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Background: Hypoxia is a critical physiological and pathological condition known to influence various cellular processes, including steroidogenesis. While previous studies, including our own, have highlighted the regulatory effects of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) on steroid production, the specific molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigates the role of hypoxia and HIF1α in steroid biosynthesis across multiple experimental models during acute exposure to low oxygen levels. Methods: To assess the extent to which acute hypoxia modulates steroidogenesis, we employed several approaches, including the Y1 adrenocortical cell line, and a conditional HIF1α-deficient mouse line in the adrenal cortex. We focused on various regulatory patterns that may critically suppress steroidogenesis. Results: In Y1 cells, hypoxia upregulated specific microRNAs in a HIF1α-dependent manner, resulting in the suppression of mRNA levels of critical steroidogenic enzymes and a subsequent reduction in steroid hormone production. The hypoxia/HIF1α-dependent induction of these microRNAs and the consequent modulation of steroid production were confirmed in vivo. Notably, using our adrenocortical-specific HIF1α-deficient mouse line, we demonstrated that the increase in miRNA expression in vivo is also directly HIF1α-dependent, while the regulation of steroidogenic enzymes (e.g., StAR and Cyp11a1) and steroid production occurs at the level of protein translation, revealing an unexpected layer of control under hypoxic/HIF1 α conditions in vivo. Conclusions: These findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying acute hypoxia/HIF1α-induced changes in steroid biosynthesis and may also be useful in developing new strategies for various steroid hormone pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary Bilateral Macronodular Adrenal Hyperplasia (PBMAH) is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenocortical macronodules. Germline inactivating variants of the tumor suppressor gene ARMC5 are responsible for 20–25% of apparently sporadic PBMAH cases and 80% of familial presentations. ARMC5 screening is now routinely performed for PBMAH patients and families. Based on literature review and own observation, this study aims to give an overview of both published and unpublished ARMC5 genetic alterations and to compile the available evidence to discriminate pathogenic from benign variants. Results: 146 different germline variants (110 previously published and 36 novel) are identified, including 46% missense substitutions, 45% truncating variants, 3% affecting splice sites, 4% in-frame variants and 2% large deletions. In addition to the germline events, somatic 16p loss-of-heterozygosity and 104 different somatic events are described. The pathogenicity of ARMC5 variants is established on the basis of their frequency in the general population, in silico predictions, familial segregation and tumor DNA sequencing. Conclusions: This is the first extensive review of ARMC5 pathogenic variants. It shows that they are spread on the whole coding sequence. This is a valuable resource for genetic investigations of PBMAH and will help the interpretation of new missense substitutions that are continuously identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study investigates the effects of alcoholic (AB) and non-alcoholic beer (NAB) consumption on blood pressure and the activity of enzymes regulating the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), with WKY rats used as normotensive controls for SHRs. The RAS is crucial for long-term blood pressure regulation, with angiotensin II (AngII) being a potent vasoconstrictor. The aim was to explore the biochemical mechanisms by which beer might influence cardiovascular health. WKY and SHRs were divided into groups receiving tap water (TW), non-alcoholic beer (NAB), alcoholic beer (AB), TW or NAB and TW or AB for 12 weeks. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), body weight, and biochemical parameters (electrolytes, glucose, renal and liver function, lipid profile) were monitored, and the RAS enzyme activity in serum and various tissues was analyzed. Beer consumption, regardless of alcohol content, did not significantly affect SBP or body weight. However, NAB and AB altered the serum electrolyte levels in both strains. AB consumption increased liver enzyme activity. Significant changes were observed in the RAS enzyme activity across tissues, varying by strain, beer type, and tissue. Moderate beer consumption did not elevate blood pressure in WKY or SHRs. Nevertheless, beer modulated RAS-regulating enzyme activities, indicating potential impacts on cardiovascular homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the performance of a 3D V-Net-based segmentation model of adrenal lesions in characterizing adrenal glands as normal or abnormal. Methods: A total of 1086 CT image series with focal adrenal lesions were retrospectively collected, annotated, and used for the training of the adrenal lesion segmentation model. The dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the test set was used to evaluate the segmentation performance. The other cohort, consisting of 959 patients with pathologically confirmed adrenal lesions (external validation dataset 1), was included for validation of the classification performance of this model. Then, another consecutive cohort of patients with a history of malignancy (N = 479) was used for validation in the screening population (external validation dataset 2). Parameters of sensitivity, accuracy, etc., were used, and the performance of the model was compared to the radiology report in these validation scenes. Results: The DSC of the test set of the segmentation model was 0.900 (0.810–0.965) (median (interquartile range)). The model showed sensitivities and accuracies of 99.7%, 98.3% and 87.2%, 62.2% in external validation datasets 1 and 2, respectively. It showed no significant difference comparing to radiology reports in external validation datasets 1 and lesion-containing groups of external validation datasets 2 (p = 1.000 and p > 0.05, respectively). Conclusion: The 3D V-Net-based segmentation model of adrenal lesions can be used for the binary classification of adrenal glands. Critical relevance statement: A 3D V-Net-based segmentation model of adrenal lesions can be used for the detection of abnormalities of adrenal glands, with a high accuracy in the pre-surgical scene as well as a high sensitivity in the screening scene. Key Points: Adrenal lesions may be prone to inter-observer variability in routine diagnostic workflow. The study developed a 3D V-Net-based segmentation model of adrenal lesions with DSC 0.900 in the test set. The model showed high sensitivity and accuracy of abnormalities detection in different scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quantifying urinary catecholamines and metanephrines is essential for the clinical screening and diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumours. HPLC with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) is commonly used for this type of analysis but requires extensive sample cleanup. Simple and rapid dilute-and-shoot LC–multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM)-MS assays have been developed for quantitating these analytes in urine but have not yet been validated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Methods: A simple dilute-and-shoot sample preparation without derivatization was used. C18 RP-UPLC-MRM-MS and positive-ion ESI were used, usually with two transitions per analyte being monitored. Certified deuterated internal standards were used for each analyte. Results: This assay was validated according to the CLSI C62-A guidelines, including accuracy/trueness, imprecision, sensitivity, specificity, carryover, stability, and linearity. The final MRM-MS method was compared to the established HPLC-ECD clinical chemistry reference method. The run time was reduced from 25 min to 5 min. Conclusions: A simple, robust, rapid, and cost-effective LC-MRM-MS assay for measuring urinary catecholamines and metanephrines was developed and validated according to the CLSI guidelines. This validated method requires minimal sample manipulation before analysis and provides sensitivity, specificity, and improved precision. The implementation of this assay in clinical laboratories will facilitate early and accurate diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the journal "Cytopathology" discusses a challenging case of small-cell melanoma with isolated adrenal metastasis. A 53-year-old man presented with right hypochondrium pain, weight loss, and loss of appetite. The diagnosis was confirmed through immunocytochemistry, highlighting the deceptive cytomorphologic features of small-cell melanoma. The patient received palliative radiotherapy and chemotherapy but unfortunately succumbed to the disease, showcasing the aggressive nature of small-cell melanoma metastases. [Extracted from the article]

Brain and muscle ARNT-Like 1 (BMAL1) is a circadian clock transcription factor that regulates physiological functions. Male adrenal-specific Bmal1 (ASCre/+::Bmal1) KO mice displayed blunted serum corticosterone rhythms, altered blood pressure rhythm, and altered timing of eating, but there is a lack of knowledge in females. This study investigates the role of adrenal BMAL1 in renal electrolyte handling and urinary aldosterone levels in response to low salt in male and female mice. Mice were placed in metabolic cages to measure 12-h urinary aldosterone after a standard diet and 7 days low-salt diet, as well as daily body weight, 12-h food and water intake, and renal sodium and potassium balance. Adrenal glands and kidneys were collected at ZT0 or ZT12 to measure the expression of aldosterone synthesis genes and clock genes. Compared with littermate controls, ASCre/+::Bmal1 KO male and female mice displayed increased urinary aldosterone in response to a low-salt diet, although mRNA expression of aldosterone synthesis genes was decreased. Timing of food intake was altered in ASCre/+::Bmal1 KO male and female mice, with a blunted night/day ratio. ASCre/+::Bmal1 KO female mice displayed decreases in renal sodium excretion in response to low salt, but both male and female KO mice had changes in sodium balance that were time-of-day-dependent. In addition, sex differences were found in adrenal and kidney clock gene expression. Notably, this study highlights sex differences in clock gene expression that could contribute to sex differences in physiological functions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY: Our findings highlight the importance of sex as well as time-of-day in understanding the role of the circadian clock in the regulation of homeostasis. Time-of-day is a key biological variable that is often ignored in research, particularly in preclinical rodent studies. Our findings demonstrate important differences in several measures at 6 AM compared with 6 PM. Consideration of time-of-day is critical for the translation of findings in nocturnal rodent physiology to diurnal human physiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy (RLA) is one of two laparoscopic procedures used to treat benign and malignant adrenal diseases. Obesity in patients undergoing minimally invasive adrenal surgery is a frequently discussed topic. Our meta-analysis aimed to provide updated evidence by comparing intraoperative and perioperative outcomes on non-obese (NOb) and obese (Ob) patients who underwent RLA due to benign or malignant disease. Materials and Methods: We performed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science (Science and Social Science Citation Index), and Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL)) databases were used to identify articles of interest. The meta-analysis was performed using RevMan [Computer program] Version 5.4. Results: The four included comparative studies (809 patients: 552 NOb versus 257 Ob) covered an approximately 15-year-study period (2007–2022). All the included studies were observational in nature. By comparing the Ob and NOb groups, shorter operative time and lower overall postoperative complication rates in the NOb population were recorded through the meta-analysis. Considering the subgroup analysis (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), just the operative time maintained statistical significance. Conclusions: Obesity did not appear to impact RLA safety and effectiveness. Due to important biases (small overall sample size and few analyzed events), the interpretation of our results must be a careful one. Later randomized and multi-center trials may help the confirmation of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustained consumption of sucrose-rich diet has deleterious effects on the adrenal cortex, impairing its steroidogenic capacity. As hemin treatment has been shown to exert cytoprotective effects (e.g., by heme oxygenase 1 induction), our main goal was to analyze the adrenocortical function in rats treated with diet and hemin. Male Wistar rats fed standard chow and 30%sucrose in the drinking water (SRD) for 12 weeks ad libitum were injected with hemin for the last 2 weeks of treatment. mRNA and proteins were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot or immunofluorescence, and corticosterone levels were assessed by radioimmunoassay. A decrease in lipid peroxides and an increase in the activity of catalase were detected in the SRD + H group. Moreover, pro-inflammatory markers (TNF-a, IL1b, CXCL10, NOS2, NALP3 and MCP1), IBA1+/ED1+ cells and NFκβ activation were still elevated in tissues from SRD + H-treated rats, whereas an increase in markers of macrophages with the M2-phenotype (ARG1, MRC1 and TGFb) was also shown. Activation of ER stress in SRD-treated rats (CHOP, XBP1s and P58IPK) and the induction of apoptosis (TUNEL and the BAX/BCL2 mRNA ratio) were also attenuated by hemin. Finally, ACTH-stimulated glucocorticoid production, significantly decreased in SRD-treated rats, was upregulated by hemin. The consumption of SRD involves exposure of tissues to a higher metabolic load that could generate oxidative stress and a pro-inflammatory state. Deleterious consequences of these processes could account for the significant decrease in the ACTH-induced corticosterone output from the gland. By correcting these effects, hemin treatment was able to restore the hormoneinduced adrenocortical response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scalding burns are a common form of thermal injury that often leads to systemic complications. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways have been linked to the pathophysiology of organ damage caused by burns. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist with anti-inflammatory properties, on the interplay of IL-6 and STAT3 pathways in adrenal gland damage following scalding burns in rats. Twenty-eight rats were divided randomly into four groups. Rats in group 1 (n=7, control) were given only 0.9% intraperitoneal (i.p.) NaCl. Rats in group 2 (n=7, DEX) were exposed to 25°C water for 17 s on day 1 and received 100 mcg/kg/day dexmedetomidine i.p. for 3 days; for rats in group 3 (n=7, Burn), boiling water of 94°C was applied inside for 17 s. Rats in group 4 (n=7, Burn+DEX) were exposed to 94°C water for 17 s and received 100 mcg/kg/day dexmedetomidine i.p. for 3 days. Adrenal gland tissues were histopathological examined, and STAT3, IL-6, and TUNEL staining were performed using immunohistochemically. Our results revealed that scalding burns increased IL-6 and STAT3 expression in the adrenal glands of rats. Histological analysis demonstrated that dexmedetomidine administration ameliorated adrenal gland damage and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Our findings suggest that dexmedetomidine protects the adrenal glands in scalding burns. This protection appears to be mediated, at least in part, by its modulation of IL-6 and STAT3 pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) is a rare type of tumor, and UPS originating in the adrenal gland is even rarer. Up to now, there have been no reports in English literature of UPS originating from the adrenal gland. This case report presents a 44-year-old female patient with UPS of the adrenal gland, who has shown no signs of recurrence or metastasis half a year after undergoing resection of a left adrenal tumor. A retrospective analysis of the patient's diagnosis and treatment process is conducted, with the aim of providing a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal UPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcineurin inhibitors (CnIs) are effective immunosuppressants with decades of accumulated experience in treating immune disorders and, most notably, solid organ transplantation. While CnIs have significantly increased graft survival and transformed the patient standard of care, their use has been overshadowed by a number of undesired side effects. For instance, CnI‐associated nephrotoxicity has been reported since early studies and remains a major therapeutic concern. The occurrence of several ion imbalances alongside hypertension was also noted early on, indicating the involvement of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) in CnI‐mediated toxicity. However, the literature in this field is crowded with conflicting reports from clinical trials as well as studies using animal and invitro models. With this review, we aim to provide a structured and updated overview of the physiological and pathophysiological evidence supporting the involvement of the classical RAAS in CnI‐associated toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Primary adrenal intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is rare and highly aggressive. Unfortunately, comprehensive and sufficient understanding of the disease is lacking. This study investigated the clinicopathological and molecular genetic characteristics of adrenal IVLBCL. Methods: Adrenal IVLBCL cases diagnosed from 2012 to 2023 were collected from Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. The clinical and histopathological features, immunophenotype, treatment and prognosis were analyzed. The molecular genetic characteristics were detected using next-generation sequencing (NGS). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (Ethics number: 050432-4-2307E). Results: All of the 5 patients were male, with median age 52 years (ranged 50-82 years). Two cases had low-grade fever, 1 case had abdominal pain, 1 case was found by physical examination, and the information of the remaining one was unknown. Peripheral blood test showed elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase in 2 cases and adrenal dysfunction in 2 cases. On initial diagnosis, imaging tests displayed adrenal enlargement or masses with increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. Bilateral adrenal glands were involved in 4 cases and only the right adrenal gland was involved in the other case. Morphologically, large atypical lymphocytes were confined to blood vessels, and fibrinous necrosis was observed in some cases. Immunohistochemical study revealed that CD20 was positive in all cases. Ki-67 proliferation index was high, all above 80%. 80% (4/5) of the cases were of non-germinal-center B-cell-like (non-GCB) phenotype, 100% (4/4) of the cases had MYC/BCL2 double expression. Endothelial cell markers staining indicated that most of the tumor cells were confined within the blood vessels in all cases. Follow-up data were available in 3 patients. One patient who underwent only surgical resection died 5 months after diagnosis, one achieved complete remission after surgery plus R-CHOP, and the other diagnosed by biopsy achieved a partial remission after R-CHOP. The 1-year overall survival rate was 66.7%, and overall survival was 5-87 months. NGS testing in 1 case showed missense mutations in MYD88 V217F, TP53, CDH1, ARID1B,MSH3, MLH3, PTPRK, CD22 and FLCN. Conclusion: Adrenal IVLBCL is rare and tends to occur in the middle-aged and elderly male. The majority of our patients were non-GCB phenotype, often accompanied by MYC/BCL2 double expression, and MYD88 non-L265P mutation was detected. Early diagnosis of adrenal IVLBCL is difficult due to its diverse clinical symptoms and lack of specificity. It is of great importance to accumulate more cases and further understand the clinicopathological and molecular genetic characteristics of this rare disease, which might not only help with early diagnosis, timely treatment and improvement of prognosis, but also provide a theoretical basis for further understanding the pathogenesis and development of the disease and exploring therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adrenocortical disorders encompass a broad spectrum of conditions ranging from benign hyperplasia to malignant tumors, significantly disrupting hormone balance and causing a variety of clinical manifestations. By leveraging next-generation sequencing and in silico analyses, recent studies have uncovered the genetic and molecular pathways implicated in these transitions. In this review, we explored the molecular and genetic alterations in adrenocortical disorders, with a particular focus on the transitions from normal adrenal function to hyperfunction. The insights gained are intended to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, offering up-to-date knowledge for managing these complex conditions effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary aldosteronism (PA) is a common cause of endocrine hypertension, characterized by excessive aldosterone secretion leading to hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. While historically diagnosed based on this classic triad of symptoms, current understanding reveals a more nuanced presentation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PA-associated diseases in a large German population. Methods: Medical records from the IQVIATM Disease Analyzer database were analyzed retrospectively. PA patients (n = 860) were matched with non-PA individuals (n = 4300) by age and sex. Associations between PA and predefined chronic diseases were examined using multivariable logistic regression. Results: PA was significantly associated with hypokalemia (7.8% vs. 1.6%, odds ratio (OR): 3.45; 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 2.41–4.96), hypertension (56.1% vs. 28.5%; OR: 2.37; 95% CIs: 2.00–2.81), hepatic steatosis (11.3% vs. 3.0%; OR: 1.85; 95% CIs: 1.34–2.57), gout (8.3% vs. 2.2%; OR: 1.64; 95% CIs: 1.15–2.35), chronic kidney disease (6.3% vs. 2.2%; OR: 1.59; 95% CIs: 1.10–2.31), diabetes mellitus not otherwise specified (7.9% vs. 2.9%; OR: 1.49; 95% CIs: 1.06–2.09), obesity (13.5% vs. 5.1%; OR: 1.38; 95% CIs: 1.05–1.82), and depression (14.8% vs. 6.2%; OR: 1.37; 95% CIs: 1.07–1.77). Conclusions: While the study design had limitations, including reliance on ICD codes for diagnosis, these findings underscore the critical need for early detection and personalized management strategies for PA to reduce associated risks and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ectopic thyroid tissue along the line of descent of thyroid from foramen caecum along thyroglossal duct to the normal anatomic location in neck has been reported. Ectopic thyroid tissue in adrenal gland (ETTAG) is rarely encountered and very few cases have been reported in literature. The most common differential diagnosis to be considered when thyroid follicles are noted in adrenal gland are metastasis from a thyroid malignancy or a teratoma or an ectopic thyroid tissue in adrenal gland. We present a case of an adrenal incidentaloma in a young pregnant female which was diagnosed to be ectopic thyroid tissue in adrenal gland. The review of literature of similar cases of this rare embryological aberrance is discussed. To our knowledge, only 16 such cases have been documented in literature and our case is the first one from Indian subcontinent and the largest documented with respect to size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenomatoid tumors (ATs) are uncommon, benign tumors of mesothelial origin, most frequently found in the genital tracts of both sexes. Extragenital localization sites, such as adrenal glands, are extremely rare. Since patients with adrenal ATs have no obvious clinical symptoms, imaging examination has become important evidence for diagnosis. Although previous literature noted that the imaging findings of adrenal ATs were nonspecific, no relevant studies have confirmed this. We herein present two novel cases of adrenal ATs, confirmed by immunohistochemistry, and that were initially misdiagnosed as other, more common adrenal tumors based on clinical findings and preoperative imaging. Including our cases, we collected a total of 33 previously reported adrenal ATs and extracted all available imaging information from them, aiming to find some radiological characteristics of this rare tumor. Through the review, we identified some nonspecific imaging features of adrenal ATs; however, the final diagnosis still depends on pathology and immunohistochemistry results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complement system is critically involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis. In particular, complement anaphylatoxin C5a is generated in excess during sepsis, leading to cellular dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that excessive C5a impairs adrenomedullary catecholamine production release and induces apoptosis in adrenomedullary cells. Currently, the mechanisms by which C5a impacts adrenal cell function are poorly understood. The PC12 cell model was used to examine the cellular effects following treatment with recombinant rat C5a. The levels of caspase activation and cell death, protein kinase signaling pathway activation, and changes in inflammatory protein expression were examined following treatment with C5a. There was an increase in apoptosis of PC12 cells following treatment with high-dose C5a. Ten inflammatory proteins, primarily involved in apoptosis, cell survival, and cell proliferation, were upregulated following treatment with high-dose C5a. Five inflammatory proteins, involved primarily in chemotaxis and anti-inflammatory functions, were downregulated. The ERK/MAPK, p38/MAPK, JNK/MAPK, and AKT protein kinase signaling pathways were upregulated in a C5aR-dependent manner. These results demonstrate an apoptotic effect and cellular signaling effect of high-dose C5a. Taken together, the overall data suggest that high levels of C5a may play a role in C5aR-dependent apoptosis of adrenal medullary cells in sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertebrates exhibit a left–right asymmetry from the central structures to the peripheral paired endocrine organs. However, the asymmetries in paired endocrine glands and the pathological consequences of such asymmetries remain largely unknown. The adrenal gland constitutes a pair of peripheral end organs in the neuroendocrine system, responsible for producing steroid hormones under stimuli. In the present study, the lateralized asymmetry of left and right adrenal glands in leptin receptor-deficit db/db mice was investigated. First, a morphological and histological examination showed that adrenal mass and adrenal cortex volume in db/db mice were significantly higher than in non-diabetic control mice. Then, adrenal transcriptomic and serum metabolomic analyses were performed. Adrenal steroid profiling showed that the levels of corticosterone and aldosterone in the right adrenal gland of db/db mice were two times higher than in the left one. The expression of multiple genes related to adrenal regeneration and innervation in db/db mice was reduced in contrast to the increased steroid hormone secretion. Furthermore, an examination of morphogens in asymmetric adrenal development revealed a significant differential expression of Shh and its receptor gene Ptch1. In conclusion, the present study has provided evidence that a superior steroidogenesis exists in the right adrenal gland of db/db mice and suggested that Shh signaling may play an important role in asymmetric adrenal responses in type 2 diabetes and its complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological sex affects the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, how androgen deprivation affects this axis remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of androgen status on different components of the HPA axis in male mice. Two weeks of androgen deprivation did not affect total plasma corticosterone levels but led to increased pituitary ACTH levels. Stress-induced total plasma corticosterone levels were increased, whereas the suppression of corticosterone after dexamethasone treatment under basal conditions was attenuated. Androgen-deprived mice displayed a 2-fold increase in plasma levels of corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG). A similar increase in CBG was observed in global androgen receptor knock-out animals, compared to wild-type littermates. Androgen deprivation was associated with a 6-fold increase in CBG mRNA in the liver and enhanced transcriptional activity at CBG regulatory regions, as evidenced by increased H3K27 acetylation. We propose that the induction of CBG as a consequence of androgen deprivation, together with the unaltered total corticosterone levels, results in lower free corticosterone levels in plasma. This is further supported by mRNA levels of androgen-independent GR target genes in the liver. The reduction in negative feedback on the HPA axis under basal condition would suffice to explain the enhanced stress reactivity after androgen deprivation. Overall, our data demonstrate that, in mice, tonic androgen receptor activation affects CBG levels in conjunction with effects on gene expression and HPA-axis reactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium imbalance is a common electrolyte disturbance in COVID-19, often linked to disruptions in hormonal regulation. This review explores the relationship between sodium dysregulation and endocrine disturbances, particularly focusing on primary and secondary hypothyroidism, hypocortisolism, and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS). Hypocortisolism in COVID-19, due to adrenal insufficiency or secondary to pituitary dysfunction, can lead to hyponatremia through inadequate cortisol levels, which impair renal free water excretion and enhance antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. Similarly, hypothyroidism is associated with decreased renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which also increases ADH activity, leading to water retention and dilutional hyponatremia. Furthermore, COVID-19 can disrupt RAAS (primarily through its interaction with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor), diminishing aldosterone secretion and further contributing to sodium loss and hyponatremia. These hormonal disruptions suggest that sodium imbalance in COVID-19 is multifactorial and warrants further investigation into the complex interplay between COVID-19, endocrine function, and sodium homeostasis. Future research should focus on understanding these mechanisms to develop management algorithms that address both sodium imbalance and underlying hormonal disturbances in order to improve prognosis and outcomes in COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging progresses through the interaction of metabolic processes, including changes in the immune and endocrine systems. Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, play an important role in regulating metabolism and immune responses. However, the age‐related changes in the secretion mechanisms of GCs remain elusive. Here, we found that corticosterone (CORT) secretion follows a circadian rhythm in young mice, whereas it oversecreted throughout the day in aged mice >18 months old, resulting in the disappearance of diurnal variation. Furthermore, senescent cells progressively accumulated in the zF of the adrenal gland as mice aged beyond 18 months. This accumulation was accompanied by an increase in the number of Ad4BP/SF1 (SF1), a key transcription factor, strongly expressing cells (SF1‐high positive: HP). Removal of senescent cells with senolytics, dasatinib, and quercetin resulted in the reduction of the number of SF1‐HP cells and recovery of CORT diurnal oscillation in 24‐month‐old mice. Similarly, administration of a neutralizing antibody against IL1β, which was found to be strongly expressed in the adrenocortical cells of the zF, resulted in a marked decrease in SF1‐HP cells and restoration of the CORT circadian rhythm. Our findings suggest that the disappearance of CORT diurnal oscillation is a characteristic of aging individuals and is caused by the secretion of IL1β, one of the SASPs, from senescent cells that accumulate in the zF of the adrenal cortex. These findings provide a novel insight into aging. Age‐related hypersecretory GCs could be a potential therapeutic target for aging‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Adrenal-origin and peripheral tissue-transformed 11-oxygenated androgens are recognized as significant androgens. However, our current understanding of the synthesis of 11-oxygenated androgens, including the organs and cell types involved, remains limited. Methods We performed comprehensive analyses on an extensive dataset of normal human tissues, which included bulk RNA data from 30 tissues, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA) data from 16 tissues and proteomics data from 29 tissues, to characterize the expression profiles of enzyme-encoding genes. To validate the findings, immunohistochemical and liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry (LC—MS/MS) techniques were employed. Results Our investigation revealed that the gene expression levels of the enzymes HSD11B2 and AKR1C3 were notably elevated in the kidney and intestines. Intriguingly, within these organs, we observed an increasing trend in enzyme expression with age in women, while a decreasing trend was apparent in men. scRNA analysis revealed that HSD11B2 was predominantly expressed in collecting duct principal cells in the kidney, while AKR1C3 was primarily expressed in the proximal tubules. Intriguingly, nearly all epithelial cells in the intestine expressed these key enzymes. Further analysis using LC—MS/MS revealed that the kidney exhibited the highest levels of 11-ketoandrostenedione (11KA4) and 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) among the seven tissues examined, and substantial synthesis of 11KA4 and 11KT was also observed in the intestine. Finally, we developed the TransMap website (http://gxmujyzmolab.cn:16245/TransMap/) to provide comprehensive visualization of all currently available transcriptome data. Conclusion This study offers an overarching perspective on tracing the synthesis of 11-oxygenated androgens in peripheral tissues, thereby providing valuable insights into the potential role of these androgens in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adrenal gland-induced hypertension results from underlying adrenal gland disorders including Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma. These adrenal disorders are a risk for cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality. Clinically, treatment for adrenal gland-induced hypertension involves a pharmaceutical or surgical approach. The former presents very significant side effects whereas the latter can be ineffective in cases where the adrenal disorder reoccurs in the remaining contralateral adrenal gland. Due to the limitations of existing treatment methods, minimally invasive treatment options like microwave ablation (MWA) have received significant attention for treating adrenal gland disorders. A precise comprehension of the dielectric properties of human adrenal glands will help to tailor energy delivery for MWA therapy, thus offering the potential to optimise treatments and minimise damage to surrounding tissues. This study reports the ex vivo dielectric properties of human adrenal glands, including the cortex, medulla, capsule, and tumours, based on the data obtained from four patients (diagnosed with Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma) who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy at the University Hospital Galway, Ireland. An open-ended coaxial probe measurement technique was used to measure the dielectric properties for a frequency range of 0.5–8.5 GHz. The dielectric properties were fitted using a two-pole Debye model, and a weighted least squares method was employed to optimise the model parameters. Moreover, the dielectric properties of adrenal tissues and tumours were compared across frequencies commonly used in MWA, including 915 MHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. The study found that the dielectric properties of adrenal tumours were influenced by the presence of lipid-rich adenomas, and the dielectric properties of Cushing's syndrome tumour were lowest in comparison to the tumours in patients diagnosed with Conn's syndrome and Pheochromocytoma. Furthermore, a notable difference was observed in the dielectric properties of the medulla and cortex among patients diagnosed with Conn's syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and Pheochromocytoma. These findings have significant implications for the diagnosis and treatment of adrenal tumours, including the optimisation of MWA therapy for precise ablation of adrenal masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol F (BPF) is a bisphenol A derivative that is widely used in the manufacturing of industrial and consumer products. The presented study was conducted to explore the adverse effects of BPF on the adrenal glands of rats. Toward this aim, twenty-eight male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, each containing seven individuals. The animals were administered a vehicle (control) or BPF at 3 different doses comprising 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg of body weight (bw) via oral gavage for 28 days. Next, the effects of BPF on the gland were evaluated in terms of histopathological alterations, serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels, and the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex showed prominent histopathological lesions such as vacuolar degeneration and necrotic degeneration in the experimental groups. BPF caused noticeable elevations in the serum ACTH and cortisol levels. Moreover, decreases in levels of GSH and increments in the contents of MDA were determined, indicating oxidative stress. In conclusion, BPF showed toxic effects on the adrenal gland that may result in disruptions in its vital functions in the body. The results herein suggest that attention should be paid to the utilization of BPF in manufacturing processes due to its harmful effects and risks to the health of organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome characterized by massive proteinuria, called nephrotic range proteinuria (over 3.5 g per day in adults or 40 mg/m2 per hour in children), hypoalbuminemia, oncotic edema, and hyperlipidemia, with an increasing incidence over several years. Nephrotic syndrome carries severe morbidity and mortality risk. The main pathophysiological event in nephrotic syndrome is increased glomerular permeability due to immunological, paraneoplastic, genetic, or infective triggers. Because of the marked increase in the glomerular permeability to macromolecules and the associated urinary loss of albumins and hormone-binding proteins, many metabolic and endocrine abnormalities are present. Some of them are well known, such as overt or subclinical hypothyroidism, growth hormone depletion, lack of testosterone, vitamin D, and calcium deficiency. The exact prevalence of these disorders is unknown because of the complexity of the human endocrine system and the differences in their prevalence. This review aims to comprehensively analyze all potential endocrine and hormonal complications of nephrotic syndrome and, vice versa, possible kidney complications of endocrine diseases that might remain unrecognized in everyday clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurochemical anatomy underlying Cushing's syndrome is examined for regional brain metabolism as well as neurotransmitter levels and receptor binding of biogenic amines and amino acids. Preliminary studies generally indicate that glucose uptake, blood flow, and activation on fMRI scans decreased in neocortical areas and increased in subcortical areas of patients with Cushing's syndrome or disease. Glucocorticoid-mediated increases in hippocampal metabolism occurred despite in vitro evidence of glucocorticoid-induced decreases in glucose uptake or consumption, indicating that in vivo increases are the result of indirect, compensatory, or preliminary responses. In animal studies, glucocorticoid administration decreased 5HT levels and 5HT1A receptor binding in several brain regions while adrenalectomy increased such binding. Region-specific effects were also obtained in regard to the dopaminergic system, with predominant actions of glucocorticoid-induced potentiation of reuptake blockers and releasing agents. More in-depth neuroanatomical analyses are warranted of these and amino acid-related neurotransmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canine adrenal gland volume can be predicted based on body weight and computed tomography (CT) measurements using a validated algorithm. Use of this algorithm to detect adrenal pathology, including hyperplasia, hypoplasia and neoplasia, in clinical cases has not been described. The objective of this study was to illustrate application of the algorithm by estimating subject‐specific adrenal gland volume in a historical cohort of dogs with known adrenal disease. Forty‐six dogs that underwent CT and subsequent adrenalectomy were included. Clinical records and CT images from dogs that underwent adrenalectomy and histologic examination of the excised adrenal gland(s) were reviewed. Normal adrenal gland volumes for each dog were estimated using the algorithm, and compared with measured volumes of the affected glands. Linear measurement of the largest lesion diameter was also recorded. Fifty‐eight adrenal glands were removed from 46 dogs, with pathology confirmed in all glands. Pathology included 28 adenomas, 13 carcinomas, 11 pheochromocytomas and 6 other benign pathologies. The volume of all removed adrenal glands was measured to be larger than the expected normal volume estimated by the algorithm, ranging from 1.1 to 212.9 times larger than estimated. Adrenal glands with malignant and benign pathology showed variable volumes with overlapping ranges recorded. Assessment of the dimensions of any focal lesion against a cut‐off of 20 mm failed to discriminate malignancy. This study illustrates and supports the application of a validated volumetric algorithm for estimation of subject‐specific adrenal gland volume to identify the presence of pathology and as a tool to assist clinical decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We describe a rare case of giant adrenal calcification as the main cause of sudden onset epigastric pain in a 57-year-old female patient. Case description: Computed tomography (CT) of the whole abdomen in this patient showed calcified foci measuring approximately 7.8 × 5.4 × 7.1 cm in the hepatorenal recess, and no enhancement effect was seen. Secondary causes of adrenal calcification in this patient were ruled out, and a rare diagnosis of a primary giant adrenal calcification was made. Subsequently, the right adrenal gland and calcified mass were completely resected. The calcification did not recur during 6 months of follow up. Conclusions: Although other cases of adrenal calcification of unknown origin have been reported, cases of giant idiopathic adrenal calcification are rare. In this case, huge calcification of the right adrenal gland caused abdominal pain, which disappeared after the mass was excised. The etiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of idiopathic adrenal calcification are still unclear. Additional case reports are needed to gain a better understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The adrenal glands are endocrine organs that synthesize hormones with crucial functions in the body. This irreplaceable structure performs multiple functions, from the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to sex development. Any disorder concerning the adrenal glands can give rise to life-threatening conditions. The aging process inevitably affects the adrenal glands. The effects of aging are marked by a rise in cortisol secretion in the zona fasciculata and a decrease in androgen secretion in the zona reticularis. Elevated cortisol levels in the blood disturb most bodily systems in favour of catabolism, amplifying the cellular decline and destruction that accompanies aging. The deterioration of the adrenal glands relates not just to spongiocytes and chromaffin cells, but also to the endothelium, which enables circulation. It is clear that a decline in vascular function will have a negative impact on endocrine activities. Our study aims to explore the influence of aging on the adrenal glands in rats, analyzing sex-specific ultrastructural scales. Materials and Methods: A total of 28 Sprague-Dawley rats, 14 males, and 14 females, were planned to be used in the study. Of these 28 rats, 4 females and 4 males constitute the control group. The rats in the control group at approximately 10 weeks old and the rats in the experimental group at approximately 19 weeks old were sacrificed. All animals in the study have been anaesthetized and then sacrificed by removal of the heart. The right and left and adrenal glands were removed from the sacrificed animals. Removed and adrenal glands prepared for TEM examination. For each animal, at least four TEM images were taken from four different sections of the same block. Results: Our findings demonstrate that the aging process not only affects spongiocytes within the adrenal gland but also contributes to the deterioration of endothelial cells. As anticipated, our results indicate the presence of senescence and apoptosis in endothelial cells. The observed vascular separations and ruptures are due to endothelial deterioration. Hypertrophy has been observed in the spongiocytes to compensate for the functional deficiencies following a decrease in their number due to aging. Elevated levels of lipofuscin, lipid droplets, and lysosomes were discovered in spongiocytes. Impaired endothelium potentially contributes to certain changes in spongiocytes. Conclusions: While aging-related changes appear similar in both genders, males tend to be more impacted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of adrenal disorders is a key component of scientific research, driven by the complex innervation, unique structure, and essential functions of the adrenal glands. This review explores the use of non-traditional animal models for studying congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It highlights the advantages, limitations, and relevance of these models, including domestic ferrets, dogs, guinea pigs, golden hamsters, pigs, and spiny mice. We provide a detailed analysis of the histological structure, steroidogenesis pathways, and genetic characteristics of these animal models. The morphological and functional similarities between the adrenal glands of spiny mice and humans highlight their potential as an important avenue for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. B, Zoology is the property of Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Key Clinical Message: Patients presenting with abdominal pain and retroperitoneal mass in radiographic images may be in the early stages of primary adrenal mantle cell lymphoma, which requires histological studies for a definite diagnosis. This report presents a 37‐year‐old woman complaining of ambiguous abdominal pain, with imaging findings revealing a retroperitoneal abdominal mass on the left side of the aorta, and a possible diagnosis of non‐functional retroperitoneal paraganglioma. Total laparoscopic excision was performed. Surprisingly, histological examinations revealed features in favor of mantle cell lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland is a very rare malignant vascular neoplasm. The clinical symptoms are atypical or completely absent. Angiosarcomas of the adrenal gland are therefore often discovered incidentally, and the diagnosis is made histologically after resection. Case presentation: A 46-year-old white Spanish male who was a previous smoker and nondrinker and was slightly overweight (92 kg, 176 cm, body mass index 29.7 kg/m2) with no relevant medical history presented to the internal medicine emergency department of our hospital with an unclear 12 cm tumor of the right adrenal gland. Prior to the computed tomography scan, he had had persistent evening fevers for 4 months and unintentional weight loss of 5 kg. The laboratory results showed anemia and an elevated C-reactive protein, but no hormone production. We performed an open adrenalectomy of the right adrenal gland. Finally, the histologic findings revealed an angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland. Conclusion: Even though angiosarcomas of the adrenal gland are rare, the differential diagnosis of an angiosarcoma should be considered if a malignant tumor of the adrenal gland is suspected. Treatment decisions should be made on an interdisciplinary basis and preferably in a specialized center. Owing to the rarity of angiosarcomas of the adrenal gland, it is necessary to continue to share clinical experience to gain a better understanding of this particular tumor entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gap junctions (GJs) are important in the regulation of cell growth, morphology, differentiation and migration. However, recently, more attention has been paid to their role in the pathogenesis of different diseases as well as tumorigenesis, invasion and metastases. The expression pattern and possible role of connexins (Cxs), as major GJ proteins, under both physiological and pathological conditions in the adrenal gland, were evaluated in this review. The databases Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus were searched. Studies were evaluated if they provided data regarding the connexin expression pattern in the adrenal gland, despite current knowledge of this topic not being widely investigated. Connexin expression in the adrenal gland differs according to different parts of the gland and depends on ACTH release. Cx43 is the most studied connexin expressed in the adrenal gland cortex. In addition, Cx26, Cx32 and Cx50 were also investigated in the human adrenal gland. Cx50 as the most widespread connexin, along with Cx26, Cx29, Cx32, Cx36 and Cx43, has been expressed in the adrenal medulla with distinct cellular distribution. Considerable effort has recently been directed toward connexins as therapeutically targeted molecules. At present, there exist several viable strategies in the development of potential connexin-based therapeutics. The differential and hormone-dependent distribution of gap junctions within adrenal glands, the relatively large gap junction within this gland and the increase in the gap junction size and number following hormonal treatment would indicate that gap junctions play a pivotal role in cell functioning in the adrenal gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Contrast enhancement of the adrenal gland defined by computed tomography (CT) was previously analyzed as a prognostic factor for critically ill patients in various diseases. However, no study investigated this quantitative parameter in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the contrast enhancement of the adrenal glands in patients with clinically suspected AMI. Methods: All patients with clinically suspected AMI were retrospectively assessed between 2016 and 2020. All patients underwent surgical exploration after CT imaging. Overall, 134 patients (52 female patients, 38.8%) with a mean age of 69.2 ± 12.4 years were included into the present analysis. For all patients, the preoperative CT was used to calculate the contrast media enhancement of the adrenal glands and the spleen. Results: A total of 27 patients (18.5%) died within the first 24 h and over the following 30-day 94 patients (68.6%) died. There were statistically significant differences regarding the mean values for adrenal-to-spleen ratio for 24-h mortality (p = 0.001) and 30-day mortality (p = 0.004), whereas the radiodensity of the inferior vena cava and the radiodensity of the spleen was statistically significant between survivors and non-survivors after 30 days (p = 0.037 and p = 0.028, respectively). In Cox regression analysis, mean adrenal radiodensity was associated with 24-h mortality (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02–1.16, p = 0.01) but not with 30-day mortality (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.99–1.07, p = 0.13). Conclusion: The contrast media enhancement of the adrenal gland is associated with the 24-h and 30-day mortality in patients with AMI. However, the prognostic relevance for translation into clinical routine needs to be validated in other cohorts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türk Radyoloji Seminerleri is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Türk Radyoloji Seminerleri is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) has emerged as a promising model for investigating adrenal steroid synthesis, but it is unclear whether the same cells produce steroid hormones and whether their production is regulated in the same way as in humans. Here, we comprehensively mapped the cell types and pathways of steroid metabolism in the adrenal gland of Chinese tree shrews using single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptome analysis, mass spectrometry, and immunohistochemistry. We compared the transcriptomes of various adrenal cell types across tree shrews, humans, macaques, and mice. Results showed that tree shrew adrenal glands expressed many of the same key enzymes for steroid synthesis as humans, including CYP11B2, CYP11B1, CYB5A, and CHGA. Biochemical analysis confirmed the production of aldosterone, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone but not dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the tree shrew adrenal glands. Furthermore, genes in adrenal cell types in tree shrews were correlated with genetic risk factors for polycystic ovary syndrome, primary aldosteronism, hypertension, and related disorders in humans based on genome-wide association studies. Overall, this study suggests that the adrenal glands of Chinese tree shrews may consist of closely related cell populations with functional similarity to those of the human adrenal gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrin-associated large B-cell lymphoma (FA-LBCL) is a rare subtype of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoma, recognized as an independent entity per the 5th edition of the WHO classification of hematolymphoid neoplasms. It is usually associated with longstanding chronic inflammation and arises within fibrinous material in confined anatomic spaces. We report the clinicopathologic manifestations of two patients of FA-LBCL involving the adrenal gland and kidney. Both tumors were diagnosed after presenting as cystic masses on imaging studies. These lymphomas were non-invasive, with microscopic aggregates of large B-lymphoma cells along/within cystic wall and admixed with fibrinous material and without prominent inflammation. By immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization, lymphoma cells were positive for CD45, PAX5, CD79a, MUM1, BCL2, PD-L1, and EBV/EBER (Epstein-Barr virus encoded small RNA) with a high proliferation index. Both patients remain in remission after management with complete surgical resection and additional chemo-immunotherapy in one patient. Considering its rarity, scant tumor cells, and varied clinical presentations, FA-LBCL may pose diagnostic challenges, especially when presenting as extensively necrotic cystic lesions, needing multidisciplinary collaboration in formulating management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary adrenal angiosarcomas are exceedingly rare with a rapidly progressive clinical course and a poor outcome. Establishing the diagnosis can be challenging, and it is complicated by the fact that there are no characteristic clinical or imaging features that are pathognomonic for angiosarcoma. Histologically, they can overlap with other more commonly encountered adrenal tumors. Herein, we present an otherwise healthy 41-year-old woman diagnosed with a primary adrenal epithelioid angiosarcoma. We aim to expand the knowledge of the sparse literature existing on primary adrenal angiosarcomas to help better understand the diagnostic features, clinical behavior, and management of these rare tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adrenal glands play a key role in maintaining the physiological balance of birds and helping them to survive environmental changes. The objective of the present work was to give a detailed investigation of the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical findings of the adrenal gland in Japanese quail during the prehatching phase. The current study was performed on 45 healthy Japanese quail embryos at different prehatching periods. Our results showed the primordium of the quail's adrenocortical tissue appeared at 3 days of incubation as a thickening of the splanchnic mesoderm. The prospective chromaffin cells appeared at 5 days as clusters of cells migrated from the neural crest cells along the dorsal aorta toward the interrenal tissue. TH immunoreactivity was observed in the neural crest cells during their migration toward the adrenal primordium. Furthermore, these TH immunopositive cells were intermingled with the developing interrenal cell cords that developed from the coelomic epithelium. NSE immunostaining was detected within the cytoplasm of interrenal cells, chromaffin cells, and ganglion cells. Sox10 is expressed in chromaffin and ganglion cells with different staining intensities. On the 13th day of prehatching, both interrenal and chromaffin cells were β‐catenin immunonegative, but on the 17th day, both cells were immunopositively. Our findings show that during prenatal life, the adrenal gland undergoes significant morphological changes. Together, the present data suggest that studying the prenatal development of the adrenal gland in birds is important for advancing our understanding of this critical organ and its functions. Research Highlights: The present study aimed to give a detailed study of the histological, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical investigations of the adrenal gland in Japanese quail during the prehatching period.The interrenal primordium was observed on the third embryonic day, on the fifth ED the primordium of the chromaffin tissue appeared as row of migrating neural crest cell.At the ultrastructural level, the interrenal cells take steroid‐secreting cells characters, they have varying amounts of lipid droplets and abundant mitochondria at 15th ED contained moderate number of lysosomes and mitochondria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Our aim was to study the anatomy of the left and right main adrenal veins (LAV and RAV) and to identify their anatomical variations in order to see the practical application of these findings to adrenal venous sampling (AVS). Methods: Our work is based on dissection of 80 adrenal glands from fresh corpses in the forensic medicine department. We studied the number, the drainage, the direction and the level of termination of the main adrenal veins. Results: The average length of the LAV was 21 mm. It ended in 100% of cases at the upper edge of the left renal vein with a mean connection angle of 70° and after an anastomosis with the lower phrenic vein in 36 cases(90%). The average length of the RAV was 9 mm. It ended in 100% of cases at the level of the retro hepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) mainly on its posterior face in 21 cases (53%) and on its right lateral border in 18 cases (45%). The mean angle of the RAV in relation to the vertical axis of the IVC was 40°, with extremes ranging from 15° to 90°. Conclusions: AVS seems to be easier on the left than on the right side because of the greater length of the adrenal vein (21 mm vs. 9 mm) and a greater angle of connection (70° with the left renal vein vs. 40° with the IVC), which explains the lower success rate of cannulation and the more frequent occurrence of blood sample contamination on the right side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review article aims to investigate the clinical and radiological imaging characteristics of adrenal abnormalities in patients with thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, reticulin fibrosis, renal dysfunction, and organomegaly (TAFRO) syndrome. We searched the literature in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science Core Collection. Ultimately, we analyzed 11 studies with 22 patients plus our 1 patient, totaling 23 patients. The mean age was 47.0 ± 12.6 years. There were 20 male and 3 female patients, respectively. The histopathological analysis of lymph nodes was conducted in 15 patients (65.2%), and the diagnosis was consistent with TAFRO syndrome in all 15 patients. Among the 23 patients, 11 patients (18 adrenal glands) showed adrenal ischemia/infarction, 9 patients (13 adrenal glands) showed adrenal hemorrhage, and 4 patients (7 adrenal glands) showed adrenomegaly without evidence of concurrent ischemia/infarction or hemorrhage. One patient demonstrated unilateral adrenal hemorrhage and contralateral adrenomegaly. In patients with adrenal ischemia/infarction, the adrenal glands displayed poor enhancement through contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). In patients with adrenal hemorrhage, the adrenal glands revealed high attenuation through non-enhanced CT and hematoma through magnetic resonance imaging. Adrenomegaly, with or without adrenal ischemia/infarction or hemorrhage, was observed in all patients (23/23, 100%). The subsequent calcification of the affected adrenal glands was frequently observed (9/14, 64.3%) when a follow-up CT was performed. Abdominal pain was frequent (15/23, 65.2%), all of which occurred after the disease's onset, suggesting the importance of considering TAFRO syndrome as a cause of acute abdomen. Given the absence of evidence of adrenal abnormalities in non-TAFRO-idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD), they may serve as diagnostic clues for differentiating TAFRO syndrome from non-TAFRO-iMCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to unravel the possible adverse effects of methomyl on the developing adrenal gland of rat fetuses and pups. Additionally, this study explored the potential improving effects of propolis against these possible hazards induced by methomyl exposure. To achieve that, pregnant rats were divided into four groups: control group, received 1 mL distilled water, propolis group, received 1 mL propolis at a dose of 300 mg/kg, methomyl group, received 1 mL methomyl at a dose of 2 mg/kg, and combined group, received 1 mL methomyl followed by 1 mL propolis, an hour later at the same previous doses. The results revealed that methomyl exposure, during pregnancy and lactation, induced many histological and ultrastructural changes, caused DNA damage and downregulated the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) and CYP11B2 genes in the adrenal glands of both rat fetuses and pups. Interestingly, propolis supplementation demonstrated a remarkable ability to mitigate these deleterious effects and restored the histology and ultrastructure architecture of the adrenal glands of both fetuses and pups, as well as decreased DNA damage and upregulated the expression of StAR and CYP11B2 genes in the adrenal gland of rat fetuses and pups. In conclusion, our study highlights the potential hazardous impact of methomyl exposure during pregnancy and lactation on the development of the adrenal gland in rat fetuses and pups, moreover, the study presents a new approach to alleviate these effects through propolis administration which could be used as a dietary supplement to mitigate the adverse effects of methomyl exposure. Research Highlight: The methomyl and/or propolis were either orally administered to pregnant rats from 6th to 15th day of pregnancy or to lactating mothers from Day 1 to 14 postnatal. Methomyl altered the histological and ultrastructure of the adrenal glands of rat fetuses and pups. In addition, methomyl decreased the mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory and CYP11b2 genes and increased DNA damage. On the contrary, propolis ameliorated most of these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The modified three-level technique for retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy (RLA) has proven beneficial in the treatment of adrenal lesions in patients with BMI≥25 Kg/m2 . This paper aims to summarize our institution’s seven-year experience using this technique for all patients with Adrenal Lesions ≤ 6cm. Patients and methods: Between January 2016 and December 2022. The patients underwent laparoscopic adrenal surgery were categorized into Zhang’s technique (ZT) (Three-level Technique) group and modified technique (MT) group. The fundamental characteristics and perioperative data were analyzed, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: In total, 731 patients were stratified into two groups: ZT (n=448) and MT (n=283). Statistically significant distinctions were not detected between the two groups regarding sex, BMI, tumor location, tumor size, tumor type, or American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score (p>0.05). The MT group demonstrated superior outcomes compared to the ZT group in terms of operative time, estimated blood loss, drainage volume, diet recovery time, complication rates, and postoperative hospitalization duration (p<0.05). 17 (4.34%) in the ZT group required unplanned adrenalectomy, while there was none in MT group (P<0.05). Conclusion: MT retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy has demonstrated its benefits in the treatment of adrenal lesions across all patients with adrenal lesions ≤ 6cm, serving as a valuable point of reference for the surgical management of adrenal diseases. Patient summary: We have made modifications to the classic retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy and achieved superior surgical outcomes, resulting in a procedure known as modified retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy. This technique is suitable for both obese individuals and the general population with adrenal lesions ≤ 6cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light at night (ALAN) affects most of the population. Through the retinohypothalamic tract, ALAN modulates the activity of the central circadian oscillator and, consequently, various physiological systems, including the cardiovascular one. We summarised the current knowledge about the effects of ALAN on the cardiovascular system in diurnal and nocturnal animals. Based on published data, ALAN reduces the day-night variability of the blood pressure and heart rate in diurnal and nocturnal animals by increasing the nocturnal values of cardiovascular variables in diurnal animals and decreasing them in nocturnal animals. The effects of ALAN on the cardiovascular system are mainly transmitted through the autonomic nervous system. ALAN is also considered a stress-inducing factor, as glucocorticoid and glucose level changes indicate. Moreover, in nocturnal rats, ALAN increases the pressure response to load. In addition, ALAN induces molecular changes in the heart and blood vessels. Changes in the cardiovascular system significantly depend on the duration of ALAN exposure. To some extent, alterations in physical activity can explain the changes observed in the cardiovascular system after ALAN exposure. Although ALAN acts differently on nocturnal and diurnal animals, we can conclude that both exhibit a weakened circadian coordination among physiological systems, which increases the risk of future cardiovascular complications and reduces the ability to anticipate stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Pneumologica et Phthiseologica is the property of TRIOS, spol. sr.o. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adenomatoid tumor (AT) is a benign growth that originates from mesothelial cells. Typically, it encompasses the uterus, fallopian tubes, and paratesticular area. One-third of all AT is in paratesticular area, and it accounts for 60% of all benign paratesticular tumors. ATs have been seldom reported as a case report in adrenal gland, liver, pleura, and mediastinal cavity. To date, English literature has only documented 46 instances of adrenal AT. We present the occurrence of a new clinically unexpected case of adrenal AT in a 37-year-old male patient. Computed tomography (CT scan) incidentally revealed the presence of a tumor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of primary adrenal gland AT reported in Saudi Arabia and the 47th instance worldwide in the English-based published literature. It is crucial to thoroughly investigate these tumors, utilizing techniques such as histopathological analysis and immunohistochemical staining to correctly diagnose AT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]