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The use of advanced thermal spray technology for surface modification of aluminum alloy parts for automobiles can greatly improve the surface properties and service life of the parts while saving resources and reducing environmental pollution. In this paper, a Ni60A coating was prepared on the surface of aluminum alloy 109 (ZL109) by supersonic plasma spraying (HEPJet). The spraying process parameters were optimized based on the response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of the main factors such as spraying power, spraying distance, and Ar flow rate on the porosity and microhardness of the coating were analyzed by the Box–Behnken method (BBD). The response surface of the porosity and microhardness of the coating was constructed by establishing the appropriate mathematical model. The response surface of porosity and microhardness of the coating was constructed by establishing a relevant mathematical model. The results show that the established mathematical model is reliable, and the spray power has the greatest influence on the porosity and microhardness of the coating. The optimal porosity and microhardness of the coating predicted by the model are 0.85% and 971.1HV0.1, respectively, which is close to the experimental results. The porosity and microhardness of the coating measured by the experiment are 0.87% and 959.8HV0.1, respectively. The coatings prepared with optimal parameters have good compactness, small porosity, and high hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The incidence of HCC accounts for more than 90% of primary HCC. Like most solid malignancies, the occurrence and development of HCC are closely related to the Warburg effect. The Warburg effect of HCC is mainly manifested as increased glucose uptake by HCC cells, increased glycolysis, restricted mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increased pentose phosphate pathway in HCC cells, and increased glutamine decomposition. As the contribution of glycolysis to the total ATP of tumor cells generally does not exceed 50% to 60%, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) still makes a considerable contribution to the ATP of tumor cells. In some cases, there will be an anti-Warburg effect. HCC Warburg effect is closely related to HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune escape, migration and invasion, chemotherapy resistance, and treatment failure. The mechanism of the Warburg effect in HCC is complex, involving the expression of stimulating the key glycolysis enzymes by hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1), the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, the continuous activation of related signaling pathways, the participation of noncoding RNA, and the rate of metabolism gene mutation of enzyme. This article synthetically discusses the characteristics of glucose metabolism in HCC cells, the mechanism of Warburg effect, clinical significance, and corresponding treatment strategies and provides new perspectives for the prevention and treatment of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]