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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by rapid renal deterioration with high morbidity and mortality. Renal reperfusion (IRI), renal toxicity and sepsis are the main causes of AKI. IRI is one of the main causes of acute kidney injury in clinic, accounting for 75% of all the causes of AKI [1]. The fatality rate of AKI caused by IRI is high, and the surviving patients may leave chronic renal impairment with different degrees [2]. A number of studies have shown that ischemia-reperfusion injury leading to renal dysfunction is directly related to oxidative stress, and the inhibition of oxidative stress through nod-like/toll-like signaling pathway can reduce acute renal injury. This review summarizes the research progress in regulating oxidative stress and the relationship between innate immune receptors and acute renal injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dichloro bis(2-aminopyridine) zinc (II), ZnCl(CHN)(s), was synthesized by the method of solvonthermal synthesis in which 2-aminopyridine and zinc chloride were chosen as the reactants. X-ray crystallography, chemical analysis, and elemental analysis were applied to characterize the structure and composition of the complex. Low-temperature heat capacities of the title compound were measured with a precise small-sample automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 78 K to 398 K. A polynomial equation of the heat capacities as a function of temperature was fitted by a least-squares method. Smoothed heat capacities and thermodynamic functions of the compound relative to the standard reference temperature (298.15 K) were calculated and tabulated at intervals of 5 K based on the fitted polynomial. A reasonable thermochemical cycle was designed, and the standard molar enthalpies of dissolution for the reactants and products of the synthesis reaction in a selected solvent were measured by an isoperibol solution-reaction calorimeter. In addition, the enthalpy change of the reaction was calculated from the data of the above standard molar enthalpies of dissolution. Finally, the standard molar enthalpy of formation of the complex ZnCl(CHN)(s) was determined to be −(400.52 ± 1.66) kJ · mol in accordance with Hess's law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  1-Dodecylamine hydrochloride was synthesized by the solvent-thermal method. The structure and composition of the compound were characterized by chemical and elemental analyses, the X-ray powder diffraction technique, and X-ray crystallography. The main structure and performance of an improved automated adiabatic calorimeter are described. Low-temperature heat capacities of the title compound are measured by the new adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 78 K to 397 K. Two solid-to-solid phase transitions have been observed at the peak temperatures of (330.78 ± 0.43) K and (345.09 ± 0.16) K. The molar enthalpies of the two phase transitions of the substance were determined to be (25.718 ± 0.082) kJ · mol−1 and (5.049 ± 0.055) kJ · mol−1, and their corresponding molar entropies were calculated as (77.752 ± 0.250) J · mol−1 · K−1 and (14.632 ± 0.159) J · mol−1 · K−1, respectively, based on the analysis of heat–capacity curves. Experimental values of heat capacities for the title compound have been fitted to two polynomial equations. In addition, two solid-to-solid phase transitions and a melting process of C12H25NH3Cl(s) have been verified by differential scanning calorimetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat capacity properties of some nanostructured oxides, metals, and zeolites were studied, mainly with the aid of low-temperature adiabatic calorimetry. Obvious enhancement in the heat capacity of nanostructured materials to different degrees was observed as compared with the corresponding coarse-grained materials. The contributions of enhanced heat capacity of nanostructured materials toward properties such as density, thermal expansion, sample purity, surface effect, and size effect are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  Potassium benzoate C7H5O2K (CAS Registry No. 582-25-2) was synthesized by the method of liquid phase reaction. Chemical and elemental analyses, FTIR, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques were applied to characterize the composition and structure of the compound. Low-temperature heat capacities of the compound were measured by a precision automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 78 K to 398 K. A polynomial equation of the heat capacities as a function of temperature was fitted by the least-squares method. Smoothed heat capacities and thermodynamic functions of the compound were calculated based on the fitted polynomial. In accordance with Hess’s law, a reasonable thermochemical cycle was designed, and 100 mL of 1 mol · dm−3 NaOH solution was chosen as the calorimetric solvent. The standard molar enthalpies of dissolution for the reactants and products of the supposed reaction in the selected solvent were measured by an isoperibol solution-reaction calorimeter. Finally, the standard molar enthalpy of formation of the title compound C7H5O2K (s) was derived to be -(610.94 ± 0.77) kJ · mol−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-temperature specific heat capacities of foam glass (Type 150P) have been measured from 79 to 395 K by a precision automated adiabatic calorimeter. Thermal conductivities of the glass foams have been determined from 243 to 395 K with a flat steady-state heat-flow meter. Experimental results have shown that both the specific heat capacities and thermal conductivities of the 150P foam glass increased with temperature. Experimentally measured specific heat capacities have been fitted by a polynomial equation from 79 to 395 K: Cp/J · g−1· K−1=0.6889+0.3332x− 0.0578x2+0.0987x3+0.0521x4− 0.0330x5− 0.0629x6, where x=(T/K − 273)/158. Experimental thermal conductivities as a function of temperature (T) have been fitted by another polynomial equation from 243 to 395 K: λ/ W · m−1· K−1=0.14433+0.00129T − 2.834 × 10−6T2+2.18 × 10−9T3. In addition, thermal diffusivities (a) of the form glass sample were calculated from the specific heat capacities and thermal conductivities and have been fitted by a polynomial equation as a function of temperature (T): a/m2 · s−1=−1.68285+0.01833T − 5.84891 × 10−5T2+8.11942 × 10−8T3 − 4.24975 × 10−11T4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]