2H2/CO2 (2.3). This work has developed a series of boron containing two‐dimensional frameworks with clear structures and good stability, and their tunable pore sizes have laid the foundation for future applications in the gas separation field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroscopic fibres assembled from two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets are new and impressing type of fibre materials besides those from one-dimensional (1D) polymers, such as graphene fibres. However, the preparation and property-enhancing technologies of these fibres follow those from 1D polymers by improving the orientation along the fibre axis, leading to non-optimized microstructures and low integrated performances. Here, we show a concept of bidirectionally promoting the assembly order, making graphene fibres achieve synergistically improved mechanical and thermal properties. Concentric arrangement of graphene oxide sheets in the cross-section and alignment along fibre axis are realized by multiple shear-flow fields, which bidirectionally promotes the sheet-order of graphene sheets in solid fibres, generates densified and crystalline graphitic structures, and produces graphene fibres with ultrahigh modulus (901 GPa) and thermal conductivity (1660 W m−1 K−1). We believe that the concept would enhance both scientific and technological cognition of the assembly process of 2D nanosheets. Aligned 2D assembled fibres have been developed by drawing like 1D polymers, yet with disorders in cross-section. Here, the authors bidirectionally promote assembly order of graphene fibres, achieving high modulus and highly thermal conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method for estimating the speed and position of unsampled vehicles using sampled data from connected automated vehicles (CAVs). The determination of vehicle speed and position on the road is a challenging and crucial task, as they can effectively reflect traffic flow characteristics and contribute to traffic state estimation and intersection signal timing optimization. Connected automated vehicles have the capability to upload their own trajectory data while also capturing trajectory data of surrounding vehicles through onboard sensors. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel approach to estimate the speed and position of unsampled vehicles. Firstly, using real vehicle trajectory data, the correlation between the velocity of following vehicles and the velocity of leading vehicles under different densities is analyzed, leading to the development of a velocity estimation model incorporating a speed correction factor. Secondly, the correlation between time headway, the rate of change of following vehicle acceleration, and traffic density is examined. To address the issue of heterogeneous behavior in vehicle following described by the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), a real-time optimization model for estimating vehicle position by optimizing IDM parameters is proposed. The velocity estimation model and the position estimation model are summarized as two nonlinear optimization problems. Finally, the proposed method is validated using actual vehicle trajectory data. Experimental results demonstrate that when the number of connected automated vehicles (CAVs) is 2, the proposed method reduces the average absolute error by 30.73% and the standard deviation of the average absolute error by 42.8% compared to a linear model-based speed estimation method under different density conditions. Compared to a method that estimates vehicle position by calibrating desired gaps, the proposed method reduces the average absolute error by 38.2% and the standard deviation of the average absolute error by 41.7% under different density conditions. Furthermore, the proposed method exhibits good practicality under different CAV penetration rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-crystal polymers (SCPs) with unambiguous chemical structures at atomic-level resolutions have attracted great attention. Obtaining precise structural information of these materials is critical as it enables a deeper understanding of the potential driving forces for specific packing and long-range order, secondary interactions, and kinetic and thermodynamic factors. Such information can ultimately lead to success in controlling the synthesis or engineering of their crystal structures for targeted applications, which could have far-reaching impact. Successful synthesis of SCPs with atomic level control of the structures, especially for those with 2D and 3D architectures, is rare. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the synthesis of SCPs, including 1D, 2D, and 3D architectures. Solution synthesis, topochemical synthesis, and extreme condition synthesis are summarized and compared. Around 70 examples of SCPs with unambiguous structure information are presented, and their synthesis methods and structural analysis are discussed. This review offers critical insights into the structure–property relationships, providing guidance for the future rational design and bottom-up synthesis of a variety of highly ordered polymers with unprecedented functions and properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D chiral perovskite has greatly boosted the development of optoelectronic devices, ranging from nonlinear optics, spintronics, and ferroelectrics to energy harvesting devices. Despite circularly polarized light (CPL) detection based on chiral perovskite has been achieved, the environmental humidity‐, ultraviolet (UV), and temperature‐induced structural degradation and its large electro‐phonon coupling restrict its commercial application. Here, this study first realizes polymerized chiral perovskite single‐crystal films by combining in situ cross‐linking polymerization with the space‐confined crystallization method. Compared with uncross‐linked chiral perovskites, cross‐linked chiral perovskites exhibit enhanced crystallinity and lattice rigidity, yielding high‐performance circularly polarized photodetectors with a maximum anisotropy factor of 0.22, the responsivity of 1.6 A W−1, and detectivity of 2.17 × 1013 Jones. In addition, flexible circularly polarized photodetectors with extremely high mechanical stability are also realized originating from the polymer‐like behavior of cross‐linked chiral perovskite single‐crystal films. This study opens up new avenues to further enhance the performance and stability of portable and wearable devices based on chiral perovskites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: This review presents a comprehensive examination of fully conjugated covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which constitute an emerging class of porous materials with immense potential for diverse applications. This article focuses on diversified fully conjugated COFs, including sp2 carbon‐carbon linkages, pyrazine linkages, benzobisoxazole linkages, dioxin linkages, β‐aminoalkenone linkages, etc. The synthesis techniques and structural attributes of these COFs are expounded upon in great detail, along with their potential applications in various fields. The review thus provides a valuable resource for researchers keen on delving into the synthesis and applications of fully conjugated COFs, thereby highlighting their potential for developing novel functional materials with distinctive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiral two-dimensional (2D) perovskites offer numerous attractive features for optoelectronics owing to their soft, deformable lattices and a high degree of chemical tunability. While tremendous advances have been made in perovskite-based direct circularly polarized light (CPL) detection, the low circular polarization anisotropy factor and sensitivity of those photodetectors arising from large lattice distortion still limit practical applications. Herein, chiral 2D perovskite-based single-crystalline microwire arrays with enhanced circular dichroism (CD) absorption are fabricated with the synergy of the capillary-bridge-confined assembly method and chlorine-substituted phenethylamine (Cl-MBA). Compared with phenethylamine (MBA)-inserted perovskites, the smaller lattice distortion and increased halogen–halogen interaction within Cl–MBA-inserted perovskites strengthen lattice rigidity and weaken electron-phonon coupling to improve carrier transport and thermal stability, resulting in high-performance CPL photodetectors with an anisotropy factor of 0.25, responsivity exceeding 95.7±9.3 A W−1 and detectivity exceeding (3.05±0.30)×1013 Jones. This work opens a new perspective to modulate circular polarization sensitivity and will be helpful to realize promising implementations in quantum computation and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remanufacturing retired auto parts with high added value can save various resources and provide good environmental benefits. This paper uses GREET2021 software to analyze and calculate the energy consumption of the life cycle, the primary energy consumption in each stage, quantify the emission of greenhouse gas and standard pollutants of a small internal combustion engine (ICE) passenger car with remanufacturing starter, and conducts a comparison study with a small ICE passenger car equipped with a new starter based on life cycle assessment. Results show that a small ICE passenger car with a remanufacturing starter consumes 40 kJ less energy per 100 km, emits 0.2 g less CO2, and emits 0.005 g less PM2.5 and PM10 than a small ICE passenger car with a new starter. The uncertainty analysis shows the fuel production phase has the highest uncertainty of 67.6% for CO2 emissions over the life cycle of passenger cars. The sensitivity analysis shows that a small ICE passenger car with remanufacturing starter is less sensitive in terms of life cycle energy consumption, primary energy consumption, and major pollutant emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims In one-third of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), thrombosis occurs despite an intact fibrous cap (IFC) (IFC–ACS, 'plaque erosion'). Recent studies emphasize neutrophils as the immediate inflammatory response in this pathology, but their exact molecular activation patterns are still poorly understood and may represent future therapeutic targets. Methods and results Thirty-two patients with IFC–ACS and matched patients with ACS with ruptured fibrous cap (RFC) (RFC–ACS) from the OPTICO–ACS study were included, and blood samples were collected from the local site of the culprit lesion and the systemic circulation. Neutrophil surface marker expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Neutrophil cytotoxicity towards endothelial cells was examined in an ex vivo co-culture assay. Secretion of active matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) by neutrophils was evaluated using zymography in supernatants and in plasma samples. Optical coherence tomography (OCT)–embedded thrombi were used for immunofluorescence analysis. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression was higher on neutrophils from IFC–ACS than RFC–ACS patients. TLR2 stimulation increased the release of active MMP9 from local IFC–ACS–derived neutrophils, which also aggravated endothelial cell death independently of TLR2. Thrombi of IFC–ACS patients exhibited more hyaluronidase 2 with concomitant increase in local plasma levels of the TLR2 ligand: hyaluronic acid. Conclusion The current study provides first in-human evidence for distinct TLR2-mediated neutrophil activation in IFC–ACS, presumably triggered by elevated soluble hyaluronic acid. Together with disturbed flow conditions, neutrophil-released MMP9 might be promoting endothelial cell loss–triggered thrombosis and therefore providing a potential future target for a phenotype-specific secondary therapeutic approach in IFC–ACS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotor unbalance is the most important factor affecting the dynamic performance of aircraft engines. The existing unbalance prediction and control methods are insufficient for multi-stage rotors. The post-assembly unbalance of rotors in aircraft engines is a critical factor affecting their dynamic performance. In order to predict and reduce the unbalance of multi-stage rotors after assembly, this paper establishes a measurement model for the center-of-mass offset of aircraft engine rotors through decoupled calculations of the unbalance. Furthermore, it constructs an unbalance prediction model using the spatial transfer mechanism of combined rotor offset centers under the influence of manufacturing errors. Additionally, a method for measuring rotor unbalance during the assembly phase is proposed. The experimental results of the unbalance in multi-stage combined rotor assembly indicate that the degree of agreement between the predicted results and the experimental results is 91.3%, resulting in a reduction in the mean error of 15.3% compared to before the correction. The study also investigates the impact of manufacturing errors on unbalance. This research provides robust support for controlling the unbalance in multi-stage combined rotor assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Occult atrial fibrillation (AF) is a significant risk factor for occult stroke but is difficult to detect. Myocardial strain, based on speckle tracking echocardiography (STE), can detect subclinical changes in left atrial (LA) function. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of LA strain in identifying asymptomatic AF patients with normal electrocardiograms and healthy volunteers. Methods: A total of 354 subjects were retrospectively enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had AF during echocardiography. Patients with sinus rhythm during echocardiography were further divided into healthy control group and occult AF group. Patients with AF during echocardiography were further divided into paroxysmal AF group and persistent AF group. LA mechanical function measured by STE was compared between patients with asymptomatic AF and volunteers. Conventional echocardiographic indicators were measured. The diagnostic value of LA strain for identifying asymptomatic AF was assessed by univariate and multivariate regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: Occult AF patients had higher NT‐proBNP levels, larger RA area, larger LAVmax and decreased LAEF than control group. However, occult AF patients had lower NT‐proBNP levels, RA area and LAVmax and higher LAEF than paroxysmal and persistent AF. The measured LA reservoir strain (LASr), LA conduit strain (LAScd), LA contraction strain (LASct) of occult AF group was significantly lower than that of control group. However, occult AF patients had preserved LAScd and LASct than paroxysmal and persistent AF. RA area, LAEF and LASr were remarkable correlation with occult AF after adjustment for NT‐proBNP, LAVmax, and LAScd. The area under curve of ROC for LASr was the greatest among RA area, LAEF and LASr, with a cut‐off value of 34.1% (sensitivity: 75.4%, specificity: 87.6%). Conclusion: LASr can identify occult AF in the asymptomatic population. Patients with LASr values ≤34.1% have a higher incidence of occult cardiac dysfunction. These findings help identify patients with occult AF and further risk stratification for the AF population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pyrotinib is a newly developed tyrosine kinase inhibitor whose in vivo clearance relies heavily on cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity. Clinical trials are ongoing to explore the effects of coadministration with CYP3A4 perpetrators on pyrotinib exposure. The present study aims to utilize physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to predict CYP3A4-based drug interactions of pyrotinib. Methods: Pyrotinib PBPK model was developed in the PK-Sim® multicompartmental physiology structure. Physiochemical parameters were obtained from the literature, and clearance-related parameters were optimized by fitting clinical single-dose pharmacokinetic data. Pharmacokinetic parameters from the model output were compared with the observed data to validate the model predictive performance. Using validated CYP3A4 perpetrator models, we conducted PBPK simulations for drug interactions in a virtual population to explore the impacts of comedication with these perpetrators. Results: The PBPK model accurately describes pyrotinib single- and multi-dose pharmacokinetics. The model also predicts dramatic exposure change of pyrotinib in the presence of itraconazole and rifampicin, though the impact of rifampicin is somewhat underestimated. According to model predictions, coadministration with typical potent or moderate CYP3A4 perpetrators increases pyrotinib concentration by over sixfold, extinguishing the possibility of dose adjustment for pyrotinib. A weak CYP3A4 inhibitor has minimal influence on pyrotinib pharmacokinetics. Conclusion: PBPK modeling provides valuable information to avoid irrational medication when receiving pyrotinib chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As urban areas continue to expand, traffic congestion has emerged as a significant challenge impacting urban governance and economic development. Frequent regional traffic congestion has become a primary factor hindering urban economic growth and social activities, necessitating improved regional traffic management. Addressing regional traffic optimization and control methods based on the characteristics of regional congestion has become a crucial and complex issue in the field of traffic management and control research. This paper focuses on the macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) and aims to tackle the control problem without relying on traffic determination information. To address this, we introduce the Q-learning (QL) algorithm in reinforcement learning and the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm in deep reinforcement learning. Subsequently, we propose the MFD-QL perimeter control model and the MFD-DDPG perimeter control model. We conduct numerical analysis and simulation experiments to verify the effectiveness of the MFD-QL and MFD-DDPG algorithms. The experimental results show that the algorithms converge rapidly to a stable state and achieve superior control effects in optimizing regional perimeter control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the flame retardancy and lightweight of fluorosilicone rubber (FSR) foam is important for its application in aerospace, rail transportation, petrochemical equipment, etc. In this work, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expandable graphite (EG) were used as synergistic flame retardants, and the lightweight FSR composite foam with flame retardancy was prepared by supercritical N2 foaming. When there were 12.5 phr APP and 7.5 phr EG, the composite foam with density of 0.254 g/cm3 showed superiority in foaming performance and flame retardancy, and the limit oxygen index was 36.4%, the UL‐94 grade reached V‐0, the ignition time was 12 s and the fire performance index was 0.071 s·m2/kW. In addition, the aging, oil and solvent resistance of FSR foam was not affected. This work provided data support for the production and application of the flame retardant FSR foam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphdiyne (GDY) is an exclusive carbon allotrope with a two‐dimensional (2D) structure that can be synthesized in laboratory settings. Due to its distinctive 2D structure and excellent electronic properties, GDY has captured the great interest of researchers. In addition, the porous nature and high specific surface area of GDY afford numerous storage sites and channels, rendering it highly promising for diverse applications. The synthesis of GDY still faces a multitude of obstacles and challenges. Developing new synthesis methods towards high‐quality GDY is particularly significant. As such, we here presented an overview of the reported synthesis techniques for GDY, categorizing them into three distinct approaches: interfacial synthesis, solid‐phase synthesis, and solution‐phase synthesis. This comprehensive summary provides valuable references for addressing the persistent challenges in the synthesis of GDY. In the end, an outlook sheds light on future research of the GDY materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of the study was to determine the association between vena contracta area (VCA) and secondary leaflet tethering among mitral valve prolapse (MVP) patients, and thus to further identify and characterize an MVP with pathological leaflet tethering (MVPt+) phenotype. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 94 consecutive MVP patients with significant mitral regurgitation (MR) and 21 healthy controls. MVPt+ group was defined as tenting volume index (TVi) >.7 mL/m2. The three‐dimensional (3D) geometry of mitral valve apparatus and VCA was measured with dedicated quantification software. Results: Of the 94 patients with MVP and significant MR, 31 patients showed a TVi >.7 mL/m2 and entered the MVP with leaflet tethering (MVPt+) group. In stepwise multivariate analysis, only prolapse volume index and TVi were independently associated with 3D VCA. 3D VCA, annular area index, and plasma levels of NT‐proBNP were independently correlated with the severity of leaflet tethering. ROC curve revealed that a 3D VCA ≥.55 cm2 is the optimal cutoff point to predict MVPt+ phenotype. Conclusions: Secondary leaflet tethering is a significant mechanism behind severe degenerative MR, resulting in an MVPt+ phenotype featuring more advanced morphological and hemodynamical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the precise and convenient detection of litchi fruits, in order to estimate yields and perform statistical analysis, holds significant value in the complex and variable litchi orchard environment. Currently, litchi yield estimation relies predominantly on manual rough counts, which often result in discrepancies between the estimated values and the actual production figures. This study proposes a large-scene and high-density litchi fruit recognition method based on the improved You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) model. The main objective is to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of yield estimation in natural orchards. First, the PANet in the original YOLOv5 model is replaced with the improved Bi-directional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN) to enhance the model's cross-scale feature fusion. Second, the P2 feature layer is fused into the BiFPN to enhance the learning capability of the model for high-resolution features. After that, the Normalized Gaussian Wasserstein Distance (NWD) metric is introduced into the regression loss function to enhance the learning ability of the model for litchi tiny targets. Finally, the Slicing Aided Hyper Inference (SAHI) is used to enhance the detection of tiny targets without increasing the model's parameters or computational memory. The experimental results show that the overall A P value of the improved YOLOv5 model has been effectively increased by 22%, compared to the original YOLOv5 model's A P value of 50.6%. Specifically, the A P s value for detecting small targets has increased from 27.8% to 57.3%. The model size is only 3.6% larger than the original YOLOv5 model. Through ablation and comparative experiments, our method has successfully improved accuracy without compromising the model size and inference speed. Therefore, the proposed method in this paper holds practical applicability for detecting litchi fruits in orchards. It can serve as a valuable tool for providing guidance and suggestions for litchi yield estimation and subsequent harvesting processes. In future research, optimization can be continued for the small target detection problem, while it can be extended to study the small target tracking problem in dense scenarios, which is of great significance for litchi yield estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A polarization analysis method based on a multi-parameter model is proposed to address the polarization effect analysis and calibration requirements of a dual-coded snapshot spectral polarization imaging system. A full-link polarization effect model for a spectral polarization imaging system is established that includes a digital micromirror array (DMD), prism grating prism (PGP), micro-polarizer array detector (MPA), and multi-film. The influence of parameters such as the refractive index, incident angle, grating refractive index, constant, prism refractive index, vertex angle, multi-layer film complex refractive index, and film thickness on the optical transmittance of the system are analyzed. Using a dynamic data exchange mechanism to perform full-link, full-FOV, and full-pupil ray tracing on the optical system, the polarization effect distribution of the system under different degrees of polarization (DOP) and wavelengths is obtained. A calibration experiment for the controllable incident wavelength and DOP using narrowband filters and glass stacks is established. The experimental results show that in the 420 nm, 532 nm, and 635 nm wavelength bands, the MSEs of the calibrated values are 1.3924 × 10−4, 1.6852 × 10−4, and 1.6735 × 10−4, respectively. It is proven that the calibration method based on a multi-parameter model is feasible. Finally, the spectral polarization image at 532 nm is calibrated. The contrast ratio of metallic aluminum is calibrated from 7.13 to 15.33. This study provides a theoretical basis for the analysis and calibration of polarization effects in a dual-coded snapshot spectral polarization imaging system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: Multidimensional detection of intensity, wavelength, polarization, and angle of the incidence light significantly accelerates the development of optical information technology and artificial intelligence fields. The first comprehensive overview of the advancement of multifunctional photodetectors for perovskite semiconductors ranging from polarized light detection, spectral detection, and angle-sensing detection to self-powered detection is summarized. The existing problems and perspectives are discussed which can inspire more researchers to rationally design new perovskite materials and micro/nano-structure for high-performance multifunctional photodetectors. Multifunctional photodetectors boost the development of traditional optical communication technology and emerging artificial intelligence fields, such as robotics and autonomous driving. However, the current implementation of multifunctional detectors is based on the physical combination of optical lenses, gratings, and multiple photodetectors, the large size and its complex structure hinder the miniaturization, lightweight, and integration of devices. In contrast, perovskite materials have achieved remarkable progress in the field of multifunctional photodetectors due to their diverse crystal structures, simple morphology manipulation, and excellent optoelectronic properties. In this review, we first overview the crystal structures and morphology manipulation techniques of perovskite materials and then summarize the working mechanism and performance parameters of multifunctional photodetectors. Furthermore, the fabrication strategies of multifunctional perovskite photodetectors and their advancements are highlighted, including polarized light detection, spectral detection, angle-sensing detection, and self-powered detection. Finally, the existing problems of multifunctional detectors and the perspectives of their future development are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved antibiotics have been a research subject due to their widespread presence and potential threats in drinking water treatment. To enhance the photocatalytic activity of Bi2MoO6 for the degradation of norfloxacin (NOR), the heterostructured Co3O4/Bi2MoO6 (CoBM) composites were synthesized by employing ZIF-67-derived Co3O4 on Bi2MoO6 microspheres. The as-synthesized resultant material 3-CoBM by 300 °C calcination was characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, transient photocurrent techniques, and EIS. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated by monitoring different concentrations, NOR removal from aqueous solution. Compared with Bi2MoO6, 3-CoBM exhibited the better adsorption and elimination capacity of NOR due to the combined effect between peroxymonosulfate activation and photocatalytic reaction. The influences of catalyst dosage, PMS dosage, various interfering ions (Cl−, NO3−, HCO3−, and SO42−), pH value, and type of antibiotics for application removal were also invested. By activating PMS under visible-light irradiation, 84.95% of metronidazole (MNZ) can be degraded within 40 min, and NOR and tetracycline (TC) can be completely degraded using 3-CoBM. Degradation mechanism was elucidated by quenching tests in combination with EPR measurement, and the degree of activity of the active groups from strong to weak is h+, SO4-•, and •OH, respectively. The degradation products and conceivable degradation pathways of NOR were speculated by LC-MS. In combination of excellent peroxymonosulfate activation and highly enhanced photocatalytic performance, this newly Co3O4/Bi2MoO6 catalyst might be a promising candidate for degrading emerging antibiotic contamination in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric deposition of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) was monitored in eight sites around a Cu smelter with similar distance to verify whether tree leaf and ring can be used as bio-indicators to track spatial pollution record. Results showed that total atmospheric deposition of Cu (103–1215 mg/m2/year) and Cd (3.57–11.2 mg/m2/year) were 4.73–66.6 and 3.15–12.2 times higher than those in background site (164 mg/m2/year and 0.93 mg/m2/year). The frequencies of wind directions significantly influenced the atmospheric deposition of Cu and Cd, and the highest atmospheric deposition of Cu and Cd were at the prevalent northeastern wind (JN), and low frequency south (WJ) and north (SW) winds for the lowest deposition fluxes. Since the bioavailability of Cd was higher than that of Cu, the atmospheric deposition of Cd was more easily adsorbed by tree leaf and ring, resulting in only significant relation between atmospheric Cd deposition and Cinnamomum camphora leaves and tree ring Cd. Although tree rings cannot correctly record the atmospheric Cu and Cd deposition, higher concentrations in the indigenous tree rings than the transplanted tree rings suggested that tree rings can reflect to some extent the variations of atmospheric deposition. Generally, spatial pollution of atmospheric deposition of heavy metals cannot reflect the distribution of soil total and available metals around the smelter, and only camphor leaf and tree ring can bio-indicate Cd deposition. A major implication of these findings is that leaf and tree ring can serve for biomonitoring purposes to assess the spatial distribution of atmospheric deposition metal with high bioavailability around a pollution source with similar distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collagens serve essential mechanical functions throughout the body, particularly in the connective tissues. In articular cartilage, collagens provide most of the biomechanical properties of the extracellular matrix essential for its function. Collagen plays a very important role in maintaining the mechanical properties of articular cartilage and the stability of the ECM. Noteworthily, many pathogenic factors in the course of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, such as mechanical injury, inflammation, and senescence, are involved in the irreversible degradation of collagen, leading to the progressive destruction of cartilage. The degradation of collagen can generate new biochemical markers with the ability to monitor disease progression and facilitate drug development. In addition, collagen can also be used as a biomaterial with excellent properties such as low immunogenicity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity. This review not only provides a systematic description of collagen and analyzes the structural characteristics of articular cartilage and the mechanisms of cartilage damage in disease states but also provides a detailed characterization of the biomarkers of collagen production and the role of collagen in cartilage repair, providing ideas and techniques for clinical diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural gas hydrate has gained significant attention in recent years. To safely and sustainably exploit the natural gas from gas hydrate-bearing sediments, it is crucial to understand the long-term mechanical characteristics of the hydrate reservoir. In this study, the influence of hydrate and fine particles on the strain rate dependence of hydrate-bearing sediments under plane strain conditions has been studied. The experimental results show that the strain rate dependency of the mechanical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments is positively correlated with hydrate saturation instead of the morphology of hydrate in sediments. The residual strength of hydrate-bearing sediments is primarily controlled by the hydrate saturation and is independent of the strain rate. Changes in hydrate saturation and fines content can affect the relationship between the strain rate and shear band angle. Finally, the local volumetric expansion effect of hydrate-bearing sediments without fines content is more significant and shows a strong strain rate dependence characteristic. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the long-term mechanical characteristics of hydrate reservoirs. These insights can contribute to the development of a constitutive model of hydrate-bearing sediments with time dependence in the future, which is meaningful to the exploitation of natural gas hydrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common side effect after laparoscopic surgery. The aim of the study is to investigate the variables that could predict PONV in patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy. We divided patients who underwent laparoscopic gastrectomy into PONV and No-PONV groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to adjust confounding factors for further validation, and ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors for PONV. In the ordinal logistic regression analysis, the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (odds ratio [OR]: 3.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38–7.38; p < 0.01) was identified as an independent risk factor for the presence of PONV and a predictor of the severity of PONV (OR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.67–5.20; p < 0.01) in 94 PSM patients. Besides, NLR was positively correlated with the PONV score (r = 0.534, p < 0.001). In the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, an NLR with an optimal cutoff value of 1.59 predicted severe PONV with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 81%. The NLR was an independent risk factor for the presence of PONV, and a high NLR tends to be positively associated with the severity of PONV after laparoscopic gastrectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]