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Why do some perceive a partner's response as heartening while others interpret the same response as demoralizing? This study examined how attachment anxiety and avoidance influence perceived partner responses toward capitalization attempts (PRCA) and perceived mattering (PM) among married couples (N = 103 dyads). Dyadic analyses delineating the actor and partner effects revealed that wives' attachment avoidance predicted own PRCA, PM, and their husbands' PRCA. Whereas husbands' attachment avoidance predicted own PM and their wives' PRCA and PM, husbands' attachment anxiety predicted only their PRCA and PM. The interaction between wife and husband attachment anxiety also predicted the husbands' PRCA and PM. Husbands, but not wives, perceived the lowest level of PRCA and PM when both couples had high attachment anxiety. The results were discussed in the context of the interplay between attachment orientations and partner responsiveness in Turkish culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After two decades of implementing top-down grassland restoration projects focused on reducing livestock numbers and pastoralist populations, the Chinese government's well-funded efforts have not significantly reversed grassland degradation. This study reviews the institutional changes in grassland management over the past forty years, highlighting the Livestock and Grassland Double Contract Household Responsibility System of the early 1980s and the Grassland Ecological Reward and Compensation Policy introduced in 2011. It demonstrates how these institutional transformations have shaped pastoralists' evolving understanding of grassland value and reveals that commodifying grassland's economic and ecological value has led to the capitalization of nature, disembedding husbandry from grassland production, and undermining the effectiveness of conservation projects. This article also showcases the development of grassland ecology research in China, noting its increasing detachment from a holistic understanding of ecosystems and the interdisciplinary needs of management practices. The disjunction between grassland ecology research and practical management has resulted in a lack of techniques aligned with local ecological and socioeconomic contexts. This article champions active engagement with and protection of pastoralist communities to reintegrate grasslands' true economic and ecological value into management practices, thereby effectively restoring degraded grasslands and achieving sustainable management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effect of direct and indirect written corrective feedback (WCF) on EFL students’ use of prepositions, articles, punctuation, and capitalization. The importance of focusing on WCF is due to its role in enhancing students’ writing accuracy and making their writing more suitable to their respective discourse communities. Using a quantitative approach, data was collected over a period of two months in a university in the Sultanate of Oman through pre- and post-tests including two stages of treatments. A total of 45 students voluntarily participated in the study: control group (n=15), direct group (n=15), and indirect group (n=15). While the control group (CG) received no feedback and did not receive interventions, the direct group (DG) received feedback on their pre-test, treatment one and treatment two. For DG, errors were underlined and correct forms were given immediately. The indirect group (IG) received feedback on their pre-test, treatment one and treatment two, as well, but their errors were only underlined with no corrections given to encourage students to find the correct forms themselves. The results of this study suggest that direct written corrective feedback (WCF) is more effective than indirect feedback in improving the use of prepositions, articles, punctuation, and capitalization among Omani undergraduate students majoring in literature. The control group did not show any significant improvements, indicating that written corrective feedback is necessary for improving writing skills among EFL students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners face various challenges when writing, including mechanics such as spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. If the mechanics are incorrect, understanding a text can be difficult, and the meaning can be distorted. Moreover, understanding how EFL students and instructors perceive these errors is vital for enhancing language instruction and providing targeted feedback. This study explored the perceptions of EFL students and instructors regarding mechanical errors in paragraph writing employing a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative surveys. According to the findings, instructors and students had different opinions about mechanical errors. Male and female EFL learners also differed in their perceptions. Their perspectives on spelling and punctuation diverged. Students thought their spelling issues were the most severe, but their instructors believed that punctuation was the biggest problem, including commas and full stops. Furthermore, EFL instructors provided potential reasons and suggested strategies to address these issues. The results offer practical implications for curriculum development, instructional design, and instructor training in EFL contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This think piece looks at the traditional reporting for intangibles and concludes that the measuring and reporting of intangibles needs a structural rethinking to incorporate 21st-century technology involving new forward-looking information and methods to provide information that is consistent with current capabilities (e.g., apps, bots, multiple databases, artificial intelligence). Traditional measurement methods, first published by Fra Luca Pacioli, satisfied business needs for centuries, but they limit modern external stakeholders' ability to evaluate and compare firms' current performance or predict their future performance. The traditional concepts of articulation, consolidation, and valuation of intangibles are inadequate, and sometimes blatantly misleading. Further, empirical research has ignored the emergence of new circumstances in business operations and accounting technology. The goal of this think piece is to discuss the traditional backward-looking approach to financial reporting for intangibles and to outline some considerations for developing a new system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We test whether local retail services are considered a nuisance or an amenity and how this distinction is capitalized into residential property values. Using a rich, micro-spatial dataset on property sales transactions and business activity in New York City, we estimate the impact of access to neighborhood retail services on residential sales prices. We construct two instruments to channel supply-side drivers of retail change and to address concerns of endogeneity between changes in retail activity and property values. Results show that retail services that are more frequently consumed and experiential, and are located in relatively more mixed-use neighborhoods are positively capitalized into property values. Residents also pay more to be closer to more diverse retail clusters, and relatively less to be closer to chains. This is true across smaller 1-to-4 family homes as well as larger condos/coops and multi-family rental buildings. The price effects from certain classifications of retail, like restaurants and personal services, are mixed depending on the kind of residential property and the local concentration of the retail. Therefore, the relative strength of the amenity or nuisance effect is very much conditioned on the type of service and the localized neighborhood context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initial evidence suggests that sharing positive news with others on social media may have short-term emotional benefits for young people. However, little is currently known about whether these capitalization processes have long-term implications for adolescent well-being. Drawing upon the broaden-and-build theory of positive psychology, this study examined the longitudinal reciprocal relationship between capitalization on social media and adolescent life satisfaction. The moderating role of trait optimism was also determined. Three-wave panel data were collected from Belgian adolescents between January and October 2020 (N = 1,125; M age = 15.38, SD = 1.44; Girls = 48.4%), and data were analyzed using a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. No significant cross-lagged relationships were found between capitalization on social media and adolescent life satisfaction at the within-person level. Moreover, the relationships were not moderated by trait optimism. Null results suggest that the antecedents and effects of capitalization on social media may be momentary in nature rather than manifested in long-term associations. Findings therefore add to the limited literature regarding social media's positive role in adolescent well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at researching the capitalization of intellectual potential based on the analysis of the indicators of the created multi-level model to increase the efficiency of the use of human resources both in individual organizations and in the country as a whole. Theoretical aspects of intellectual capital management, structural components and approaches to its evaluation have been considered and summarized. It has been determined that insufficient attention is paid to intellectual potential as a capitalization resource in modern research, and the assessment of the capitalization of intellectual potential from the point of view of the income approach causes conflicting opinions among scientists. At the institution of systematization of scientific research, its own view on the concept of “capitalization of intellectual potential” has been substantiated and formed. It has been proven that the management of capitalization processes of human resources at the micro and macro levels is a determining factor of economic development, as it contributes to the growth of the value of assets and the quality and well-being of the population. A multi-level model of the process of capitalization of human potential has been proposed in order to reflect the cyclical transformation of human capital in the creation of added value and to reveal the possibilities of improving the management of the process of capitalization of human potential when combining the resources of education and entrepreneurship. It has been established that the level of capitalization of the intellectual capital of Slovakia is several times lower than the level of capitalization of the labor potential, which indicates a decrease in the prestige of education and the need to deepen the knowledge and skills obtained at the level of general secondary education. Based on the results of the analytical observation, a number of negative factors affecting the indicators of the level of capitalization of intellectual potential have been revealed. It has been established that at the global level, Slovakia’s economy has three times less ability to capitalize intellectual potential than most developed European countries, which indicates a much lower level of competitiveness of Slovakia in terms of attraction, use and development of intellectual potential. Strategies for the development of higher education have only a formal nature, which affects the real management of the system, and long-term priorities are not translated into other areas of the functioning of institutions, such as marketing, partnership development and strategic management of human resources. To date, the topic of cooperation between the educational and business sectors remains one of the most controversial and problematic, since the education system, which has been operating for years, has been rather slow in implementing the latest management methods and does not take into account mutual readiness for cooperation. The need to implement and improve cooperation measures between educational institutions, the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports and the business sector is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How relevant are government-owned banks in the economy, especially during recessions? We study the role of government-owned banks in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with heterogeneous financial intermediaries, heterogeneous households, and minimum capital requirement constraints. We show that the capitalization of government-owned banks during recessions smooths the effects of a negative shock and helps the economy recover more quickly. However, these stabilizing effects could be partially offset by banks' inefficiency in transforming one unit of capital into loans. Therefore, ignoring the heterogeneity between private and government-owned banks may lead to misleading assessments and conclusions regarding the effects of economic policies on the macroeconomic and banking variables. This is particularly important for evaluating the effectiveness of macroprudential policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to estimate the determinants of bank stability in the Czech banking sector. The effect of selected bank-specific and macroeconomic variables on bank stability measured by Z-score is examined using econometric analysis. The data set consists of a sample of the Czech banks operating together with macroeconomic factors, and the period of observation is from 2001 to 2020 on an annual basis. Using generalized method of moments, it was found that the determinants that affect the banking stability include the ratio of classified loans to total loans of the bank, capitalization and inflation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between female CEOs and insolvency risk of US property‐casualty insurance companies. We show that female CEOs are associated with lower insurer insolvency propensity, higher z‐score, and lower standard deviation of return on assets. These findings are robust to alternative econometric specifications to address potential endogeneity concerns and self‐selection issues, including propensity score matching, the instrumental variable approach, and the difference‐in‐difference approach. Furthermore, we find that the impact of female CEOs on insurer insolvency risk is moderated by firm capitalization, the presence of female directors, and political conservatism of insurers' home states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People often self-disclose news about themselves. Respondents may have similar news and feel conflicted about whether to share that news in the moment – that is, to reciprocally self-disclose. On the one hand, reciprocally self-disclosing could enable them to convey that they understand the recipient's experience. On the other hand, reciprocally self-disclosing could dishonor the recipient's contribution in a manner akin to stealing the spotlight. What contextual variables do respondents consider when navigating this conflict? How do recipients perceive reciprocal self-disclosures (RSDs) relative to non-disclosures – and what contextual variables moderate recipients' perceptions? In this paper, we report four studies (N = 1200 Reddit conversations, 733 MTurk and 701 Prolific users) examining how people use and perceive RSD across a variety of contexts. We focus principally on context valence (positive vs. negative) and news similarity (similar vs. more extreme). Across experimental and naturalistic studies, respondents were highly context-sensitive and particularly reluctant to reciprocally self-disclose in positive contexts. Yet, recipients were less context-sensitive. Recipients evaluated similar RSDs as comparably responsive as non-disclosures in positive contexts and more responsive than non-disclosures in negative contexts. Furthermore, recipients perceived more extreme RSDs as more responsive than non-disclosures in negative contexts and less responsive than non-disclosures in positive contexts. Exploratory analyses suggested privacy, gender of respondent, and closeness predicted whether respondents used RSD but not whether recipients perceived RSD as responsive. In short, people often refrain from RSD to avoid committing communication errors – but our research suggests RSD can be highly responsive and incurs few costs relative to non-disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplementary signs are essential to improve riders' understanding of road signs. In order to attract the rider's attention and ensure the information on the supplementary sign is effectively delivered, a study on the effective ways to display the information in the supplementary sign is needed. The current study examined the effects of capitalization and information length in supplementary signs on road sign comprehension among riders. A randomized 2 (capitalization: all letters capitalized vs the first letter capitalized) × 2 (information length: long vs. short) factorial design experiment was conducted on 131 young motorcyclists in the Jakarta area. Road sign comprehension was measured using sign comprehension time and sign comprehension level. A 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA analysis showed a significant effect of information length on sign comprehension time: less information in supplementary signs can increase sign comprehension time. Additionally, a significant interaction was found between capitalization and information length on sign comprehension level: sign comprehension levels would be improved if supplementary signs were presented with capitalization at the beginning of each word and had a long information length. This study suggests that there is a need to consider the capitalization and length of information in designing supplementary traffic signs. The effective design of supplementary signs could help riders to comprehend the road sign quickly and accurately, thus improving traffic safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the effect on housing values of cutting funding for the maintenance of local parks and recreational areas. It is the first study we find on house prices and park maintenance spending, and only the second open space study we find that uses regression discontinuity. We study tax votes with exogenous timing for renewing current expense spending on parks and recreation, adding to the vibrant literature on house price capitalization of environmental amenities. We find that otherwise similar communities that barely vote to cut taxes suffer an 11% drop in house prices, compared to communities that barely vote to renew tax funding. The capitalization discount grows to 13% and 16% in later periods. Voting against spending saves $70 a year for a typical house but cuts house values by over $30,000. We find stronger effects for large tax levies and more expensive houses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to assess the role of ESG assumptions in dealing with complex crises that are both economic and financial in nature. The research problem is excessive fluctuations in the quotations of the WIG-ESG index, which includes listed companies characterized by adherence to the principles of socially responsible business. An attempt will be made to verify the research hypothesis, which assumes a positive impact of selected stock market indicators on the stabilization of quotations of the analyzed index. The research method will be the estimation of an econometric model built from dependent variable Y describing changes in the quotations of the WIG-ESG index and six independent variables describing selected stock market indicators exerting a greater or lesser influence on the changes in the quotations included in the monthly time interval in the research period January 2014-November 2023. It is concluded that the relationship between stock market capitalization and the value of equity estimated at the end of the last quarter is the basis for stabilizing the quotations of the index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research focuses on bank capitalization and macroeconomic stability, including corruption and the shadow economy. A well-capitalized banking system and a low corruption level are important for maintaining macroeconomic stability and reducing the size of the shadow economy. The paper is aimed at assessing the relationship between bank capitalization and macroeconomic stability, which includes corruption and shadow economy through canonical analysis. The research is conducted on the basis of financial and economic reporting of 35 countries with different levels of socio-economic development during 2010–2021 based on data from the World Bank and the European Central Bank. The main input blocks macroeconomic stability – corruption – shadow economy are characterized. During the research, the following tools were used: – methods of grouping, analysis and comparison in determining the characteristics of the elements of the chain «level of capitalization of the banking system – macroeconomic stability – corruption – shadow economy»; – factor analysis by applying the method of principal components in the selection of statistically significant indicators of the bank capitalization level and macroeconomic stability. The quantitative assessment of the bank capitalization level revealed the following dependencies: there is a strong correlation between return on assets and the level of non-performing loans, return on assets and return on equity. Using the principal components method, the following statistically significant indicators of macroeconomic stability were identified: GDP, Gini index, corruption perception index, corruption control index, and political stability index. Research, based on the canonical analysis, determined that 71.1 % of changes in macroeconomic stability indicators are explained by fluctuations in the level of bank capitalization. The level of non-performing loans has a negative impact on macroeconomic stability, while the volatility of return on assets and return on equity has a greater positive impact on the development of the country’s economy. The obtained results can be used by banks in the development of their resource and management policies, in the analysis of the volatility of capitalization level, by state bodies in the development of national policies of the country’s economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In psychotherapy, strength-based methods (SBM) represent efforts to build on patients' strengths while addressing the deficits and challenges that led them to come to therapy. SBM are incorporated to some extent in all major psychotherapy approaches, but data on their unique contribution to psychotherapy efficacy is scarce. First, we conducted a systematic review and narrative synthesis of eight process-outcome psychotherapy studies that investigated in-session SBM and their relation to immediate outcomes. Second, we conducted a systematic review and multilevel comparative meta-analysis contrasting strength-based bona fide psychotherapy vs. other bona fide psychotherapy at post-treatment (57 effect sizes nested in 9 trials). Despite their methodological variability, the pattern of results in the process-outcome studies was generally positive, such that SBM were linked with more favorable immediate, session-level patient outcomes. The comparative meta-analysis found an overall weighted average effect size of g = 0.17 (95% CIs [0.03, 0.31], p <.01) indicating a small but significant effect in favor of strength-based bona fide psychotherapies. There was non-significant heterogeneity among the effect sizes (Q(56) = 69.1, p =.11; I2 = 19%, CI [16%, 22%]). Our findings suggest that SBMs may not be a trivial by-product of treatment progress and may provide a unique contribution to psychotherapy outcomes. Thus, we recommend integration of SBM to clinical training and practice across treatment models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper combines reference point techniques and econometric analyses to provide the profile of non‐life insurers that simultaneously optimize the strategic growth, profitability, and risk goals. The econometric analyses provide the relevant relations among the variables. Non‐life insurers from 33 Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries over a six‐year period are analyzed. A cluster analysis allows forming groups of countries according to the non‐life insurance penetration ratio. Several scenarios, which are characterized by the maturity of the market and the crisis/non‐crisis situation, are studied. The results indicate that the highest level of profitability (growth) is linked to scenarios with a medium (low) level of maturity and booming times. They also show that the lowest level of risk that is representative of good performance is associated with scenarios where markets have a high level of maturity and crisis times. We find that a higher recommendable size is associated with more mature markets. The results also indicate that reinsurance utilization is linked to a crisis time. We additionally find that the recommendable level of capitalization differs significantly among scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus pandemic has influenced relationship dynamics due to heightened stress, increased isolation, and the need for social distancing. Prior work suggests receiving support for positive events ("capitalization support") during this time could boost well‐being, but only if it is provided in a manner that is active (involved) and constructive (supportive), as opposed to passive (uninvolved) and/or destructive (discouraging). Given the need for reduced social contact, we predicted the pandemic would make providing active, constructive support more challenging and might increase the frequency of passive support. We conducted two studies to explore how perceptions of capitalization methods may have shifted during the pandemic using an online participant pool (MTurk). Overall, we found that participants reported receiving significantly less active‐constructive capitalization support and receiving more passive‐constructive support during the pandemic (compared to pre‐pandemic perceptions). In addition, we found that those who reported receiving and providing more active‐constructive support tended to report more positive well‐being outcomes. Interestingly, passive‐constructive support was also associated with greater well‐being for recipients (counter to prior research that has shown it associated with only costs). Overall, our data suggests that capitalization support perceptions are associated with well‐being even during the pandemic, but methods of capitalization support perceived may have shifted during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Capitalization"—the process of sharing a personal positive event with others—provides disclosers with many advantages such as increased self-esteem, relationship quality, and relationship trust. Existing theory on capitalization has been developed within the context of close relationships where individuals typically maintain aligned outcomes. However, when outcomes are opposed such as when individuals are competing, capitalization may not be an effective relationship behavior as currently conceptualized. In this work, I examine the consequences of capitalization within the workplace, a context that is characteristically competitive. I build a model of workplace interpersonal capitalization, defined as the process of sharing personal work-related positive events with coworkers. Drawing from social comparison theory, I posit that hearing a coworker disclose work-related positive events causes an employee to experience either inspiration or envy as a function of the degree to which the disclosing coworker is viewed as a competitor. Furthermore, I explain how these inspirational and envious reactions motivate interpersonal citizenship behavior and social undermining, respectively. Overall, I establish distinct responder-based reactions and postulate competition as a key boundary condition that alters the effects of capitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines whether the capitalization–amortization or the direct-expensing method for insurance acquisition costs and commissions better reflects the economic substance. We find that both the currently capitalized–amortized acquisition costs and the as-if asset balance of expensed commissions are positively associated with the market value of equity, and are closely related to the level and volatility of subsequent insurance premiums. Results also show that when explaining the market value of equity, the insurance commission is significantly negative if capitalized and amortized, but is insignificant if directly expensed. The authors are the first to examine how the insurance acquisition costs and commissions are related to subsequent economic benefits, and our results are consistent with IFRS 17 under which the acquisition costs shall not be immediately expensed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first public finance study to provide a systematic evaluation of municipal dissolution in the context of U.S. Using local government annual financial statistics from 1996 to 2019 in the state of New York, I first employ an event study framework to analyze whether economies of scale are present when a municipal government is dissolved. Then, based on parcel-level property sales data in New York from 2000 to 2018, I combine propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DID) to provide an overall evaluation by investigating how much home buyers value dissolution, as measured by how much they are willing to pay to live in a municipality that has recently dissolved. Overall, I find that the dissolution of a municipal government does lead to short-term changes in revenue composition, but it does not have any significant impact on aggregate government size or house sales prices. The empirical findings suggest that the economies of scale, which is the claimed primary benefit behind centralization, may not be as large as typically expected or, at least, it does not substantially outweigh other values residents appreciate, such as decentralized service provision, policy agenda control, and local culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demonyms (words expressing affiliation to an ethnic group, nation, state, city, etc.) need to be capitalized in the Czech language. However, research in various disciplines in recent decades has shown that some names that have been clearly understood as designations of the affiliation to a nation or an ethnic group do not correspond to the current understanding of these terms. Such designations include the words Keltové (Celts) and Germáni (ancient Germans), which in fact represent constructs artificially created by ancient Greek and Roman authors to denote large groups of barbarians regardless of what these barbarians called themselves, how they identified themselves, what languages they spoke, etc. If we regard the Celts or the ancient Germans as artificial constructs rather than ethnic groups, however, they need to be written with small initial letters according to the rules of the Czech orthography - keltové and germáni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of investigating and discovering crimes, examining criminal cases in the court session, issues and questions often arise, the solution of which requires the application of specialized knowledge in the field of science, technology, art or craft. These questions are resolved by persons possessing special knowledge and invested with appropriate powers in this respect. The knowledge obtained by certain subjects in the process of practical activity through the special training or professional experience they possess, based on a system of theoretical knowledge in the respective field, is recognized as special. However, the possibilities of forensics in ensuring that the judicial bodies obtain authentic, accurate and objective information regarding the crimes committed are constantly increasing. Currently, the science of forensics is in full development and consolidation. Forensic researchers, in the scientific works developed, make heavy use of modern achievements in various fields of science. This direction of scientific and practical research has become one of the most important in the further improvement of the forensic activity of investigation and detection of crimes. As a result, the creative potential of forensics is continuously expanding, and the arsenal of tools, procedures and methods recommended by it is becoming more and more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of capitalization of Ukrainian land are studied in this work. The evaluation of technique approaches has been done to investigate the capitalization level. The parameters of land resources capitalization have been calculated according to the index system. The special features of parameters have been investigated. As the analysis shows, the land capitalization isn’t satisfactory. According to the coefficient of capital formation, which shows the system of prerequisites of this process, the state level in 2020 was 0.1604. Taking this into account, the possibilities of capitalization processes in the field of land use of the state and regions are not satisfactory. This is also confirmed by the calculation of the potential capitalization index, which for the state was 14.6% at a threshold value of 15%. The values of the real capitalization are even lower. For the potential capitalization on the regional level, there are some definite variations, but they are balanced. Maximal indexes are in and around the Ukrainian capital, as well as they are available in the regions of high economical level. Single regions’ (10 regions) indexes exceed the state level. These regions are leading as for their indexes of land capitalization. Minimal values are fixed in the north and west regions. The difference between maximal and minimal indexes of regions is varied up to ten times. When we take a look at the regions with low indexes, the problem lies in the fact that the values of costs and profitableness (rent) of land correlate mutually very little. The system of improving the capitalization level has been formed. Building up the institutional environment, which would be able to provide the gradual economization of soil and its opportunity for capitalization, is very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are unprofitable gig work platforms so highly valued? Recent scholarship argues that gig platforms configure their data and computational infrastructure as financial assets, and that this speculative valuation offsets monetary losses on ride-hailing and food-delivery services. At the root of this valuation, however, is a narrative of efficiency and optimization that has little bearing on platforms' on-the-ground operations. In practice, gig work platforms are remarkably inefficient. I build on Veblen's work on the business enterprise to argue that platforms' financial exceptionalism owes to their unique capacity to strategically insert inefficiencies within and beyond the market encounters they broker, a pattern that I call 'platform sabotage.' The paper offers five vignettes of platform sabotage at work, illustrating how platforms target their strategic inefficiencies across various constituencies of market actors. The paper concludes with discussion of sabotage as a modality of platformization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stock market is a mechanism for attracting investment in the country's economy. Thus, its development is important. The article emphasizes the role of investment funds, which makes investing massive. It is noted that at present there is only one functioning stock exchange in Georgia - the Georgian Stock Exchange, although in 2015 the Tbilisi Stock Exchange was also established. The activities of the stock exchange are inextricably linked with the activities of the central depository, which is currently an institution that confirms the rights to electronic securities, but the deponent is not always the owner of the securities. At the same time, a line was drawn between the activities of the central depository and the specialized depository. It is noted that today the stock exchanges are formed in electronic form as joint stock companies. As for the capitalization of the stock market, in practice, when discussing the capitalization of companies, they always have in mind only the capitalization of joint-stock companies, the total market value of the shares they develop, while the capitalization of the bond market is more important. The flow of free cash to the stock market leads to an increase in demand for securities, but starting from a certain point, profits and dividends may decline. Among macroeconomic indicators, the following indicators have a high correlation with the sovereign credit rating: per capita income, GDP growth rates, inflation rate, the size and dynamics of external debt, the level of economic development, credit history, as well as budgetary and current deposits of the operating balance. It also emphasizes the fact that the securities market loves scale, so the most important factor in the development of the Georgian stock market is to consider the issue from a regional point of view. However, as practice has shown, the development of the stock industry in our country is possible (2000-2007, when the National Securities Commission was the regulatory body). The National Bank of Georgia became a permanent member of IOSCO in 2021, which means that as a result of the "fi st generation" reform, the capital market regulatory framework in Georgia has been brought into line with international standards. The article gives some recommendations that will contribute to the development of the stock business in the country, namely: restoration in the law of a fundamental provision on the securities market, according to which public securities can only be traded on the stock exchange, protection of minority investors and structural changes (for example, combining the functions of registrars with a central depository), as well as the issuance of inflation-protected securities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We exploit exogenous changes in land value tax burden caused by a municipal-level government reform in 2010 to examine the property tax capitalization. In 2010, three pairs of counties and cities were merged into three municipalities (Taichung City, Tainan City, and Kaohsiung City), resulting in increases in taxes of lands of the original cities and decreases in taxes of lands of the original counties. Using 2007-2015 land transaction data, the difference-in-difference estimates suggest robust evidence of capitalization in lands of the original counties. However, there are mixed results on capitalization in the lands of the original cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent decades, many high-level policy documents of the country have emphasized the need for mission-oriented focus and differentiation of scientific institutions to achieve scientific authority. The aim of this study was to quantify the scientific authority of the best evidence-based indicators and the desirable model in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: In this research, which was conducted through expert decision-making and the hierarchical group decision-making model to design. Initially, nominal groups from various departments provided their prominent indicators and reviewed their current status in terms of weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats. In multiple expert panels with 5 specialized sessions, the current situation was analyzed by combining the 4 components of the strategic plan, the prominent indicators were quantified, and then the main priorities were explained in order of priority by weighting the indicators from the Group Analytic Hierarchical Process. Results: The results of the hierarchical group decision-making model in determining the prominent indicators of the university showed that the fields of education, research, infrastructure/human resources, and medical services are identifiable. Each indicator has many sub indicators and model design as an authority in university. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, universities can establish scientific authority, along with the available evidence, can provide a basis for the development of universities in line with the country's scientific development plan. It is crucial to clarify the identities of universities and develop suitable operational programs to facilitate the realization of these goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiannual growth systems are modeled in generic terms and investigated using partial derivatives and Lagrange multipliers. Grown stock density and temperature sum are used as independent variables. Estate capitalization increases continuously with grown stock and temperature sum, whereas capital return rate and gross profit rate reach a maximum with respect to grown stock. As two restrictions are applied simultaneously, the results mostly but not always follow intuition. The derivative of capital return rate with respect to gross profit rate is positive, and negative with respect to capitalization. The derivative of capitalization with respect to capital return rate shows some positive values, as well as that with respect to gross profit rate. The derivative of the gross profit rate is positive with respect to both capitalization and capital return rate. The results indicate a variety of alternative strategies, which may or may not be multiobjective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Researches on natural heritage, summarized in studies on geosites, highlight mostly the importance they have from the point of view of geosciences, thus focusing on genetic factors (the cause of the occurrence), less on those of capitalization (their effect in relation to society). This paper presents the scientific importance of the “Sarea lui Buzău” geosite, located in the sub-Carpathian sector of the Buzău River valley, and aims to highlight the geological and geomorphological characteristics and the novelty elements imposed by it, as well as to analyze the vulnerability elements that need to be known in order to make a sustainable exploitation of the geosite. As the methods of inventorying and assessing geomorphosites have diversified, providing researchers with objective views, the understanding of the scientific value has generated new challenges, this time oriented towards answering concerns about the management of inventoried and assessed features. Thus, a new stage in the study of geosites, namely the post-assessment stage, has acquired an identity and a growing role. This brings together all the methodological, material, and decision-making elements that play an active role from the moment the assessment of the scientific and additional values of the geological-morphological site is completed. New studies may be included in this stage and new qualitative or quantitative methods may be applied, focusing on the analysis of the regional framework and the involvement of social, economic, cultural, political, and other locally specific factors. All these elements make up an “external environment” that plays a vital role, since understanding them and adopting appropriate strategies in line with the rigors imposed by it are a requirement for effective geosite management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociedade e Estado is the property of Sociedade e Estado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economic Horizons / Ekonomski Horizonti is the property of Economic Horizons and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The politicization and militarization of migration, currently instituted to prevent the growing movement of people from the periphery, are symptomatic of the unprecedented terminal crisis of historical capitalism. Oblivious to the fact of entering the realm of its dissolution for some time, the capitalist system follows a familiar playbook and calls for, among other things, increased control and militarization of migration. This time however, the reliable and time-tested cyclical reconstitution of the system is inoperable. The crisis is terminal because it finds itself in a deadly predicament of increased economic and environmental costs of appropriation that have chocked capitalization , which in turn exacerbates polarization, corruption, environmental degradation, uneven North/South power relations, and increased displacement of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to present aspects regarding stock indices on the national capital market (Bucharest Stock Exchange, BVB). The pages of this article contain information on the importance of stock indices, the ways of forming the twelve stock indices, as well as the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine on their evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research was motivated by observed particularities of local communities and the necessity of local rural economy diversification. Development through rural tourism is a possible sustainable response that can be implemented in many of Europe's rural areas, including Marginimea Sibiului. Thus, the purpose of this research, and its main contribution, was to identify the specific features of the Marginimea Sibiului area and possible strategies for capitalizing on local resources through rural tourism activities. We also sought to understand the extent to which rural tourism is seen by the owners of tourist structures as a developmental possibility. We utilized a case study research method to address these questions. The research has major implications due to the questionnaires applied to the owners of rural tourism structures during August 2022, which allowed us to determine: the motivation of tourist structure owners to carry out tourism activity, the degree of development, aspects concerning the operation and management of the tourist structure, and future development and improvement of the owned products. Because the area is representative at the national level in terms of rural tourism activity, an X-ray was sketched after the conclusions were drawn, which issued some proposals for "mixing" the resources through rural tourist activities as a "presentation modality", which may potentially have favorable future consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effect of capitalization vs. expensing on UK firms' R&D expenditures. Our investigation is motivated by the UK's mandatory switch from UK GAAP to IFRS in 2005. Under UK GAAP, firms could elect to expense or capitalize development expenditures, but IFRS mandates capitalization. Thus, "capitalizers" maintained their accounting method, while "switchers" were required to change from expensing to capitalization. We examine the effect of the rule change on the amount of the two groups' R&D expenditures, and we find that switching firms increased their R&D expenditures more than firms that continued to capitalize. We subject our results to numerous robustness tests, and across all of them our results support the conclusion that the accounting method affects the amount that firms invest in R&D. Our results attest to the real effects of accounting policy on firms' R&D investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that enthusiastic responses to personal good news are associated with positive relationship qualities, whereas more muted or ambivalent responses tend to have negative effects on relationships. This process, called capitalization, has been studied almost exclusively in Western cultures. The present research examined capitalization in three East Asian cultural groups (Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan), as well as in the United States. Whereas enthusiastic responses were associated with positive relationship outcomes in all groups, muted and critical responses showed significant moderation by culture. In three North American samples, these responses were negatively associated with relationship qualities. However, muted and critical responses revealed strong and positive correlations with relationship outcomes in Mainland China, non-significant associations in Hong Kong, and significant negative (but still weaker than in North America) associations in Taiwan. These findings point to the importance of examining relationship processes in the context of culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We provide evidence that the documented weakening of the accrual–cash flow association results not from a loss of accrual accounting usefulness per se, but from the deviation from accrual accounting as it relates to intangible investments. More specifically, the weakening of the negative association is driven by the combined effects of (1) increasing intangible investments, (2) the practice of expensing rather than capitalizing intangible investments, and (3) scaling accruals and cash flows by book value of assets, which are understated for intangible‐intensive firms. Treating intangible expenditures as capitalized investments and scaling accruals and cash flows by market value of equity, which reflects the value of intangible investments, (1) substantially strengthens the negative association between accruals and cash flows and (2) practically eliminates the apparent weakening trend in the association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how county governments respond to plausibly random increases in the local tax base generated by wind energy installations using data on the universe of U.S. installations from 1995 through 2017. Wind energy installation led to large increases in county revenue and expenditures, with county governments using this revenue to prioritize spending on highways and hospitals. We also find that wind energy installation led to increases in county property values, suggesting that residents value the enhancements to local public services, property tax reductions, or other changes to local amenities that accompany wind energy installation. Applications for Practice: This study finds that wind energy installations provide positive fiscal benefits to county governments, notably by increasing own‐source revenue. Counties respond to the increase in the tax base due to wind energy by increasing spending on highways and hospitals. We find very little evidence that counties respond to wind energy by providing property tax relief. The impacts of wind energy increase with installed capacity: counties at or above the 75th percentile of installed capacity disproportionately benefit from wind energy installations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We exploit an admission reform of junior high schools in Chengdu, China, to identify the capitalization effect of high-quality educational facilities on housing prices. Since 2013, some elite junior high schools have conducted an experimental policy called the four-year junior high school project (hereinafter referred to as FJHP). The FJHP reduced the admission chances to elite junior high schools within the FJHP school districts via lottery. Based on 88,745 resale housing transaction records from Chengdu during 2010–2018, we used the difference-in-difference (DID) methodology to estimate the average price effect of the FJHP. Furthermore, we established a DID model with quantile regression to estimate the heterogeneous effect of the FJHP on housing prices. The empirical results show that the implementation of the FJHP reduced the housing prices in the relevant school districts by at least 5.5%, and its price reduction effect increased over time. The quantile regression results show that households with high-priced housing are more sensitive to the change of admission chance to elite junior high schools, which indicates the inequality in accessing high-quality school facilities under the designating admission zone policy. This study concludes with implications for improving the accessibility of school facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of kindergarten proximity on housing market prices in the eleven major Italian Municipalities over the period 2004–2017. For this purpose, we employ a hedonic property price model. We also differentiate the impact of kindergarten proximity on houses' market price between state and non-state premises. The findings highlight that (i) the level of housing price depends on kindergarten proximity; (ii) some quality school characteristics played a crucial role and (iii) the distinction between public and non-state kindergartens shows that the vicinity of the latter generates a more significant capitalization effect. Finally, the empirical evidence could be useful to several actors involved in urban planning when developing plans for the construction of new kindergartens in order to create a more homogeneous city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of competition on nonperforming loans in the Nigerian banking industry between 2011 and 2018 using the system generalized method of moments. The findings establish the competition‐stability hypothesis in the Nigerian context. The interaction between competition and bank size/capitalization has a positive and significant effect on nonperforming loans. These results showed that low competition increased nonperforming loans in the Nigerian banking industry while bank size and capitalization enhanced competition to increase nonperforming loans. Also, bank size/capitalization are complementary for addressing nonperforming loans. The paper recommends that the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) regulates the market power of the five largest banks in the industry to address the adverse effects of competition on mounting nonperforming loans in the Nigerian banking industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors estimate the value of public infrastructure using a panel of rural and urban counties in the United States from 1970 to 2012. Regression estimates imply public infrastructure increases employment more in urban counties, while improving property values more in rural ones; positive effects on income are similar. Spatial equilibrium modeling suggests public capital has similar quality-of-life and productivity benefits in urban and rural areas but does more to reduce costs of providing housing in urban ones. While public investments in rural and urban counties appear to pass conventional cost-benefit tests, dollar-per-dollar they are more valuable in urban counties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the issue of capitalization in the handwritten Book of Testimonies of Bojkovice (1630--1721). The author focuses on nouns and adjectives and the evaluation is based on lexical meaning. The results deepen the understanding of the tendencies of the writing of majuscules in manuscripts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of schools and their capitalization in property values has been analyzed extensively. Our contribution is to analyze this effect in an alternative institutional context. In this case study, we analyzed the housing market in Stockholm, Sweden. What distinguishes the Swedish school system is that we have a free choice of schools, which means that a family does not necessarily have to live in a school district to access the schools in that area. This means that families do not have to move to the district to which they intend to send their children but can apply to send them there regardless of whether they live there or not. Nevertheless, families might be interested in living close to good schools to be within walking distance of these schools. This is especially true at the primary school level. Therefore, we analyzed schools' capitalization in property values in the context of free school choice. We used data on transaction prices for condominiums in Stockholm's inner city. The results indicate a capitalization of living close to good schools, but this capitalization is limited. We can show that schools' capitalization depends partly on the quality of the schools and partly on whether or not they are co-located with other externalities, such as green areas. The results also indicate that capitalization is affected by income differences within the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A person can reap psychological benefits when sharing their accomplishments or capitalizing with a partner. These benefits often depend on whether a partner responds with enthusiasm; however, it is unknown what prompts enthusiastic responses. In two experiments, we aimed to examine whether partners reciprocate enthusiastic responses to capitalization attempts. In Study 1, participants (N = 394) who recalled their partner's past enthusiastic feedback to capitalization attempts endorsed stronger intentions to respond enthusiastically to their partner's capitalization attempts (relative to a comparison group recalling their partner's prior demeaning feedback). In Study 2 (N = 326), we found that enthusiastic responses to capitalization attempts were reciprocated among romantic couples but reciprocation was not mediated by subjective emotion, emotional expressiveness, nor physiological responses. In conclusion, our findings support reciprocity in capitalization, i.e. romantic partners are more motivated and more likely to respond enthusiastically to capitalization attempts depending on their partner's previous behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]