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The fabrication of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications often involves the utilization of two distinct categories of biomaterials, namely calcium phosphates and calcium silicates. The selection of these materials is based on their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and mechanical characteristics that closely resemble those of natural bone. The present research examined the utilization of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and tri-calcium silicate (TCS), which are among the most commonly utilized materials in calcium phosphates and calcium silicates, in the context of bone scaffolding applications. A molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to investigate the impact of different concentrations of ceramic nanoparticles, when combined with sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel, on the fabrication of bone scaffolds. The stability and self-assembly were assessed through several parameters, such as the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), radius of gyration (Rg), radial distribution function (g(r)), root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF), hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, electrostatic, and total energies. The findings indicate that the addition of 10 wt% HAP and TCS to the SA hydrogel matrix results in a more compact, stable, and potentially less hydrated structure. Accordingly, the experimental validation of these simulation approved our in silico findings. Experimental rheology and mechanical properties evaluation validate our simulation results, indicating a superior characteristic of TCS10 and HAP10 inks and 3D-printed scaffolds among other composition ratios. This could potentially benefit the in vitro and in vivo performance of the scaffold and its interaction with cells. The aforementioned traits are considered fundamental for the successful execution of the scaffold in the field of BTE. The findings indicate that TCS samples exhibit superior properties when compared to HAP samples, specifically in terms of composition with SA hydrogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Florida sugarcane production is mostly on organic soils, but the cultivation area on mineral soils is also expanding. Silicon (Si) is beneficial for sugarcane growth and development on weathered soil. However, the low solubility and availability of soluble Si is an issue in Florida's mineral soils. This study aimed to assess soil Si extraction methods based on sugarcane yield response to calcium silicate application. It also examined the relationship between sugarcane yield with extracted plant-available soil Si, alongside plant Si concentrations. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design involving 2 fields, with 24 plots each, and 6 replications. Four rates of calcium silicate (0 control, 2.24, 4.48, and 6.67 Mg ha−1) were applied before planting sugarcane. Soil samples were collected prior to planting and after each harvest. Soil Si was extracted using 0.5 M acetic acid, 0.7 N NH4OAc, Mehlich 3, and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractants. Leaf samples were collected over a three-year sugarcane life cycle (from 2019 to 2022) to evaluate the relationship between soil Si and leaf Si concentrations. The relationships between parameters were analyzed using linear and nonlinear regression models. Results indicated that higher Si application rates increased Si concentrations in sugarcane leaves in both fields. However, only one field showed a yield response to Si, likely due to high pre-plant soil Si in the other field. The best extractant should correlate strongly with either yield or leaf Si content, but no single extractant showed a strong correlation with either, making it infeasible to identify the best extractant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic wounds are characterized by chronic inflammation, reduced angiogenesis, and insufficient collagen deposition, leading to impaired healing. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC) offer a promising cell-free therapeutic strategy, yet their efficacy and immunomodulation can be enhanced through bioactivation. In this study, we developed calcium silicate (CS)-stimulated ADSC-derived EVs (CSEV) incorporated into collagen hydrogels to create a sustained-release system for promoting diabetic wound healing. CSEV exhibited enhanced protein content, surface marker expression, and bioactive cargo enriched with pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory factors. In vitro, CSEV-loaded collagen significantly reduced reactive oxygen species production, promoted cell proliferation and migration compared to standard EV-loaded collagen. Cytokine profiling revealed the upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix components, highlighting their immunomodulatory and regenerative potential. In vivo, histological evaluation of diabetic rabbit models treated with CSEV-loaded collagen revealed superior reepithelialization and organized collagen deposition, indicating accelerated wound closure. These findings underscore the potential of CSEV-loaded collagen hydrogels as an innovative and effective therapeutic platform for enhancing diabetic wound healing by simultaneously addressing inflammation and tissue regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone defects present a significant challenge in orthopedics and trauma surgery, necessitating innovative approaches to stimulate effective bone regeneration. This study investigated the potential of lithium-doped calcium silicate (LiCS) cement to enhance bone regeneration and modulate the immune microenvironment to promote tissue repair. We synthesized a LiCS ceramic powder and performed comprehensive analyses of its physicochemical properties, including phase composition, morphology, setting time, and mechanical strength. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of lithium into calcium silicate significantly increased the diametral tensile strength (DTS) and facilitated hydroxyapatite formation compared with undoped calcium silicate. In vitro assays revealed that the LiCS cement enhanced the proliferation, adhesion, and spread of Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs). Additionally, Li-CS cement exhibited remarkable immunomodulatory properties by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines, promoting the polarization of macrophages towards the M2 phenotype. The presence of Li in the cement also significantly improved the osteogenic differentiation of WJMSCs, as evidenced by elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expression. These findings underscore the dual functional capabilities of the LiCS cement in enhancing osteogenesis and modulating the immune environment, making it a promising material for bone tissue engineering and regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental protection issues have received widespread attention, making material recycling increasingly important. The upcycling of polysulfone (PSF) medical waste, recognized as a high-performance plastic with excellent mechanical properties, deserves promotion. While PSF is suitable for use as an orthopedic implant material, such as internal fixation, its osteogenesis capabilities must be enhanced. Mechanical stability, particularly over the long term, is a significant concern for bone implants in load-bearing applications. This study recycled PSF medical waste to create bone composites by incorporating osteogenic calcium silicate (CaSi) at three different contents: 10%, 20%, and 30%. We evaluated the phase, morphology, weight loss, and three-point bending strength of the PSF-based composites after they were soaked in dynamic simulated body fluid (SBF) at pH levels of 7.4 and 5.0 for up to 12 months. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were utilized to assess the osteogenic activity of these composites. Our findings revealed that, while the bending strength of PSF-based composites declined with prolonged exposure to SBF, the dissolution of CaSi particles led to a manageable weight loss of about 4% after 12 months, regardless of pH 7.4 or 5.0. Importantly, the incorporation of CaSi into the PSF matrix exhibited a positive effect on the attachment and proliferation of hMSCs. The levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium deposits directly correlated with the CaSi content, indicating superior osteogenic activity. Considering biostability and osteogenic ability, the 20% CaSi-PSF composite demonstrated promise as a candidate for load-bearing implant applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium silicate carbonatable binder is an important direction to realize the green and sustainable development of building materials industry. In order to study the effect of calcium silicon ratio (n(CaO):n(SiO2), molar ratio) on the composition of calcium silicate mineral phase and their carbon sequestration capabilities, calcium silicate carbonatable binders were synthesized with controlled calcium silicon ratio (n(CaO):n(SiO2)=1.8-2.2). Techniques such as t-pH, XRD, TGA, and SEM were employed to examine the evolution of phase composition, carbonization hardening process, CO2 uptakes and carbonization products of calcium silicate carbonatable binders. The results indicate that the content of γ-dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4, γ-C2S) initially increases and subsequently decreases as the calcium silicon ratio rises. When the calcium silicon ratio is no higher than 2.0, the content of rankinite (Ca3Si2O7, C3S2) gradually increases with the decreasing of calcium silicon ratio. When the calcium silicon ratio is higher than 2.0, the content of β-dicalcium silicate (Ca2SiO4, β-C2S) progressively increases with the increasing of calcium silicon ratio. The reaction of carbonization for 0.5 h is intense, and the compressive strength initial increases and subsequent decreases as the calcium silicon ratio increases. The reaction produces calcite, aragonite and vaterite. With the content of C3S2 and γ-C2S decreasing significantly, and the calcite content remains largely unchanged even when the carbonization reaction is extended to 24 h. C3S2 decelerates the early reaction of binder, but a more sustained carbonization reaction and a greater variety of carbonization products can enhance its subsequent compressive strength. The compressive strength and CO2 uptakes after carbonization for 24 h reach 129.76 MPa and 18.57%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium silicate–based materials have been a long-time favourite in thermal insulation applications. This work emphasises synthesising calcium silicate–based thermal insulating material via solid-state reaction using silica, calcium carbonate and fly ash as binding material. The calcium silicate formulations were mixed into a ratio of 1:1:1 (CaO:SiO2:FA) and sintered at temperatures 800–1100°C for 2 h. The developed tailored powder and the sample with calcium silicate formulations were characterised by X-ray diffraction, IR, thermagravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS and thermophysical properties (thermal diffusivity, heat capacity per unit volume and thermal conductivity). The synthesised samples are composed mainly of calcium silicate phases, that is, wollastonite with minor larnite and rankinite. The microstructure was evaluated by SEM. It was found that the developed calcium silicate material reached low thermal conductivity values, that is, 0.29 and 0.42 W/mK (for 2P1000 and 2P1100, respectively). The thermal constant analysis of the material shows the stability of the material at high temperatures. Thus, the present results suggest that in-situ calcium silicate–based material prepared is a good thermal insulation ceramic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effectiveness of three different irrigant activation techniques in cleaning and establishing patency during retreatment of root canals obturated with gutta‐percha and bioceramic sealer. 60 extracted premolars with oval‐shaped canals were instrumented and obturated with gutta‐percha and EndosequenceBC sealer using the 'warm hydraulic condensation' technique. The teeth were retreated using Protaper Universal Retreatment and XP‐Endo Shaper system and divided into four groups according to the irrigant activation protocol used: control, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), Endovac irrigation (EVI) and XP‐Endo Finisher R (XPFR). Apical patency was achieved in all the samples of the XPFR group (100%), which showed a significantly higher success rate compared with the control (73.3%) and EVI groups (73.3%) (p < 0.05). The scanning electron microscopic evaluation revealed significantly cleaner middle and apical third root canals in the PUI and XPFR groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that XPFR effectively cleans and establishes patency in root canals filled with bioceramic sealers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess physico-chemical properties of BioRoot RCS (powder-to-liquid formulation) and BioRoot Flow (pre-mixed formulation) after exposure to citric acid (CA) and EDTA. Methods: BioRoot RCS and BioRoot Flow specimens (5 × 2 mm) were incubated for 28 days at 37 °C before being treated with test solution (distilled water, 17% EDTA, 10% CA, 20% CA or 40% CA). Changes in mass, ion release (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy), phase composition (X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy), surface morphology (scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy) were evaluated. The Shapiro–Wilk, Levene and one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test, were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results: The greatest mass loss, ion release and surface morphological changes (pores and cracks) of BioRoot RCS and BioRoot Flow occurred in 10% and 20% CA. No significant differences were identified between BioRoot RCS and BioRoot Flow in distilled water and EDTA (p > 0.05), whereas BioRoot Flow was significantly more soluble than BioRoot RCS in all CA solutions (p < 0.001). The main phase identified for both materials was zirconium oxide, which remained unaffected by the solutions. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, 10% and 20% CA were more effective than distilled water, 17% EDTA and 40% CA in terms of dissolving BioRoot RCS and BioRoot Flow. The BioRoot Flow was significantly more soluble in all CA solutions than BioRoot RCS. Clinical significance: 10% and 20% CA solutions may have a potential to be used as a solvent for hydraulic calcium silicate sealers during endodontic retreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marble and granite industries have expanded significantly over the past few decades, leading to an increase in processing waste. To reduce the environmental impacts of granite and marble processing waste, proper management and potential recycling with sustainable methodologies are crucial. The aim of this study is to synthesize nano-calcium silicates by utilizing a fine fraction of waste derived from the granite (rich in SiO2) and the marble (rich in CaO) processing industries, using a chemical-free solid-state reaction method. The research investigates the effects of three different mix proportions of CaO:SiO2 (1:0.9, 1:1, 1:1.1) on calcium silicate production at a calcination temperature of 1000 ℃. Furthermore, calcium silicate is reduced to nano-size by adopting various milling time intervals (0, 4, 6, 8, 10 h) using a planetary ball mill. The results indicate that the mix proportion of 1:1 yields the highest amount of calcium silicate, and a milling time of 6 h yields the smallest particle size. The confirmation of calcium silicate (in this case, wollastonite) formation is verified using various analysis techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Particle size distribution analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that the mean particle size is less than 100 nm, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis reveals a surface area of 6 m2/g. The study highlights that the solid-state reaction method might be a promising approach for effectively treating waste materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of calcium silicates (CS) synthesised from granite and marble waste as an adsorbent for sustainable waste management. A simple and chemical-free synthesis method was adopted in the preparation of CS. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential and particle size distribution techniques were used for the characterisation of CS. As Pb(II) and its derivatives from various industrial effluents exercise significant negative impact on the environment and human health, an attempt was made to remove Pb(II) by adsorption process. Batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of removal of pb(II) using CS. The zeta potential value of −83.7 mV and the mean particle size of 916 nm for the prepared CS can enhance adsorption process. The analysis of various adsorption kinetic models reveals that pseudo second order kinetic model exhibited a favourable level of agreement with kinetic data (R2 = 0.999). Response surface methodology utilising central composite design was employed to evaluate various process parameters, such as initial Pb(II) concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage and sonication time on adsorption process. Results from 30 experimental runs performed in accordance with model recommendations concluded that the effect of selected parameters with an R2 value of 0.937 was adequate for the current study. In order to assess the goodness of fit and statistical significance of the model's performance, ANOVA and Lack of Fit (LOF) tests were conducted. The findings show that Pb(II) can be easily removed from the aqueous solutions using CS as an adsorbent under optimal experimental conditions of 100 mg/l Pb(II) initial concentration, 2 g/l adsorbent dosage, pH of 8 and a sonication time of 45 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of mechanized final irrigation protocols (XPE, XP-Endo Finisher; XPC, XP-Clean; and ECL, Easy Clean) compared to PUI (passive ultrasonic irrigation) on the debris incidence and open dentinal tubules, and their effects on the adhesion interface after 48 h and 6 months. One hundred twenty maxillary central incisors were submitted to chemical–mechanical preparation using a rotary instrument and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Specimens were distributed in 4 groups (n = 30) in accordance with the mechanized final irrigation protocol: XPE, XPC, ECL, or PUI. Forty specimens (n = 10/group) were submitted to SEM analysis to evaluate the residue incidence and dentin open tubules. The other specimens were obturated using Bio-C Sealer and submitted to push-out bond strength and adhesive failure mode evaluations in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds after 48 h or 6 months (n = 10/group). Only in the apical third, ECL presented the highest residue incidence and fewer open dentinal tubules when compared to the XPE, XPC, and PUI groups (p < 0.05). In the cervical and middle root thirds, no significant differences were observed regardless of the group evaluated (p > 0.05). After 48 h, ECL resulted in the lowest bond strength only in the apical third (p < 0.05), while the XPE, XPC, and PUI groups remained similar in the cervical and middle thirds (p > 0.05). At 6 months, all groups showed lower bond strength values regardless of the root third evaluated, but ECL showed the lowest bond strength in the apical and middle root thirds when compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). The ECL protocol did not provide adequate residue removal on the apical radicular third and negatively affected the longevity of endodontic obturation using a calcium silicate-based sealer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bioceramic-based root canal sealers are increasingly important in root canal treatment because of their biocompatible properties. This study aimed to evaluate postobturation pain incidence and intensity after root canal obturation with NeoSealer Flo, MTA-Bioseal, and GuttaFlow bioseal calcium silicate-based sealers and AH Plus epoxy resin-based sealer in patients with asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis or necrotic pulp with chronic apical periodontitis. Methods: A total of 120 participants with single-rooted teeth were included and randomly divided into four groups according to the root canal sealer used (n = 30). The patients were subsequently categorised based on the pulp vitality (vital or nonvital) in each group (n = 15) and all teeth were obturated in a single-visit. The postobturation pain scores were recorded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) at 6 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 7 d and 30 d. Moreover, analgesic intake was also noted at 24 h and 48 h. The Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal‒Wallis H test, Friedman test, and Spearman's correlation test were used, and a p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: VAS scores were highest for the 6 h > 24 h > 48 h ≈ 72 h ≈ 7 d ≈ 30 d time intervals for both pulp status in each root canal sealer. A significant decrease in the VAS score was observed for all sealers from 6 h to 48 h (p 0.05). Nonvital cases had lower VAS scores at all time intervals. Analgesic intake was greater in the first 24 h (p < 0.05) in vital cases (p < 0.05) and also in females than males. Conclusion: The level of pain experienced after obturation was similar in patients with different pulp status for all the root canal sealers. Analgesic intake was greater in vital cases and females within 24 h. Trial registration: ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT06515756, record date: 2024-07-17, retrospectively registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysulfone (PSF) medical waste can be effectively repurposed due to its excellent mechanical properties. Due to the increasing need for load-bearing bone implants, it is crucial to prioritize the development of biocompatible polymer–matrix composites. Calcium silicate (CaSi), known for its osteogenesis and antibacterial properties, is widely used in medical applications. In this study, recycled PSF plastics in fiber or nanoparticle forms and commercial PSF products were used to create PSF-based composites filled with three different amounts (10, 20, and 30 vol%) of CaSi. The green compact was heat-treated at various temperatures. Experimental results showed that the mechanical interlocking of the PSF matrix and CaSi filler occurred due to the liquefaction of PSF fibers or nanoparticles during heat treatment. When the composite contained 20% CaSi, the obtained three-point bending strength exceeded 60 MPa, falling within the reported strength of compact bone. There was a concurrent improvement in the biocompatibility and antibacterial activity of the PSF-based composites with the increasing amount of CaSi. Considering their mechanical properties and antibacterial activity, the 20% CaSi-containing PSF-based composites treated at 240 °C emerged as a promising candidate for bone implant applications. This study demonstrated the feasibility of upcycling medical waste such as PSF as a matrix, opening doors for its potential usage in the medical field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different pulp capping materials have different origins and compositions, require different preparations, and may vary in their bioactive properties. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and mineralization‐inducing potential of calcium silicate‐based pulp capping materials. Design: Six contemporary calcium silicate‐based cements, ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, EndoSequence, NeoMTA 2, and NeoPutty, were evaluated. The antibacterial effects of these materials against Streptococcus mutans UA159 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 were determined by the agar diffusion assay and the direct culture test. The biocompatibility and mineralization‐inducing potential of these materials in preodontoblastic 17IIA11 cells were evaluated by the MTT assay and by Alizarin Red S staining, respectively. Results and Conclusion: In agar diffusion test, only Biodentine showed distinct antibacterial effects against S. mutans. All the tested materials, however, showed antibacterial effects against S. mutans and E. faecalis in the direct culture test, with Biodentine showing the strongest growth inhibition against both S. mutans and E. faecalis. All the tested materials showed acceptable biocompatibility and mineralization‐supporting potential in our experimental conditions. In summary, ProRoot MTA, MTA Angelus, Biodentine, EndoSequence, NeoMTA 2, and NeoPutty demonstrated acceptable in vitro antimicrobial, biocompatible, and mineralization‐supporting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This clinical study aims to compare postoperative pain after single-visit root canal treatment of teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis using epoxy-resin-based AH Plus and calcium silicate-based Endosequence BC sealers with or without sonic activation. Methods: This study included 72 individuals with one first or second mandibular premolar tooth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis. They were randomly divided into four groups according to the root canal sealer (AH Plus or Endosequence BC) and activation protocol (sonic activation or non-activation) (n = 18). The participants were ask to rate their postoperative pain intensity on a NRS scale as none, minimal, moderate, or severe after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 7 days following treatment. Patients were also asked to record the number of prescribed analgesic medication tablets (400 mg of ibuprofen) taken. Statistical analysis were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, the Friedman test, the Spearman's correlation test, the Chi-square test. Significance level was established at 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative pain scores or analgesic intake between AH Plus and Endosequence BC sealers regardless of the activation protocol (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative pain scores between the sonic activation and non-activation groups (p > 0.05). A weak positive correlation was detected between Endoactivator sonic activation and sealer extrusion (r = 0.36). Conclusions: AH Plus and EndoSequence BC root canal sealers showed similar results in terms of prevalance and intensity of postoperative pain. Sonic activation and non-activation groups had similar postoperative pain scores. Clinical trial registration: The study was retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06403293). Date of Registration: 07/05/24. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: A wide range of dental materials have incorporated the concept of nanotechnology into their composition to enhance their physical and antimicrobial properties. In this pretext, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most commonly used nanoparticles which are exceptionally noteworthy for their role in medical applications as an antibacterial agent. Another essential, desirable physical characteristic of all endodontic cements is their radiopacity, while in similar context, various radiopacifying agents such as bismuth oxide, barium sulfate, and even AgNPs have been incorporated in endodontic sealers to enhance their physical properties. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the incorporation of AgNPs and 10% bismuth oxide imparted the required radiopacity to the novel cement material (Nano CS) as per the requirement and standards laid by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) guidelines and whether it complied with the ISO 6876:2001 specifications to achieve the necessary norms. Materials and Methods: The structural characteristics of the novel cement material (Nano CS) were observed using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis under a Zeiss Gemini 500 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, while radiopacity of the test material (Nano CS) was assessed with the help of an aluminum (Al) step‐wedge using a nondestructive testing method following ISO guidelines. The optical density of the test material (Nano CS) was tested with the specimens of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as the standard cement material along with the specimens of enamel and dentin that were 1 mm thick, and Al of appropriate thickness with the desired and equivalent radiopacity. Results: The findings of the present study suggested MTA to have higher radiopacity index equivalent to 4.56 ± 0.00 mm thickness of Al when compared to the test material (Nano CS) (2.78 ± 0.01 mm thickness of Al) and enamel (4.09 ± 0.01 mm thickness of Al) and dentin (2.01 ± 0.01 mm thickness of Al) specimens. Furthermore, the radiopacity index of test material (Nano CS) was found to be more when compared to dentin, though, less when compared to the enamel specimens with the results being statistically highly significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The addition of nanosilver and bismuth oxide to the test material (Nano CS) imparted characteristic radiopacity, though the required specifications laid down by the ISO standards were not achieved. Increasing the concentration of the additives used might be considered to bring in the required radiopacity without having a significant impact on the physical and biological properties of the test material (Nano CS) intended to be used for endodontic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the flow, solubility, and pH of AH Plus sealer, Bio-C Sealer, and Cerafill RCS. Methods: The selected sealer materials were mixed according to instructions of the manufacturers under aseptic conditions. For flow and solubility, the recommendations of ISO 6876/2012 and ANSI/ADA 2000 standards were followed (n = 10). Additionally, pH changes during the setting of selected sealers (n = 10) were measured at regular intervals of time using a digital pH meter. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA test with post hoc Dunn's test. Results: The flow of Bio-C Sealer was significantly higher than Cerafill RCS (P < 0.05). Among the sealers, Bio-C Sealer exhibited the highest solubility, whereas AH Plus exhibited the least solubility. Calcium silicate-based sealers showed higher pH than resin-based sealer. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that resin-based sealer and calcium silicate-based sealers have acceptable flow, whereas calcium silicate sealers exhibited high solubility and an alkaline pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The azalea lace bug (ALB), Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), is a pest of azaleas and rhododendrons. The application of silicon (Si) to plants has been shown to accumulate in other plants and enhance defense to other plant pests. We evaluated whether Si applications decreased ALB infestation on rhododendron leaves and increased Si accumulation in leaves. Potted plants were treated with 4 or 8 weekly applications of calcium silicate and calcium carbonate (calcium control, Ca) via foliar or soil application. In 3 out of 4 choice studies, plants treated with calcium silicate or calcium carbonate had less frass deposition and oviposition by ALB compared to controls, but treated plants did not consistently have fewer ALB adults. Leaf damage was quantified in one study and leaves with more frass as an indicator of feeding had more visible damage. In no-choice studies, there were no differences between treatments in one study, but oviposition was greater on foliar/soil Si-treated plants than controls in another study. Since rhododendron aphids (Illinoia lambersi) appeared in the greenhouse during or after studies, we compared their colonization on previously treated rhododendrons. Infestation of new leaf rosettes or random leaves by I. lambersi was lower on plants sprayed with foliar silicon or calcium applied via soil in 2 studies. Treated rhododendrons did not accumulate extra Si or Ca in leaves compared to controls. In general, silicon or calcium application protected rhododendrons from ALB oviposition and aphid colonization in free-choice conditions, and may be part of an integrated pest management program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Calcium silicate-based sealers are an alternative to be used into root canal, mainly to their biological properties. However, some biological parameters need to be determined in an in vivo animal research model. So, the aim of the present study was to evaluate in vivo the tissue biocompatibility of a calcium silicate-based sealer (EndoSequence BC Sealer) and an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH-Plus). Materials and Methods: Polyethylene tubes were filled with freshly mixed sealers and implanted in connective subcutaneous tissue of 25 rats (5/euthanasia day) (Rattus norvegicus albinus). Empty tubes were used as controls and no tubes as sham. Histopathological (hematoxylin eosin) and histochemical (Picrosirius red) examinations were conducted at 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days (five rats/day) after the implantation procedure (n=5/group). The type/intensity of inflammation and collagenesis was analyzed statistically with Friedman or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn tests (P<0.05). Results: The profile of inflammation induced by AH-Plus (Median=2, Range=2-3) was significantly greater than that by Endosequence BC Sealer (Median=1, Range=1-1) during the 15-day experimentation period (P=0.018). After 30 days, both materials produced similar tissue reaction (P>0.05). AH-Plus and Endosequence BC Sealer (Median=2, Range=1-2) induced a high level of fibrosis after 60-day than control (Median=1, Range=1-1) and sham (Median=0, Range=0-0) groups (P<0.001) of fibrosis based in type I collagen increase (P=0.025 and P=0.021, respectively). Tissue necrosis was not observed and the bioceramic sealer showed significant signs of endocytosed (Median=1, Range=1-1) material after 7 days than other groups (Median=0, Range=0-0) (P<0.05). The calcium silicate-based sealer induced tissue repair faster than the epoxy resin-based sealer tested. However, both materials showed adequate biocompatibility and tolerance by subcutaneous tissues, with few differences in inflammatory profiles, formation of granulation tissue, and collagenesis. Conclusions: It may be concluded that calcium silicate-based sealer (EndoSequence BC Sealer) and an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH-Plus) presented suitable biocompatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: This study aimed to compare the marginal adaptation of a single customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate-based sealer versus mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine apical plugs in simulated immature permanent teeth. Methods: Thirty-nine extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were selected, prepared to simulate immature permanent teeth with an apical diameter 1.1 mm, placed in moist foam and divided into three groups. Group 1: Obturation with a single customized gutta percha cone and calcium silicate sealer. Group 2: MTA apical plug. Group 3: Biodentine apical plug. After incubation, teeth were horizontally sectioned at 1 mm and 3 mm from the apex and marginal adaptation was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Biodentine showed the least mean gap size at both 1 and 3 mm from the apex with no statistically significant differences compared to MTA (p > 0.05). The single customized cone with calcium silicate based sealer showed the greatest mean gap size at both 1 and 3 mm from the apex with a statistically significant difference compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Biodentine and MTA apical plugs provide a significantly better marginal adaptation to the dentinal walls than a single customized gutta percha cone with calcium silicate based sealer in simulated immature permanent teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the radiopacity of two calcium silicate-based sealers (NeoSealer Flo and Sure-Seal Root), a calcium silicate particle-containing silicone (GuttaFlow Bioseal), and an epoxy resin-based root canal sealer (AH Plus Jet) using digital radiography. Methods: Five samples (1 ± 0.1 mm height, 10 ± 0.1 mm diameter) were prepared for each material tested. After the samples were completely set, digital radiographs of the samples and an aluminum stepwedge were taken. The mean gray values of each sample and aluminum step were calculated using the ImageJ program, and the values were converted into equivalent aluminum thicknesses. Kruskal- Wallis and post-hoc Dunn tests were used to analyze the data. Results: The radiopacity values of NeoSealer Flo (4.9 mm Al), GuttaFlow Bioseal (4.84 mm Al), and Sure- Seal Root (4.36 mm Al) were significantly lower than those of AH Plus Jet (10.83 mm Al) (p < 0.0001), but there were no significant differences among the three (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Although the calcium silicate-based and calcium silicate particle-containing siliconebased sealers exhibited lower radiopacity than the resin-based sealer, the radiopacity values of all root canal sealers tested met the minimum Al standard values advised by the International Organization for Standardization and the American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutron and x‐ray diffraction measurements have been performed on CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CMAS) glasses doped with NiO–FeXO at room temperature, along with x‐ray measurements on aerodynamically levitated liquids at ≥2000 K. The disordered structures have been modeled using empirical potential structure refinement to investigate the relation between the aluminosilicate network and the modifying cations. The SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedra are found to have wider Si–O and Al–O bond distance distributions in the glass, and the first Ca–On coordination shell is highly distorted, redistributing different populations of long and short bonds between the liquid and the glass. The addition of Fe and Ni at low aluminosilicate content increases the number of free oxygens not bonded to AlO4 or SiO4. Mg–O and Fe–O are both found to be predominantly fourfold and fivefold in the liquid and glassy states. Despite these low coordination numbers, their bond angle distributions indicate that they are predominantly in nontetrahedral‐type geometries, with ferrous and ferric iron possessing similar coordination environments. The Ca–O and Mg–O average coordination numbers and enthalpies of solution are consistent with their higher reactivity within relatively acidic aluminosilicate melts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision making process for managing irreversible pulpitis in permanent teeth often involves choosing between pulpotomy and root canal treatment, with clinicians exercising discretion. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the efficacy of calcium silicate based pulpotomy in treating symptomatic permanent teeth with irreversible pulpitis. A comprehensive search across PubMed, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS databases yielded 482 articles. From this pool, 169 articles underwent further scrutiny. Following data filtration, presentation, and analysis, a meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5 software. Eleven articles were ultimately selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. This meta-analysis revealed that calcium silicate based pulpotomy, employed in treating irreversible pulpitis cases, exhibited notable success rates ranging from 75% to 90% over a period of 15 years across most of the included studies. The majority of studies integrated into this systematic review reported successful outcomes for teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis undergoing pulpotomy with the utilization of calcium silicate. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to delineate the precise roles of calcium silicate based pulpotomy in managing this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roses, due to their delicacy and short vase life, require special care; however, the use of calcium can help improve their growth, quality, and longevity. This study was designed and conducted as a completely randomized design to investigate the effect of three calcium sources (distilled water as a control, calcium silicate, and calcium amino chelate) at a concentration of 160 ppm on the growth and quality of Rosa 'Samurai' in a hydroponic system. The results showed that foliar application of calcium silicate and calcium amino chelate improved growth traits, including stem diameter, fresh stem weight, flower diameter, flower count, and leaf area compared to the control. Calcium silicate and calcium amino chelate increased the photosynthesis rate by 36.94% and 30.78%, respectively. The highest anthocyanin content (8.39) was observed in the calcium amino chelate treatment, while the calcium concentrations in leaves and petals increased by 47.91% and 51.67%, respectively, in the calcium silicate treatment compared to the control. Calcium amino chelate also resulted in a 47.86% increase in root calcium concentration and a 3.3-day increase in vase life compared to the control. Additionally, calcium silicate increased iron concentration by 11.34%, manganese by 91.74%, and leaf nitrogen by 5.88%, while calcium amino chelate increased leaf and root copper concentrations by 4% and 25.41%, phosphorus concentration in leaves by 25.90%, and root potassium concentration by 74.84%. These results demonstrate the significant role of calcium, particularly calcium amino chelate, in enhancing nutrient absorption and improving the growth and quality of rose flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous calcium silicate ceramic has been prepared by ultrafast high‐temperature process in several minutes. The effect of sintering current and starch content on the phase composition, pore structure, compressive strength, and air permeability have been investigated. Homogeneous pores can be formed during the fast decomposition of calcium silicate hydrate, calcium carbonate, and starch. The optimized composition shows the high compressive strength (over 7 MPa), porosity (60.8%), and air permeability (379.4 L/m2 s). Results showed that the ultrafast high‐temperature sintering method can achieve homogenous porous structure in much shorter time than conventional furnace sintering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium-based materials, such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and calcium silicate, have attracted significant attention in biomedical research, owing to their unique physicochemical properties and versatile applications. The distinctive characteristics of these materials, including their inherent biocompatibility and tunable structures, hold significant promise for applications in bone regeneration and tissue engineering. This review explores the biomedical applications of calcium-containing materials, particularly for bone regeneration. Their remarkable biocompatibility, tunable nanostructures, and multifaceted functionalities make them pivotal for advancing regenerative medicine, drug delivery system, and biomimetic scaffold applications. The evolving landscape of biomedical research continues to uncover new possibilities, positioning calcium-based materials as key contributors to the next generation of innovative biomaterial scaffolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premixed calcium silicate-based materials have recently been developed and are recommended for a wide range of endodontic procedures, including vital pulp therapy. This study investigated the in vitro biocompatibility and pro-mineralization effect and in vivo reparative dentin formation of EndoSequence Root Repair Material, EndoSequence BCRRM, Bio-C Repair, and Well-pulp PT. Both fresh and set extracts had no detrimental effect on the growth of human dental pulp stem cells. The fresh extracts had a higher calcium concentration than the set extracts and induced considerably greater mineralized nodule formation. EndoSequence Root Repair Material had the longest setting time, whereas Bio-C Repair had the shortest. When these materials were applied to exposed rat molar pulps, mineralized tissue deposition was found at the exposure sites after 2 weeks. These results indicate that the premixed calcium silicate-based materials tested could have positive benefits for direct pulp capping procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: An acidic hydrogen potential (pH) in an inflammatory condition in the periapical tissues may affect the properties of repair bioceramic cement. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pH on the volumetric change of the ready-to-use bioceramic NeoPUTTY (NP) compared to the powder/liquid MTA Repair HP (MTAHP) after immersion in butyric acid (BA, pH 4.1) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.35). Subjects and Methods: Dentin tubes filled with NP or MTAHP were scanned in micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) after 24 h. Then, the specimens were immersed in 1.5 mL of BA: NP/BA, MTAHP/BA or PBS: NP/PBS, MTAHP/PBS. After 7 days, new micro-CT scans were performed. The percentage of volumetric change (extremities and internal part) of the materials was assessed. Statistical Analysis Used: ANOVA/Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed (α =0.05). Results: All materials showed a volumetric decrease after immersion in BA or PBS at the extremities in contact with the solutions. MTAHP/BA showed the highest volumetric loss. There was no difference in the volumetric change when the internal part of the materials was evaluated. Conclusions: An acid pH negatively affects the volumetric stability of MTAHP. Low values of volumetric change were demonstrated for NP in both immersion environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of selected resin-modified materials used in direct contact with the dental pulp (TheraCal LC, TheraCal PT, and ApaCal ART) with calcium silicate cement (Biodentine). (2) Methods: The mouse fibroblast Balb/3T3 cell line and the extracts of tested materials in four concentrations were used for the testing. An MTT assay was performed in three independent experiments with six replicates for each concentration of tested material. The cell viability (%) and cytotoxicity were expressed (cytotoxic effect is considered in cases where the cell viability is lower than 70%). The mean of the cell viability and the standard deviation were expressed for each material at all concentrations. ANOVA and Dunnet's post hoc tests were used for the statistical analysis. All of these tests were performed at the 0.05 significance level. (3) Results: At all concentrations, the cell viability was statistically significantly lower (p ≤ 0.002) for all tested materials compared to Biodentine. ApaCal ART showed a high level of cytotoxicity at all concentrations (cell viability lower than 47.71%, p < 0.0001). The same result was found for TheraCal LC at concentrations of 100%, 50% and 25% and TheraCal PT at concentrations of 100% and 50%. TheraCal LC at a 10% concentration (cell viability 68.18%) and TheraCal PT at a 25% concentration (cell viability 60.63%) indicated potential cytotoxicity. TheraCal PT at a 10% concentration was not found to be cytotoxic (cell viability 79.18%, p = 0.095). (4) Conclusion: The resin-modified calcium silicate and calcium phosphate materials showed higher cytotoxic potential, so they should be used with caution when in direct contact with the dental pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium oxide and silicon oxide are combined to form calcium silicate. Since calcium silicate materials offer tuneable physical, chemical, mechanical, and optical characteristics, these materials have found uses in various applications such as luminescence, batteries, bioimaging, supercapacitors, and concrete materials. In the majority of applications, high-purity calcium silicate is produced from chemical precursors such as calcium/silicate oxides or nitrites, even though this method could be expensive, environmentally harmful, and non-biocompatible. As an alternative, natural calcium and silica from biomass are usually economical and abundant, yet they contain impurities but sometimes the trace impurities influence the properties of material in positive ways. Silica can be extracted from wheat husk, rice husk, and sugarcane bagasse, which are frequently dumped in rivers, ponds, and other water bodies, contributing to ecological and health problems, likewise, calcium oxide can be extracted from eggshells, marble waste, snail shell. The trash may recycle or utilized to create marketable, value-added items with significant ecological and financial benefits rather than being dumped. The purpose of this review paper is to discuss the composition, processing, and applications of calcium silicate derivatives. The analysis shows that calcium silicate derivatives have enormous potential for using waste as a replacement of organic precursor materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of this case report is; It offers partial amputation with calcium silicate-based biomaterial (Biodentin) to the patient who has a complicated crown fracture in the maxillary left lateral tooth as a result of trauma, and protective and aesthetic restoration of the broken tooth piece using the internal dentin groove method. Case Report: Thirty-one-year-old female patient; Three hours after the trauma, she applied to our clinic with complaints of pain and tooth fracture. According to the anamnesis, it was learned that the patient had no systemic disease. As a result of clinical, radiographic and intraoral examination, a slight luxation of the maxillary left central tooth and a complicated crown fracture of the maxillary left lateral tooth were detected. Partial amputation treatment was performed on the patient's maxillary left lateral tooth with calcium silicate based biomaterial. In order to provide better retention of the broken tooth fragment, the dentin tissue was removed and a groove was opened, binding agents were applied to the fracture surfaces, composite resin material was placed into the groove, the fragment was placed with the help of finger pressure and the resin was polymerized. Then, groove bevelling was performed on the fracture line and the aesthetic restoration was completed with composite resin material. Conclusion: In the treatment of crown fractures involving the pulp, partial amputation treatment with calcium silicate-based pulp capping biomaterial and reattachment treatment by removing dentin tissue from the broken part of the tooth (internal dentin groove) in order to increase retention were found to be successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRM) was to evaluate whether bioceramic sealers have better penetration capacity in dentinal tubules and antimicrobial activity when compared to AH Plus® sealer. This SRM was recorded in the Open Science Framework database and followed the guidelines of the PRISMA 2020. Five databases were searched by two independent reviewers. Only in vitro studies that evaluated the effects of bioceramic sealers on dentinal tubule penetration and antimicrobial activity outcomes compared to AH Plus® sealer were included. Meta-analysis was conducted using R software, using the effect measure of the standardized mean difference (SMD) and inverse variance method. A modified Joanna Briggs Institute's Checklist was used for the risk of bias assessment. A total of 1486 studies were identified, and only 54 studies that fulfilled our eligibility criteria were included in this review. There was no statistical difference between the sealers evaluated for dentinal tubule penetration, in the thirds evaluated: coronal SMD 0.58 [0.14; 1.31], p = 0.12; middle SMD 0.07 [0.54; 0.39], p = 0.75; and apical SMD 0.08 [0.73; 0.56], p = 0.80. Both sealers demonstrated similar antimicrobial action (SMD [3.42; 5.32], p = 0.67 and SMD 0.67 [1.89; 0.55], p = 0.28). The studies presented a low risk of bias. Based on the in vitro studies included and according to the limitations of the present review, the data suggest that bioceramic and AH Plus® sealers present similar penetration capacity in dentinal tubules and antimicrobial effect, making them suitable materials to be considered in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium silicate (CaSi) bone cement with antibacterial and osteogenic properties has attracted significant interest. However, there is a need to develop a variety of new premixed bone cement to meet the clinical requirements of fast setting time, ease of handling, and efficient antibacterial properties. In this study, different volume ratios of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactic acid liquids were added to calcium silicate, and the effects of varying liquid-to-powder ratios (L/P) were examined. This study assessed the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli of this premixed cement. The results from the experiments indicated that lactic acid significantly reduced the setting time of the CaSi-based cement and enhanced its mechanical strength. Furthermore, the appropriate concentration of lactic acid and matching L/P ratio improved its washout resistance. The cell viability of all premixed cement was found to be over 80%. The premixed cement containing PEG and lactic acid exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to the CaSi control. Based on its setting time, washout resistance, and antibacterial activity, a premixed cement with a liquid phase of 80% PEG and 20% lactic acid at an L/P ratio of 0.4 appeared promising for use in dental and orthopedic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium silicate ceramics were successfully prepared at various temperatures by spark plasma sintering technique (SPS) using two different compositions, and their morphological and structural characteristics were thoroughly analyzed and compared by scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, and apparent density measurements. The effect of the sintering method and temperature on microstructural properties has also been studied. The sintered samples prepared by SPS through a heat input of 800°C showed the highest densification as results 800°C was suggested as optimum sintering temperature. Different phases presented in pseudo‐wollastonite, wollastonite, and triclinic Ca3(SiO4)O have been observed in the case of 50C50C with lowest porosity ∼6%$\sim \;6\% $ and highest density 2.6 g/cm3, whereas the composition 10C90S resulted in a fully amorphous material presented in granular microstructure with density of 1.7 g/cm3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study evaluated the effect of a bioceramic intracanal medicament (Bio-C Temp) on the push-out bond strength of bioceramic cements. Methods: Forty-eight human single-canaled premolars were prepared and randomly divided into three groups: Group (A) received no intracanal medicament; Group (B) calcium hydroxide (CH); and Group (C) Bio-C Temp. After medicament removal, the roots were sectioned transversely. The slices in each group were separated into two subgroups (n = 16): in Subgroup (1), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was placed, and in Subgroup (2) Bio-C Repair. Push-out bond strength was determined using a universal testing machine, applying a constant compressive force on the cement until bond failure. The failure mode was also evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc tests. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: The pushout bond strength of Bio-C Repair was significantly higher than that of MTA irrespective of intracanal medication (p = 0.005). The placement of Bio-C Temp was associated with significantly lower bond strength (p = 0.002, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Bio-C Repair showed better bond strength compared to MTA, irrespective of intracanal medication. Bio-C Temp intracanal medicament, however, decreased the bond strength of both these cements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The main objective of endodontic therapy is to achieve a sterile environment and three-dimensional filling of the root canals. Endodontic sealers play an important role in the obturation of the root canal system as they may provide a seal, which prevents the penetration of bacteria. Sealers are meant to entomb residual bacteria, prevent leakage of nutrients, and ideally possess antibacterial properties. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of calcium silicate-based bioceramic root canal sealers against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar diffusion method. Materials and Methods: The materials were divided into four groups of nine samples each for both E. faecalis and S. aureus. Group I (control group) - MTA-Fillapex (Angelus), Group II - BioRoot RCS (Septodont), Group III - Bio-C Sealer (Angelus), and Group IV - Dia-Root Bio Sealer (Diadent). To evaluate the antibacterial activity of the samples, the agar diffusion method was utilized. To begin, a bacterial suspension was evenly spread onto sterile Petri dishes using sterile swabs. Four wells of 4 mm diameter were then punched, and the sealers were mixed following the manufacturer's instructions and placed onto the prepared wells. The Petri dishes were then incubated at 37°C for 72 h. After incubation, the zones of inhibition around each well were measured at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, and the resulting values were statistically analyzed. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test. Results: Calcium silicate-based root canal sealers showed significantly better efficacy than the control group. BioRoot RCS (3.44 ± 1.13 mm) showed maximum antibacterial effect against E. faecalis at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h time intervals. Bio-C Sealer (16.44 ± 1.42 mm) showed maximum antibacterial effect against S. aureus at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h time intervals. The effectiveness of root canal sealants eventually decreased over a period. Based on analysis using the ANOVA test, a statistically significant difference (P = 0.05) was observed between the mean values of antimicrobial efficacy of sealers against both E. faecalis and S. aureus. Conclusions: The study's findings lead to the conclusion that BioRoot RCS showed a maximum antibacterial effect against E. faecalis and Bio-C Sealer showed maximum antibacterial effect against S. aureus at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materials & Technologies / Materiali in Tehnologije is the property of Institute of Metals & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Si fertilization on the growth and yield of common garlic under semi-arid cultivation conditions. Methods: Two field experiments were conducted simultaneously in Mossoró and São Miguel, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with two sources of Si (calcium and potassium silicate) and five doses (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 kg ha−1) applied via foliar. Results: Applying Si doses promoted increased height, dry mass, and yield of common garlic in Mossoró and São Miguel. The effect of Si doses on garlic was independent of the sources used since there was no significant effect for this factor on all variables. In Mossoró, the plants reached maximum height (51.38 cm) at the dose of 4.6 kg ha−1 of Si, higher accumulation of leaf dry matter (3.84 g per plant), bulb (4.53 g per plant) and total (8.37 g per plant) with 4 kg ha−1 of Si and higher commercial (2.72 t ha−1) and total (3.95 t ha−1) yield of bulbs at the doses of 4.1 and 4.4 kg ha−1 of Si, respectively. In São Miguel, the plants reached the highest height (57.09 cm) and total dry matter accumulation (9.74 g per plant) with 2.9 kg ha−1 of Si, maximum accumulation of bulb dry matter (7.10 g per plant) with 2.6 kg ha−1 of Si and higher values of commercial (6.62 t ha−1) and total (6.64 t ha−1) productivity applying 3.5 and 3.9 kg ha−1 of Si, respectively. Conclusions: The foliar application of Si improves the growth and yield characteristics of common garlic bulbs grown in a semi-arid region. Using different sources of Si does not influence the growth and yield of common garlic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the inflammatory reaction and the ability to induce mineralization activity of a new repair material, NeoPUTTY (NPutty; NuSmile, USA), in comparison with Bio‐C Repair (BC; Angelus, Brazil) and MTA Repair HP (MTA HP; Angelus, Brazil). Methodology: Polyethylene tubes were filled with materials or kept empty (control group, CG) and implanted in subcutaneous tissue of rats for 7, 15, 30, and 60 days (n = 6/group). Capsule thickness, number of inflammatory cells (ICs), fibroblasts, collagen content, and von Kossa analysis were performed. Unstained sections were evaluated under polarized light and by immunohistochemistry for osteocalcin (OCN). Data were submitted to two‐way anova followed by Tukey's test (p ≤.05), except for OCN. OCN data were submitted to Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn and Friedman post hoc tests followed by the Nemenyi test at a significance level of 5%. Results: At 7, 15, and 30 days, thick capsules containing numerous ICs were seen around the materials. At 60 days, a moderate inflammatory reaction was observed for NPutty, BC while MTA HP presented thin capsules with moderate inflammatory cells. In all periods, NPutty specimens contained the highest values of ICs (p <.05). From 7 to 60 days, the number of ICs reduced significantly while an increase in the number of fibroblasts and birefringent collagen content was observed. At 7 and 15 days, no significant difference was observed in the immunoexpression of OCN (p >.05). At 30 and 60 days, NPutty showed the lowest values of OCN (p <.05). At 60 days, a similar immunoexpression was observed for BC and MTA HP (p >.05). In all time intervals, capsules around NPutty, BC, and MTA HP showed von Kossa‐positive and birefringent structures. Conclusions: Despite the greater inflammatory reaction promoted by NeoPutty than BC and MTA HP, the reduction in the thickness of capsules, the increase in the number of fibroblasts, and the reduction in the number of ICs indicate that this bioceramic material is biocompatible Furthermore, NeoPutty presents the ability to induce mineralization activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stabilization of toxic metals in the stable matrices is quite well-known. Research on copper and cadmium stabilization in the CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 composites was conducted to study the characteristics of CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 composites as well as the Cu and Cd metals stabilization in the hydrated composites. The composites of CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaO-CdO-SiO2 were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. A stoichiometric amount of CaO, SiO2, Cu(NO3)2, and CdO were calcined at 1050°C for 4 hours. The synthesized compounds were further hydrated in a soaking time of 30, 60, and 90 days. The hydration produced calcium silicate hydrate that can stabilize metals. The Cu and Cd stability in CaO-CuO-SiO2 and CaOCdO-SiO2, respectively, were tested using the Toxicity Leaching Procedure (TCLP) method. The hydrated and hydrated composite characterizations were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), and Scanning Energy Mocroscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX) and the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) methods. The composites mainly consist of Ca3SiO5, Ca2SiO4, Ca(OH)2, SiO2, and metal oxide of CuO, Cu2O, and CdO. CdO. The composites were able to stabilize ~100% of the heavy metals of Cu and Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective root canal disinfection and the subsequent release of natural growth factors from dentin are crucial to the success of regenerative endodontic procedures. This study evaluated the effect of newly introduced calcium silicate-based temporary intracanal medicament Bio-C Temp and calcium hydroxide-based material UltraCal XS on the release of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) from root canal dentin. Twenty-two intact and fully developed human premolars from patients aged 15–18 were shaped and irrigated according to the current clinical recommendations. The teeth were then gently split in half, and the root canal dentin of paired samples was covered with Bio-C Temp or UltraCal XS. After 3 weeks of incubation, the specimens were conditioned with 17% EDTA and the collected solution was subjected to the quantification of the released TGF-β1 by performing an ELISA. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's test, was selected to determine the statistically significant differences between the groups at the 0.95 confidence level. The highest mean value of released TGF-β1 (1993.1 pg/mL) was detected in the control group, where the root canal dentin was conditioned with 17% EDTA alone. Regarding the experimental groups, Bio-C Temp released a statistically significantly higher amount of TGF-β1 (282.14 pg/mL) compared to UltraCal XS (114.28 pg/mL; p = 0.0158). Bio-C Temp affected the release of growth factors from root canal dentin less than UltraCal XS and may therefore serve as an intracanal medicament for regenerative endodontic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the reaction kinetics and initial chemical conditions in the production of silicon alloys, employing aluminum as the reductant for calcium silicate slag, to enhance process economics and scalability to industrial levels. The apparent kinetics and transient chemical conditions were studied by immersing solid aluminum into molten slag, allowing the reaction to proceed for varying durations without external agitation, before quenching the reaction for chemical and microscopic analyses of the resulting silicon alloy and slag. The majority of the conversion was observed within the first 15 s at 1650 °C, driven by significant chemical interactions and interfacial turbulence introduced upon aluminum immersion. For Al-SiO2 stoichiometries ranging from 0.5 to 1.2, the slag phase reaction conformed to first-order kinetics during the initial two minutes, when it approached equilibrium. The mass transfer coefficients for Al2O3 were estimated at 1–2 × 10−4 m/s, comparable to those for SiO2 and CaO. A constant mass transfer coefficient could not be established for stoichiometries of 1.6 and 2, as these deviated from the standard slag mass transfer relationship and did not adhere to established relationships. Despite near-complete reactions, alloy–slag mixing was extensive, decreasing with lower stoichiometry values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and Aims: This study evaluated the effect of calcium silicate and sodium phosphate (CSSP) dentifrice and serum on the surface of enamel bleached with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Materials and Methods: A total of 160 bovine enamel slabs were bleached with 35% H2O2 and treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) dentifrice-GI, CSSP dentifrice-GII; CSSP dentifrice + CSSP serum-GIII, or NaF dentifrice + NaF gel-GIV. The dentifrices were applied using a brushing machine three times daily for 7 days. After brushing, sodium phosphate gel and CSSP serum were applied. The microhardness (KNH, n = 14), surface roughness (Ra, n = 14), energy dispersive spectroscopy (n = 6), and scanning electron microscopy (n = 6) were assessed at t0 (before bleaching), t1 (after bleaching), and t2 (after postbleaching treatments). Statistical Analysis Used: The data were subjected to a two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's test. Results: The KNH decreased at t1 (P < 0.001) but recovered at t2 for all treatments, although only GII showed restored baseline values (P = 0.0109). The surface roughness increased at t1 (P < 0.001) and reduced at t2 (P < 0.001) for all groups, with no significant differences among groups. Enamel composition and morphology did not differ after the treatments, except for silicon accumulation in GIII. Conclusions: Postbleaching treatment with CSSP dentifrice and serum yielded superior remineralizing effects on bleached enamel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The dispersed Ca3La6(SiO4)6 biocomposite was obtained by treating a calcium silicate sol containing 0.1, 0.3, and 0.7 mol of La3+ under hydrothermal conditions. The composition, morphology, and structure of the biocomposite were studied by powder X-ray diffraction, SEM, and EDS methods. The reaction products (CaSiO3, CaLa4(SiO4)3O, Ca3La6(SiO4)6) depending on the La3+ concentration were determined. The structural characteristics of biocomposite powders with different La3+ contents were investigated by BET and DFT methods. The sorption characteristics of the materials towards 5-fluorouracil were studied depending on pH. The highest sorption capacity (0.768 mg/g at pH 3) was found for the Ca3La6(SiO4)6 sample containing 0.3 mol of La3+. Additionally, the biocompatible properties of biocomposite samples in contact with artificial blood plasma were evaluated by establishing the key changes in their composition, morphology, and structure upon the formation of the apatite bioactive phase on the accessible surface of the samples. These results hold promise for further development of new sorption materials, including biomaterials, for targeted drug delivery with a potential for practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the number of implants has increased gradually and consistently over the years to around one million per year globally, there is still far more potential for advancement in the field of dental implantology which is typically growing quickly. This study investigates the effect of nanofiller reinforcement high-performance polymer matrix to enhance mechanical and physical characteristics. Calcium silicate (CS)/Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) biomedical composite (G0 as a control group) is reinforced with different weight percentages (G1-G4) of tellurium dioxide nanoparticles (TeO2 NPs) (n = 5). This research uses ethanol as a binder for mixing various weight percentages (wt%) of TeO2 NPs with CS/PEKK biomedical composite. The combination is then dried at 120°C in a forced convection oven before being put into special molds and compressed for 20 min Holding period at 310°C and 15 MPa. The composites were prepared via the compression molding technique. Morphological, mechanical, and physical characteristics were studied. The findings of this study suggested improvement in the interfacial interaction between TeO2 NPs (G1 and G2) and CS/PEKK bioactive composite resulting in better mechanical and physical properties, especially at 1 w% of TeO2 NPs (G2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study aimed to examine how heating affects the physical properties of a newly developed premixed calcium silicate-containing sealer (AH Plus Bioceramic Sealer; AHB), in comparison with EndoSequence BC Sealer (ES), AH Plus Jet (AH), and Pulp Canal Sealer. The setting time, flow, and film thickness were tested with or without heating at 100 °C for 30 or 60 s, in accordance with ISO6876:2012 standards. Ultrastructural and elemental analyses were performed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Tukey post hoc test (α = 0.05). All sealers exhibited significantly shorter setting time and flow after heating at 100 °C for 30 and 60 s (p < 0.05). After heating, AHB showed a significantly higher film thickness compared to that of the other materials (p < 0.05). None of the tested properties of heat-applied AHB and ES met ISO standards, except the setting time in ES. The SEM/EDS results for AHB and ES were not affected by heating. The detected changes in physical properties can negatively impact the performance of premixed calcium silicate-containing sealers, particularly AHB, when warm vertical compaction is employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]