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The aim of this study was to evaluate the foliar chelated forms of Mg and Fe, on grape yield and mineral status of the shoots of vine cultivar Cardinal. Field trials were organized using a random block system with three variants, including a control (Variant I), each replicated three times. Foliar fertilizers were applied at a concentration of 0.5% on four occasions throughout the vegetation period: before and after blooming, during buckshot berry stage, and at the verasion stage. Over the ivestigation of three years, the application of foliar Mg and Fe fertilizers significantly influenced grape yield. The variant treated with Fe (VFe) demonstrated a higher average yield of 14.87 t/ha. Furthermore, a noticeable impact of foliar fertilizers on the concentration of analyzed elements in grapevine shoots was observed. Over the three-year period, the average content of macro elements, including nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, and iron, was higher in the treated variants compared to the control. Additionally, results from shoot tissue analysis confirmed the existence of an antagonistic relationship between magnesium and potassium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Church in the World / Crkva u Svijetu is the property of University of Split, Catholic Faculty of Theology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the results of a two-year study of the influence of different vine loads with fertile buds on the agrobiological, economic and technological characteristics of the Cardinal variety. The research was carried out in the vineyard of the Biotechnical Faculty in Podgorica subregion. Four different vine loads with fertile buds were applied: 8, 12, 16 and 18 buds. The results of the research showed that the applied loads had a significant impact on the examined parameters of the Cardinal variety. The obtained results on the average yield of grapes show that the lowest value of this parameter was the variant with a load of 8 buds - 1.45 kg m-2, while the highest grape yield was recorded for the variant with a load of 16 buds (2.03 kg m-2). V1 variant had the highest average bunch (386 g) and berries (7g) weight, while V4 had the smallest bunch (285 g) and berries (5.95 g) weight. The quality of the grapes also varied significantly under the influence of the vine load. The highest sugar content in must was recorded in the variant with a load of 8 buds - 15.79%, and the lowest in the variant with 18 buds - 14.30%. The acid content did not differ significantly between the tested variants. V4 variant had the highest - 4.30 g/l, and V1 and V3 variants - 4.05 g/l measured the lowest acid content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being involved in development of Huntington's, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan metabolism plays a significant role in modulation of neuropathology. Accumulation of a prooxidant 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HOK) leads to oxidative stress and neuronal cell apoptosis. Drosophila mutant cardinal (cd1) with 3-HOK excess shows age-dependent neurodegeneration and short-term memory impairments, thereby presenting a model for senile dementia. Although cd gene for phenoxazinone synthase (PHS) catalyzing 3-HOK dimerization has been presumed to harbor the cd1 mutation, its molecular nature remained obscure. Using next generation sequencing, we have shown that the cd gene in cd1 carries a long deletion leading to PHS active site destruction. Contrary to the wild type Canton-S (CS), cd1 males showed defective long-term memory (LTM) in conditioned courtship suppression paradigm (CCSP) at days 5–29 after eclosion. The number of dopaminergic neurons (DAN) regulating fly locomotor activity showed an age-dependent tendency to decrease in cd1 relative to CS. Thus, in accordance with the concept "from the gene to behavior" proclaimed by S. Benzer, we have shown that the aberrant PHS sequence in cd1 provokes drastic LTM impairments and DAN alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Pravni Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kynurenine pathway is critically important to catabolize tryptophan, to produce eye chromes, and to protect nervous system in insects. However, several issues related to tryptophan degradation remain to be clarified. In the present paper, we identified three genes (karmoisin, vermilion and cardinal) involved in kynurenine pathway in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. The karmoisin and cardinal were highly expressed in the pupae and adults having compound eyes. Consistently, high-performance liquid chromatography result showed that three ommochrome peaks were present in adult heads rather than bodies (thoraces, legs, wings and abdomens). RNA interference (RNAi)-aided knockdown of vermilion caused accumulation of tryptophan in both adult heads and bodies, disappearance of ommochromes in the heads and a complete loss of eye color in both pupae and adults. Depletion of cardinal brought about excess of 3-hydroxykynurenine and insufficient ommochromes in the heads and decolored eyes. RNAi of karmoisin resulted in a decrease in ommochromes in the heads, and a partial loss of eye color. Moreover, a portion of karmoisin-, vermilion- or cardinal-silenced adults exhibited negative phototaxis, whereas control beetles showed positive phototaxis. Furthermore, dysfunctions of tryptophan catabolism impaired climbing ability. Our findings clearly illustrated several issues related to kynurenine pathway and provided a new insight into the physiological importance of tryptophan catabolism in H. vigintioctopunctata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces extended natural numbers, i.e. the set ℕ ∪ {+∞}, in Mizar [4], [3] and formalizes a way to list a cardinal numbers of cardinals. Both concepts have applications in graph theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysfunctions of kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism (KPTM) are associated with multiple neuropathologies in vertebrates and invertebrates. Drosophila mutants with altered content of kynurenines are model objects for studying the molecular processes of neurodegeneration and senile dementia. The mutant cardinal (cd1) with accumulation of the redox stress inductor 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HOK) shows age-dependent impairments of the courtship song and middle-term memory. The molecular mechanisms for 3-HOK accumulation in cd1 are still unknown. Here, we have studied age-dependent differences in spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) for the wild type strain Canton-S (CS), cd1 , and cinnabar (cn1) with an excess of neuroprotective kynurenic acid (KYNA). We have also estimated the level and distribution of protein-bound 3-HOK (PB-3-HOK) in Drosophila brains (Br) and head tissues. The middle-age cd1 show the higher running speed and lower run frequency compared to CS , for cn1 the situation is the opposite. There is a decrease in the index of activity for 40-day-old cd1 that seems to be an effect of the oxidative stress development. Surprisingly, PB-3-HOK level in Drosophila heads, brains, and head capsules (HC) is several times lower for cd1 compared to CS. This complements the traditional hypothesis that cd1 phenotype results from a mutation in phenoxazinone synthase (PHS) gene governing the brown eye pigment xanthommatin synthesis. In addition to 3-HOK dimerization, cd1 mutation affects protein modification by 3-HOK. The accumulation of free 3-HOK in cd1 may result from the impairment of 3-HOK conjugation with some proteins of the brain and head tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A space X is said to be cellular-Lindelöf if, for every family U of disjoint non-empty open sets of X, there is a Lindelöf subspace L ⊂ X , such that U ∩ L ≠ ∅ for every U ∈ U . This class of spaces was introduced by Bella and Spadaro in 2007. In this paper, our main result is to show that the Pixley–Roy space F [ X ] is cellular-Lindelöf if and only if it is CCC. We also establish a cardinal inequality for cellular-Lindelöf spaces which have a symmetric g-function. Some open questions are posed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a set x , let ${\cal S}\left(x \right)$ be the set of all permutations of x. We prove by the method of permutation models that the following statements are consistent with ZF: (1) There is an infinite set x such that $|\wp \left(x \right)| , where $\wp \left(x \right)$ is the power set of x , seq (x) is the set of all finite sequences of elements of x , and seq1-1 (x) is the set of all finite sequences of elements of x without repetition. (2) There is a Dedekind infinite set x such that $|{\cal S}\left(x \right)| and such that there exists a surjection from x onto ${\cal S}\left(x \right)$. (3) There is an infinite set x such that there is a finite-to-one function from ${\cal S}\left(x \right)$ into x. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a set x , let ${\cal S}\left(x \right)$ be the set of all permutations of x. We prove in ZF (without the axiom of choice) several results concerning this notion, among which are the following: (1) For all sets x such that ${\cal S}\left(x \right)$ is Dedekind infinite, $\left| {{{\cal S}_{{\rm{fin}}}}\left(x \right)} \right| and there are no finite-to-one functions from ${\cal S}\left(x \right)$ into ${{\cal S}_{{\rm{fin}}}}\left(x \right)$ , where ${{\cal S}_{{\rm{fin}}}}\left(x \right)$ denotes the set of all permutations of x which move only finitely many elements. (2) For all sets x such that ${\cal S}\left(x \right)$ is Dedekind infinite, $\left| {{\rm{seq}}\left(x \right)} \right| and there are no finite-to-one functions from ${\cal S}\left(x \right)$ into seq (x), where seq (x) denotes the set of all finite sequences of elements of x. (3) For all infinite sets x such that there exists a permutation of x without fixed points, there are no finite-to-one functions from ${\cal S}\left(x \right)$ into x. (4) For all sets x , $|{[x]^2}|. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a three-year study (2010-2012) on the influence of different types and combinations of fertilisers on the agro-biological, economic and technological characteristics of the Cardinal variety of grapes. The study was carried out in the experimental vineyard of the Biotechnical Faculty in Podgorica to explore the possibility of reducing the use of mineral fertilisers by applying various organic fertiliser sources. Ten variants of fertilisation were applied: control (500 kg ha-1, NPK 8:16:24), cattle manure (25 t ha-1), poultry manure (10 t ha-1), peat (12 t ha-1), combination of 75% mineral fertiliser and 25% cattle manure, combination of 75% mineral fertiliser and 25% poultry manure, combination of 75% mineral fertiliser and 25% peat, combination of 50% mineral fertiliser and 50% cattle fertiliser, combination of 50% mineral fertiliser and 50% poultry manure, and combination of 50% mineral fertiliser and 50% peat. The results demonstrate the possibility of using organic fertilisers to partially replace mineral fertilisers. The application of 50% mineral fertiliser and 50% organic fertilisers produced the best results in terms of grape yield and the physical and chemical characteristics of bunches and berries of the Cardinal variety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We say that a space X has the discrete countable chain condition (DCCC for short) if every discrete family of nonempty open subsets of X is countable. A space X has a zeroset diagonal if there is a continuous mapping f : X2 ! [0, 1] with X = f-1(0), where X = {(x, x) : x 2 X}. In this paper, we prove that every first countable DCCC space with a zeroset diagonal has cardinality at most c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ommochrome is the major source for eye coloration of all insect species so far examined. Phenoxazinone synthetase (PHS) has always been regarded as the terminal step enzyme for ommochrome formation, which is encoded by cardinal or karmoisin genes. Our previous study indicated that the karmoisin ortholog gene (Nl‐karmoisin) product in the brown planthopper (BPH) was a monocarboxylate transporter, while not a PHS. Here, based on full‐length complementary DNA, the cardinal ortholog gene in BPH (Nl‐cardinal) product was predicted to be a haem peroxidase rather than a PHS. We suggest for the first time that neither karmoisin nor cardinal encodes the PHS, but whether PHS participates in BPH eye pigmentation needs further research. Nymphal RNA interference (RNAi) experiments showed that knockdown Nl‐cardinal transcript led the BPH ocelli and compound eye to color change from brown to red, while knockdown Nl‐karmoisin only made the ocelli present the red phenotype. Notably, not only the Nl‐cardinal transcript, dscd injection (Nl‐cardinal targeting double‐stranded DNA (dsRNA)) also significantly reduced the Nl‐karmoisin transcript by 33.7%, while dska (Nl‐karmoisin targeting dsRNA) injection did not significantly change the Nl‐cardinal transcript. Considering the above RNAi and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction results, we propose that Nl‐cardinal plays a more important role in ommochrome synthesis than Nl‐karmoisin, and it may be an upstream gene of Nl‐karmoisin. The present study suggested that both karmoisin and cardinal ortholog genes play a role in ommochrome synthesis in a hemimetabolous insect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Ecclesiastica is the property of Vydavatelstvo Presovskej Univerzity and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lateranum is the property of Lateran University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Filosofía UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is necessary to understand the effects of environmental conditions, especially temperature, on weed seed germination patterns, in order to make comprehensive and effective weed management decisions. The effect of cardinal temperature (0°C, 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C and 40°C) on the germination pattern of three noxious weeds, such as wild barley (Hordeum spontaneumKoch.), barley grass (H. murinumL.) and hoary cress (Cardaria drabaL.) in wheat fields of Iran, was studied in three separate experiments. The experiments were conducted based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The result showed that the germination of all three species started at low temperatures and there was no significant difference in germination percentage (GP) at lower temperatures. About 50% of the weed population germinated within a short period when using a dent-like model indicating the high ability of these weeds to compete for space and resources. Segmented and dent-like models were used to evaluate the cardinal temperatures. The results showed that dent-like model was the preferred model to evaluate germination rate in relation to variable temperatures in hoary cress, while the segmented model was better in wild barley. However, there was no significant difference between the two models for barley grass. The results of this study showed that mechanical, cultural (pre-planting irrigation) and chemical practices could be more useful and effective at 10–30°C. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The first main objective of this paper is to bring to our attention some aspects related to the organisation of the crusade from 1514. The crusade ended up as a revolt and it is fundamental to question the sources regarding the participants, but most important the its leaders. The problem has such dimensions that it would be impossible to enlighten through one study the whole unclear situations related to the event from 1514. Therefore, the next objective will be analysing the role played by one particular leader of the crusade, in the person of the priest Lawrence, who occupied the city of Oradea during the event. Following the main line, I would like to underline the importance of the ecclesiastical personnel without whose contribution the existence of the crusade as an institution would not be possible, despite the fact that almost the entire historiographical attention tended to be driven in the direction of the secular leaders of the crusade, such as Gheorghe Doja/Dózsa or Melchior Bannser/Banckwr/Vanser. The last objective would be to underline the key role that the city of Oradea played during the crusade of 1514. Due to it's position and it's military capacity, Oradea gained a significant strategic importance, being the most important city of the Bihor/Bihar county, since Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose Until now, many different varieties of grey relational grade methods had been proposed, and there are also many relevant publications, which include ordinal grey relational grade and cardinal grey relational grade. However, the most original and important formula is Deng’s grey relational grade. After careful study it was found that although it is an ordinal form of grey relational grade, a rational mathematics model can be used to transfer it from ordinal into cardinal. It not only can enhance the essential of Deng’s grey relational grade, but also can let Deng’s grey relational grade be used more widely. The paper aims to discuss these issue.Design/methodology/approach The paper uses fuzzy set theory to get the rational value of distinguish coefficient in Deng’s grey relational grade, then uses grey entropy method to decide the rational weighting for the analysis sequences in Deng’s grey relational grade.Findings Through the mathematics derivation, it indeed can transfer the Deng’s grey relational grade from ordinal form into cardinal form.Practical implications The paper has deeply enhanced the essential of Deng’s grey relational grade, and made Deng’s grey relational grade more available and more usable in grey system theory.Originality/value The paper has transferred the Deng’s grey relational grade from ordinal into cardinal, it can let Deng’s grey relational grade be used in a wider area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape vines, trained on Y-trellis system were evaluated for their fruiting behaviour during the fruiting season of 2011-12 in Punjab conditions (North India). The maximum number of bunches per vine were recorded in variety Punjab Purple (H-516) and the maximum berries per bunch were recorded in variety Chardonnay. While, the variety Cardinal was promising in other berry characteristics such as berry weight, length, breadth and firmness, juice recovery was higher in variety Merlot. Varieties Himrod, Punjab Purple (H-516) and Pusa Navrang performed better as compared to other varieties with respect to physico- chemical parameters. Based on the overall performance, variety Punjab Purple (H-516) was found to be the most promising under North Indian conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Religious & Sacred Poetry: An International Quarterly of Religion, Culture & Education is the property of Fundacja Naukowa Katolikow Eschaton and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Z Utility Theory refers to a class of nonlinear utility functions for solving Risk and Multiple Criteria Decision-Making problems. Z utility functions are hybrids of additive and nonadditive (nonlinear) functions. This paper addresses the concepts and assessment methods for the additive part of Z-utility functions for multiple criteria problems that satisfy the efficiency (nondominancy) principle. We provide a decision paradigm and guidelines on how to approach, formulate, and solve decision-making problems. We, also, overview the modeling of decision process based on four types of decision-making styles. For multi-criteria problems, a new definition of convex efficiency is introduced. Also polyhedral efficiency is developed for presenting multi-criteria efficiency (nondominancy) graphically. New double helix quasi-linear value functions for multi-criteria are developed. Two types of double helix value functions for solving bi-criteria (Advantages versus Disadvantages) and also risk problems are introduced: Food-Fun curves for expected values and Fight-Flight curves for expected risk values. Ordinal/Cardinal Approach (OCA) for assessment of additive utility functions is developed. Simple consistency tests to determine whether the assessed utility function satisfies ordinal and/or cardinal properties are provided. We show that OCA can also be used to solve outranking problems. We provide a critique of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for assessing additive value functions and show that the developed Ordinal/Cardinal Approach overcomes the shortcomings of AHP. We also develop a unified/integrated approach for simultaneous assessment of nonlinear value and additive (multi-criteria) utility functions. These results in an additive utility function that can be concave, convex, or hybrid concave/convex based on the nonlinear value function. Finally, we show an interactive paired comparisons approach for solving nonadditive and nonlinear utility functions for bi-criteria decision-making problems. Several illustrative examples are provided. The paper provides reliable and robust approaches for modeling the utility preferences of heterogeneous economic agents in macro and micro-economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As urbanization transforms landscapes around the globe, we are challenged to find ways for urban habitats to contribute to ongoing wildlife conservation efforts. Yet aside from basic distributions and relative abundance, we know little about the population dynamics of most species occupying urban habitats and almost nothing about the extent to which local populations serve as source or sink habitats. We analyzed the spatial synchrony and persistence of local populations of 16 avian species breeding in 14 mature riparian forests in central Ohio, USA during 2005-2011. In addition, we examined demographic growth rates (λ) for 2 focal species (northern cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis, and Acadian flycatcher, Empidonax virescens) to understand source-sink structure. Our results showed high rates of population turnover for the majority of species and negative growth rates for both focal species, indicating that most populations functioned as sinks. Local populations showed little evidence of population synchrony, as we found consistently low or negative spatial autocorrelation and relatively high rates of population turnover for both migratory and resident species. Collectively our results suggest that long-term persistence of regional populations of birds breeding in Midwestern riparian forest fragments may be facilitated by metapopulation dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the structure of Yoruba numerals and their derivation. Data are collected from the compilation of Yoruba numerals and observation of its use coupled with the researcher's intuitive knowledge of the language. The work dwells on the existing literature on numerals too. The author adopts a descriptive method in analysing the data. The work looks at the roles of affixes in realising odd numbers, multiples of 20, centenary, bicentenary, and so on in their order of increase. It is discovered that the direction of counting in Yoruba is largely progressive. Besides, the language adopts base 5, decimal (base 10) and vigesimal (base 20) systems of counting. It is equally discovered that the choice of either of the two variationsis largely dependent on the articulatory parameter of the first vowel (V1) of the root word. It is noted that the Yoruba numeral system offers a suitable linguistic database for both the theoretical and empirical domains of linguistic study especially documentary linguistics. The current study has general pedagogic implications for the teaching and learning of Yoruba numerals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Our study is motivated by the importance of the number line in the visualisation of elementary properties of operations and numbers. For the number line to be an aid for visualisation, first it must be conceived as a coordinate system (origin, orientation and unit). This paper focuses on the construction of the concept of position on a line, and on the number as a means of remembering position, for pre-elementary school children aged 5-6 years. Using didactic design as a methodology, we conducted an experiment to observe how knowledge was constructed while carrying out a certain kind of task in a situation where position had to be designated. Our study shows that pupils, despite recognising number as a quantity, fail to apprehend number as something which represents position. They are, however, capable of understanding the characteristic elements of the number line in suitable situations. Our research suggests that it is possible to teach the use of ordinal numbers to young pupils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critical point between varieties $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ of algebras is defined as the least cardinality of the semilattice of compact congruences of a member of $\mathcal{A}$ but of no member of $\mathcal{B}$, if it exists. The study of critical points gives rise to a whole array of problems, often involving lifting problems of either diagrams or objects, with respect to functors. These, in turn, involve problems that belong to infinite combinatorics. We survey some of the combinatorial problems and results thus encountered. The corresponding problematic is articulated around the notion of a k-ladder (for proving that a critical point is large), large free set theorems and the classical notation ( κ, r, λ)→ m (for proving that a critical point is small). In the middle, we find λ-lifters of posets and the relation $(\kappa,{<}\lambda)\leadsto P$, for infinite cardinals κ and λ and a poset P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author introduces the concept of intrinsic set property, by means of which the well-known Cantor's Theorem can be deduced. As a natural consequence of this fact, it is proved that Cantor's Theorem need not imply the existence of a tower of different-size infinities, because the impossibility of defining a bijection between any infinite countable set and its power can be a consequence of the existence of any intrinsic property which does not depend on size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which quantifies the document cryptic sexual dichromatism and ultraviolet (UV) plumage reflectance in the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds such as tanagers and cardinals. The study used UV spectrum, avian visual spectrum, and quantitative analysis. Results show that UV reflectance was not randomly distributed across the birds' phylogeny, while sexual dichromatism was more widespread.

Importing the methodology of Cherchye and Vermeulen (2006), the authors discuss the many ways ‘‘dominetrics’’ can measure performance. They then apply the approach to National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s basketball rankings. The ordinal approach they take removes some subjectivity from the Rating Percentage Index (RPI). Just as Pareto relationships are obtained without subjective cardinal weighting schemes, the dominance relationships applied here eliminate the subjectivity of cardinal weighting. Because heated debate inevitably ensues after the NCAA Selection Committee’s announcement of at-large invitees to the NCAA tournament, the subjectivity-minimizing dominetric provides a barometer for evaluating the relative qualities of college basketball teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a retributive argument against punishment, where punishment is understood as going beyond condemnation or censure, and requiring hard treatment. The argument sets out to show that punishment cannot be justified. The argument does not target any particular attempts to justify punishment, retributive or otherwise. Clearly, however, if it succeeds, all such attempts fail. No argument for punishment is immune from the argument against punishment proposed here. The argument does not purport to be an argument only against retributive justifications of punishment, and so leave open the possibility of a sound non-retributive justification of punishment. Punishment cannot be justified, the paper argues, because it cannot be demonstrated that any punishment, no matter how minimal, is not a disproportionate retributive response to criminal wrongdoing. If we are to hold onto proportionality-that is, proportionality as setting a limit to morally permissible punishment-then punishment is morally impermissible. The argument is a retributive argument against punishment insofar as a just retributive response to wrongdoing must be proportionate to the wrongdoing. The argument, that is, is concerned with proportionality as a retributive requirement. The argument against punishment is set out on the basis of a familiar version of the 'anchoring problem', according to which it is the problem of determining the most severe punishment to anchor or ground the punishment scale. To meet the possible criticism that we have chosen a version of the anchoring problem particularly favourable to our argument, various alternative statements of the anchoring problem are considered. Considering such statements also provides a more rounded view of the anchoring problem. One such alternative holds that the punishment scale must be anchored not just in the most severe punishment, but in the least severe punishment as well. Other alternatives hold that it is necessary and sufficient to anchor the punishment scale in any two punishments, neither of which needs to be the most or least severe punishment. A further suggestion is that one anchoring point anywhere along the punishment scale is sufficient, because it is possible to 'project' from such a point, so as to determine the correlative punishments for all other crimes, and so derive a complete punishment scale. Finally, the suggestion is considered that one can approach the issue of a punishment scale 'holistically', denying any distinction between anchoring and derived (or 'projected') punishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anomalies of the cardinal vein system (CVS) are uncommon but if unidentified can lead to life-threatening complications. We report a case with a novel malformation of the CVS. Autopsy with in situ dissection of heart and large vessels in a 25-day-old infant was performed. The infant was diagnosed with congenital heart disease, and systemic venous malformations were suspected by imaging. Correlation between premortem imaging and postmortem anatomy was performed. The superior and inferior left venous systems developed abnormally. A persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) drained into the right atrium via the coronary sinus. A persistent left inferior vena cava (PLIVC) continued with the hemiazygos vein (HV), which drained into the PLSVC. The innominate vein was absent. The left renal vein was connected to the HV. Two common iliac veins were identified. The left drained into the PLIVC and the right into the right inferior vena cava (IVC). Perinatal echocardiography identified only the dilated HV draining to an LSVC and a small IVC. Congenital heart disease included hypoplastic left ventricle with hypoplastic aortic arch and subaortic stenosis, which were diagnosed by fetal ultrasound. Remodeling of components of CVS takes place during development, and unknown mechanisms guide this process. Defects of this process can lead to variable malformations, as demonstrated by this case. To our knowledge, the combination of complex malformations of both superior and IVC systems that extends to the common iliac veins has not been reported. We recommend identifying vascular anomalies in situ during autopsy before anatomic relationships are altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines elements of the complex place/role/influence of psychology in the history of consumer choice theory. The paper reviews, and then challenges, the standard narrative that psychology was ‘in’ consumer choice theory early in the neoclassical revolution, then strictly ‘out’ during the ordinal and revealed preference revolutions, now (possibly) back in with recent developments in experimental, behavioural and neuroeconomics. The paper uses the work of three particular economic theorists to challenge this standard narrative and then provides an alternative interpretation of the history of the relationship between psychology and consumer choice theory. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum: Biological Sciences is the property of Universidade Estadual de Maringa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The highveld mole-rat, Cryptomys hottentotus pretorine, is a social bathyergid that exhibits a high reproductive skew and occurs in colonies of between S and 14 individuals. Behavinural dominance has previously been assessed in this species using an ordinal ranking procedure and it was found to possess a non-linear dominance hierarchy. The determination of dominance using ordinal ranking is often subjective and cannot deal with ties in rank. This study adapts an objective and robust cardinal assessment method to assign dominance indices to individuals. These indices are then ordered to assign a final rank to each individual within a colony. The non-linear, exponential decay model provided the best fit to data from average cardinal dominance index versus final rank and revealed that colonies contain a single behavinurally-dominant individual. However, final rank could not be predicted on the basis of body mass, sex or assumed reproductive status and is not always statistically significant due to the inherent variation. We propose that the cardinal method of dominance assessment, with the adaptations made in this study, be used in future dominance-related assessments for other bathyergids and social organisms in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers skills and abilities of young children with number in the areas of cardinality and ordinality. Responses to number tasks by a sample of 3- and 4-year-old children are described to outline their differing approaches to determining the numerosity of a set, and to establish their application of ordinality language to describe relative position in a line. The findings identify and categorise the different approaches taken by children when responding to the tasks, offer possible developmental sequences, and make links between these sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a detailed study of what are traditionally called the cardinal virtues: prudence, justice, temperance and fortitude. I defend what I call the Cardinality Thesis, that the traditional four and no others are cardinal. I define cardinality in terms of three sub-theses, the first being that the cardinal virtues are jointly necessary for the possession of every other virtue, the second that each of the other virtues is a species of one of the four cardinals, and the third that many of the other virtues are also auxiliaries of one or more cardinals. I provide abstract arguments for each sub-thesis, followed by illustration from concrete cases. I then use these results to shed light on the two fundamental problems of the acquisition of the virtues and their unity, proving some further theses in the latter case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to a question of Ploščica and Haviar, a chain L is constructed such that $L^3$ has an antichain of infinite cardinality $\kappa$ while $L^2$ does not. The construction applies to any singular $\kappa$ . (Independently, such chains have been constructed for certain regular $\kappa$ by Goldstern and Shelah.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eye pigmentation genes have been utilized as visible markers for constructing genetic control prototypes in several insect vectors of human disease. Here, orthologs of two ommochrome pathway genes, kynurenine 3-hydroxylase (kmo) and cardinal, were investigated in Plutella xylostella, a globally distributed, economically important pest of Brassica crops. Results: Both somatic mosaic and germline mutations were efficiently created using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and null mutant strains of Pxkmo and Pxcardinal were obtained. A frame-shift mutation in Pxkmo caused yellow compound eyes at adult stage while an in-frame mutation lacking two amino acids resulted in a hypomorphic red eye phenotypes. In contrast, Pxcardinal-deficient moths with a frame-shift mutation exhibited yellow eye pigmentation in newly emerged adults which turned to red as the adults aged. Additionally, differences were observed in the coloration of larval ocelli, brains and testes in Pxkmo and Pxcardinal yellow-eye mutant lines. Conclusions: Our work identifies the important roles of Pxkmo and Pxcardinal in P. xylostella eye pigmentation and provides tools for future genetic manipulation of this important crop pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gaze is an important social cue in regulating human and non-human interactions. In this study, we employed an adaptation paradigm to examine the mechanisms underlying the perception of another's gaze. Previous research has shown that the interleaved presentation of leftwards and rightwards gazing adaptor stimuli results in observers judging a wider range of gaze deviations as being direct. We applied a similar paradigm to examine how human observers encode oblique (e.g. upwards and to the left) directions of gaze. We presented observers with interleaved gaze adaptors and examined whether adaptation differed between congruent (adaptor and test along same axis) and incongruent conditions. We find greater adaptation in congruent conditions along cardinal (horizontal and vertical) and non-cardinal (oblique) directions suggesting gaze is not coded alone by cardinal mechanisms. Our results suggest that the functional aspects of gaze processing might parallel that of basic visual features such as orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]