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Background: A decrease in the regenerative capacity of age‐damaged liver tissue has been reported. Liver progenitor cells may play an important role in the regeneration of injured livers. In the present study we aimed to investigate improvements in the regenerative capacity of age‐damaged livers using chemically induced liver progenitors (CLiPs) derived from mature hepatocytes. Methods: Old (>90 weeks) and young (<20 weeks) mice underwent 70% hepatectomy, with or without trans‐splenic CLiP administration. The residual liver/bodyweight (LW/BW) ratio was measured on postoperative days 1 and 7, and changes in liver regeneration and histology were evaluated. Results: At 7 days post‐hepatectomy, LW/BW ratios were significantly better in CLiP‐treated old mice than in untreated old mice (p =.02). By contrast, no effect of CLiP transplantation was observed in young mice (p =.62). Immunofluorescence staining of liver tissue after CLiP administration showed an increase in Ki67‐positive cells (p <.01). Flow cytometry analysis of green fluorescent protein‐labeled CLiPs indicated that transplanted CLiPs differentiated into mature hepatocytes and were present in the recipient liver. Conclusions: CLiP transplantation appears to ameliorate the age‐related decline in liver regeneration in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have been shown to play essential roles in tumour immunity. Also, ILCs are involved in both homeostasis and inflammation. Evidence indicates that uncontrolled inflammatory response predisposes the intestine to colonic dysplasia and colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated the frequency of three subsets of circulating ILCs in the early pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma in the two distinct mouse models of colorectal cancer (CRC). We developed two mouse models representing the early pathogenic also reversible stages of CRC, including a chemically induced model, by administration of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS), and an orthotopic mouse model, using the CT-26 cell line. Based on histopathological examinations, mice were divided into 3 groups including the dysplasia group (which consists of the chemically induced and the orthotopic induced), the chemically induced reparative change group, and a control group which was also considered in which mice were screened for stress originating from interventions and injections. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to evaluate the frequencies of ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3 in the peripheral blood of all studied mice. Altered composition of ILCs was observed in the peripheral blood of mice skewing toward ILC1s in the reparative change group compared to the control group (p value = 0.008); orthotopic-induced dysplasia and the chemically induced dysplasia groups did not differ significantly in terms of ILC subpopulations at the precancerous stages of colorectal dysplasia. A higher frequency of ILC1 in the chemically induced reparative change suggests a potentially anti-tumourigenic role participating in colorectal dysplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a common adverse effect of taxane treatment and can significantly affect patient quality of life. Currently, there are no effective treatments to alleviate symptoms of CIPN; thus, starting with prevention steps in high-risk patients is considered advantageous. However, for these prevention steps to be applicable to all patients, their side effects or accompanying discomforts should be minimal, and the intervention cost-effective. Compression therapy can be considered a prevention intervention, and using surgical gloves is feasible and cost-effective (approximately $0.6 per pair). Although previous studies on compression therapy using surgical gloves have reported decreased incidence of PN, these studies were non-randomized, limited to nab-paclitaxel treatment, and involved the use of small gloves, which may have caused discomfort. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the preventive effects of compression therapy using normal-sized surgical gloves on CIPN in patients treated with paclitaxel. Methods: This clinical trial is designed to evaluate the preventive effects of compression therapy using surgical gloves on CIPN in women with stage II–III breast cancer who received paclitaxel chemotherapy for at least 12 weeks. This multicenter, randomized-controlled, open-label study will be conducted in six academic hospitals. Patients with medication or a medical history related to neuropathy or hand disease will be excluded. The primary outcome will be the preventive effect of compression therapy using surgical gloves, measured based on changes in the neurotoxicity component of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Taxane questionnaire. Furthermore, we will assess the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade of CIPN after 6 months. Notably, the estimated sample size, based on a p-value < 0.025 and statistical power of 0.9, will consist of 104 patients (52 per group), accounting for a 10% sample loss. Discussion: This intervention can be easily implemented in clinical practice and may serve as a preventive strategy for CIPNs with strong patient adherence. If successful, this intervention could improve the quality of life and treatment adherence in patients receiving chemotherapy that can induce PN, extending beyond paclitaxel treatment alone. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05771974; Registered on March 16, 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Naldemedine, an oral, peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist approved for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC), is renally excreted. This subgroup analysis integrated data from 3 Phase 3 trials (COMPOSE-1, COMPOSE-2, COMPOSE-3) to evaluate the safety and efficacy of naldemedine in patients with renal impairment (RI). Patients and Methods: Patients age 18– 80 years with chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) and OIC received oral naldemedine 0.2 mg or placebo once daily. RI subgroups consisted of patients with normal function (baseline glomerular filtration rate ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2), mild (≥ 60 to < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2), and moderate (≥ 30 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) RI. Safety assessments based on ≤ 12 weeks of treatment from all 3 studies included incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Efficacy was based on the proportion of responders in COMPOSE-1 and COMPOSE-2 only, defined as ≥ 3 spontaneous bowel movements (SBMs)/week and a ≥ 1-SBM/week increase from baseline for ≥ 9 of 12 weeks and ≥ 3 of the last 4 weeks. Results: In total, 2328 patients were included in this analysis. The incidence of TEAEs was similar in the naldemedine and placebo groups (overall, 47.1% vs 45.6%; normal, 44.6% vs 43.6%; mild RI, 49.0% vs 44.7%; moderate RI, 46.6% vs 55.9%). GI-related TEAEs occurred more frequently in the naldemedine group versus placebo (overall, 21.8% vs 13.8%; normal, 21.6% vs 12.5%; mild RI, 22.6% vs 14.7%; moderate RI, 18.0% vs 14.2%). A significantly greater proportion of patients in the naldemedine 0.2 mg group were responders versus the placebo group (overall, 50.1% vs 34.1%, P< 0.0001; normal, 52.0% vs 39.3%; mild RI, 48.3% vs 30.3%; moderate RI, 52.5% vs 31.7%). Conclusion: This integrated analysis confirmed that OIC treatment with naldemedine 0.2 mg was generally well tolerated and effective in patients with CNCP and mild or moderate RI. Safety and efficacy results were consistent with the overall population. Clinicaltrials.gov Registration: COMPOSE-1: NCT01965158; COMPOSE-2: NCT01993940; COMPOSE-3: NCT01965652. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

publisher‐imprint‐name Springer volume‐issue‐count 1 issue‐article‐count 0 issue‐toc‐levels 0 issue‐pricelist‐year 2018 issue‐copyright‐holder The Author(s) issue‐copyright‐year 2018 article‐contains‐esm No article‐numbering‐style Unnumbered article‐registration‐date‐year 2018 article‐registration‐date‐month 10 article‐registration‐date‐day 31 article‐toc‐levels 0 toc‐levels 0 volume‐type Regular journal‐product ArchiveJournal numbering‐style Unnumbered article‐grants‐type OpenChoice metadata‐grant OpenAccess abstract‐grant OpenAccess bodypdf‐grant OpenAccess bodyhtml‐grant OpenAccess bibliography‐grant OpenAccess esm‐grant OpenAccess online‐first false pdf‐file‐reference BodyRef/PDF/40169_2018_Article_215.pdf target‐type OnlinePDF issue‐type Regular article‐type ReviewPaper journal‐subject‐primary Medicine & Public Health journal‐subject‐secondary Medicine/Public Health, general journal‐subject‐collection Medicine open‐access true --> Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic conditions in the world today. It results in breakdown of cartilage in joints and causes the patient to experience intense pain and even disability. The pathophysiology of OA is not fully understood; therefore, there is currently no cure for OA. Many researchers are investigating the pathophysiology of the disease and attempting to develop methods to alleviate the symptoms or cure the OA entirely using animal models. Most studies on OA use animal models; this is necessary as the disease develops very slowly in humans and presents differently in each patient. This makes it difficult to effectively study the progression of osteoarthritis. Animal models can be spontaneous, in which OA naturally occurs in the animal. Genetic modifications can be used to make the mice more susceptible to developing OA. Osteoarthritis can also be induced via surgery, chemical injections, or non‐invasive trauma. This review aims to describe animal models of inducing osteoarthritis with a focus on the models used on mice and their advantages and disadvantages that each model presents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Anestesiología is the property of Colegio Mexicano de Anestesiologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. To analyze the effect of various fluoride formulations in commercially available agents on working properties of various nickel-titanium orthodontic wires. Materials and methods. Uncoated (NiTi), rhodium coated (RhNiTi) and nitrified (NNiTi) wires were immersed to dH2O, MiPaste, Elmex and Mirafluor for 1 h. Unloading slope characteristics (average force, bending action of the force and average plateau length) and the percentage of useable constant force during unloading were observed. Surface roughness ( Ra) was measured. SEM and EDS were used for observation of the surface. Results. NiTi had decreased loading and unloading elastic modulus ( E) and yield strength (YS) after immersion to MIPaste and Mirafluor. The unloading YS decreased in the RhNiTi by the MIPaste. The loading and unloading YS of the NNiTi increased in Elmex and increased average plateau force. RhNiTi showed higher average plateau length and the percentage of useful constant force during unloading in Mirafluor and the average plateau force lowered after immersion to MIPaste. The unloading slope characteristics for NiTi were affected by all three prophylactic agents, mostly by Mirafluor, and produced significantly lower forces during both loading and unloading, similarly to the NNiTi wires. The RhNiTi had the lowest forces during both loading and unloading in MIPaste. All results were at significance; p < 0.05. Difference in Ra was observed for RhNiTi after immersion to the MI Paste ( p < 0.001; η2 = 0.761). Conclusion. The NiTi and NNiTi wires lose less working force when combined with Elmex. The RhNiTi improve their working properties with Mirafluor and deteriorate when combined with MiPaste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes is a major threat to public health in the United States and worldwide. Understanding the role of environmental chemicals in the development or progression of diabetes is an emerging issue in environmental health. Objective: We assessed the epidemiologic literature for evidence of associations between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and type 2 diabetes. Methods: Using a PubMed search and reference lists from relevant studies or review articles, we identified 72 epidemiological studies that investigated associations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) with diabetes. We evaluated these studies for consistency, strengths and weaknesses of study design (including power and statistical methods), clinical diagnosis, exposure assessment, study population characteristics, and identification of data gaps and areas for future research. Conclusions: Heterogeneity of the studies precluded conducting a meta-analysis, but the overall evidence is sufficient for a positive association of some organochlorine POPs with type 2 diabetes. Collectively, these data are not sufficient to establish causality. Initial data mining revealed that the strongest positive correlation of diabetes with POPs occurred with organochlorine compounds, such as trans-nonachlor, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals. There is less indication of an association between other nonorganochlorine POPs, such as perfluoroalkyl acids and brominated compounds, and type 2 diabetes. Experimental data are needed to confirm the causality of these POPs, which will shed new light on the pathogenesis of diabetes. This new information should be considered by governmental bodies involved in the regulation of environmental contaminants. INSET: CORRECTION. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease that afflicts a large number of people in the USA. The use of animal models has the potential to increase our understanding of carcinogenesis, tumor biology, and the impact of specific molecular events on colon biology. In addition, animal models with features of specific human colorectal cancers can be used to test strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms driving human cancer, we discuss the approaches one can take to model colon cancer in animals, and we describe a number of specific animal models that have been developed for the study of colon cancer. We believe that there are many valuable animal models to study various aspects of human colorectal cancer. However, opportunities for improving upon these models exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Medica del IMSS is the property of Direccion de Prestaciones Medicas - IMSS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anti-angiogenic targeted therapies are now major tools in the management of solid tumors. Briefly, one can distinguish between monoclonal antibodies such as bevacizumab directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and small molecules such as those targeted against receptors with tyrosine-kinase activity. Soon after they were marketed, these drugs showed cardiovascular toxicities, such as hypertension, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, heart failure and conduction abnormalities. The most frequent cardiovascular side effect of targeted therapies is hypertension, but the most life-threatening is QT prolongation with its risk of torsade de pointe and sudden cardiac death. Since the incidence of different types of cardiovascular side effects following targeted therapies varies across studies-and despite the fact that several meta-analyses attempted to summarize available information-those side effects are still not well identified. In addition, their reversibility is not precisely known. This review aims to present and discuss the various cardiovascular toxicities of anti-angiogenic targeted therapies for cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large number of drugs have been implicated in causing depression by case reports and case series. For a few specific drugs, the association has subsequently been confirmed by appropriately designed studies. In other instances, a lack of substantiating evidence has lead to a gradual disappearance of concern about a potential association. The benzodiazepines represent a deviation from this pattern: they are widely believed to cause depression, but there is a lack of evidence to substantiate this claim. In DSM-IV, there is a category of mood disorder for drug-induced depression (substance-induced mood disorder), and the text of the manual specifically refers to benzodiazepines as a potential cause. Despite the apparently entrenched nature of this belief, there continues to be a lack of credible evidence that benzodiazepines can cause depression as a side effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exposure to cancer and its treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, may result in late adverse effects including endocrine dysfunction. Endocrine disorders are the most commonly reported long-term complications of cancer treatment, especially by adult survivors of childhood cancers. This review will explore the endocrinologic adverse effects from non-endocrine cancer therapies.Methods: Searches including various Internet-based medical search engines such as PubMed, Medline Plus, and Google Scholar were conducted for published articles.Results: One hundred sixty-nine journal articles met the inclusion criteria. They included case reports, systematic analyses, and cohort reports. Endocrine disorders including hypothalamus dysfunction, hypopituitarism, syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion, diabetes insipidus, growth hormone disorders, hyperprolactinemia, gonadotropin deficiency, serum thyroid hormone-binding protein abnormalities, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypomagnesium, hypocalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, adrenal dysfunction, gonadal dysfunction, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and glycosuria were identified and their association with cancer therapies were outlined.Discussion/conclusions: The journal articles have highlighted the association of cancer therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with endocrine dysfunction. Some of the dysfunctions were more often experienced than others. Especially in patients treated with radiotherapy, some endocrinologic disorders were progressive in nature.Implications For Cancer Survivors: Recognition and awareness of endocrine sequelae of cancer treatments may permit for early detection and appropriate follow-up care for cancer survivors, thus improving their overall health and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Propofol injection pain is a well-known problem in pediatric anesthesia. Premixture of lidocaine with propofol although effective does not abolish injection pain in all children. Promising results have been reported with pretreatment of the vein with ketamine. The purpose of this prospective, double-blind randomized, clinical trial with active control was to evaluate the efficacy of premixing propofol with ketamine in the prevention of injection pain in children. Methods: After ethics committee and parental approval and children’s assent, 116 children, aged 1–12 years, were randomly allocated to receive an IV induction dose of admixture of racemic ketamine 0.5 mg·ml−1 (ketamine group) or lidocaine 1 mg·ml−1 in propofol 10 mg·ml−1 (lidocaine group). The outcome measures were signs and symptoms of injection pain (primary outcome: the incidence of injection pain), hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, and adverse effects during anesthesia induction (secondary outcomes). Results: Patients’ characteristics were similar in the two groups. Fewer children (13/58) in the lidocaine group than in the ketamine group (26/58) (mean difference 23%, 95% CI for difference 6–40%, P = 0.018) developed pain on injection of propofol. There were no differences in hemodynamic parameters between the two groups. One child in the lidocaine group developed laryngospasm, but no other adverse events were recorded. Conclusions: Injection pain was twice as common with ketamine–propofol admixture than with lidocaine–propofol admixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 17-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed acute renal failure within 48 h of an intravenous high-dose methotrexate (5 g/m 2 ) infusion. His renal function returned to baseline 14 days later with supportive care, folinic acid rescue, and urinary alkalinization. A retrospective review revealed that the patient had been exposed to iopamidol, an intravenous contrast medium, on the day prior to the commencement of methotrexate treatment. Methotrexate-associated nephropathy is a rare complication in pediatric oncology, and a review of the literature suggests that exposure to nephrotoxic agents may be a significant but perhaps underrecognized risk factor for its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorine is a widely used industrial chemical. Individuals can be exposed to chlorine through transportation accidents, industrial exposures or misuse of domestic cleaners. While most exposed individuals recover normal pulmonary function, chlorine can cause a variety of lung injuries including pulmonary edema, restrictive lung disease, and obstructive disease, including Reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome. Residual effects of chlorine exposure are a function of intensity of exposure, minute ventilation during exposure, and host characteristics such as cigarette smoking and atopy. This monograph will summarize uses of chlorine, the potential for accidents, the mechanism of chlorine toxicity in the lung, and review acute and chronic effects of chlorine exposure on the lung, as well as systemic effects of massive chlorine exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spontaneously occurring and chemically induced pheochromocytomas are rare in mice. That the mouse pheochromocytoma is a more appropriate animal model than that of the rat for study of human medullary adrenal tumors has been suggested. The expression of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the enzyme responsible for production of epinephrine from norepinephrine, is common to both mouse and human pheochromocytomas. This investigation assessed the expression of the immunohistochemical markers PNMT, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and chromogranin A (CGA) in spontaneously occurring and chemically induced pheochromocytomas in the B6C3F1 mouse. Spontaneous tumors were derived from control animals from 10 different studies and the pheochromocytomas from treated groups from 4 different studies. All tumors were positive for maximal TH expression. A highly significant difference in PNMT expression ( p<0.01) occurred between spontaneously occurring pheochromocytomas classified as benign or “malignant” by the criteria of toxicologic pathology. Chemically induced tumors showed intermediate PNMT staining. A marked reduction in CGA expression occurred in pheochromocytomas induced by technical grade pentachlorophenol, compared to the other three chemicals and the spontaneously occurring tumors. These findings suggest that immunohistochemistry is a reliable tool in investigating the functional capabilities of pheochromocytomas in mice. PNMT expression is a tightly regulated component of the chromaffin cell phenotype and appears to be readily lost in mouse pheochromocytomas, particularly those with aggressive characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Propofol has been widely used in general anesthesia. Although it is also often used in pediatric anesthesia, there has been only limited scientific evidence on the use of propofol in children up to 3 years.Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, therapeutic equivalence study comparing two propofol 1% emulsions (Propofol 1% Fresenius vs. Diprivan 1%) was performed in 60 patients scheduled for routine surgery or for diagnostic laparoscopic procedures requiring anesthesia. To guarantee comparability of age distribution between the two groups, a stratified randomization with patients younger than 12 months of age in a low age group and with patients aged 12 months to 3 years in a high age group was used. The average propofol induction dose and the average propofol infusion dose were analyzed to prove equivalence. The side-effects profile was analyzed to compare the safety profiles of the two propofol formulations in this study.Results: There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two treatment groups of high and low age. Medications used for induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and side-effects profiles were comparable, as were the average propofol dose for induction of anesthesia (range of the mean dose 4.0-4.2 mg/kg) and for maintenance of anesthesia (range of the mean dose in the first hour 8.74-9.42 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)).Conclusions: The two 1% propofol formulations were equally effective in our patient population of infants and young children between 1 month and 3 years of age. No differences between the two propofol formulations were found with regard to the circulatory reaction, lipid metabolism, dosages, and recovery profile in the studied age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 16 year retrospective review identified 179 patients hospitalized for ingestion of caustic products in Aarhus County, Denmark. Seventy-five were adults over 15 years of age and residents of Aarhus County. The average annual incidence rate of hospitalization for caustic injury in adults was 1/100,000 with an incidence of esophageal burns of 0.8/100,000/y. Of the adults 61%% attempted suicide: of these 61%% were women. The annual incidence rate for adult women attempting suicide had an increasing trend (p == 0.048). Changes of the incidence rate for unintentional ingestions and for male suicide attempts were not significant. More than half of the suicide attempts were by patients with a history of a psychiatric illness. Of the caustics ingested by adults 94%% were liquids. Acids accounted for 55%% of the ingested products. Suicidal ingestion of hydrochloric acid was fatal in 6 of 12 adults. The inavailability of liquid caustics in the homes of patients at suicidal risk might prevent impulsive ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of tacrine (1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine) on memory deficits in rats treated with ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A) were studied using active avoidance test in the two-way shuttle box. Neurotoxin AF64A injected at a dose of 6 nmol (icv, bilaterally) causes nonspecific tissue damage in hippocampal fields CA2 and CA3. Two weeks after treatment with 6 nmol, AF64A active avoidance performance of toxin-treated rats was significantly deteriorated compared to vehicle-treated animals estimated in learning test (68±3.5 and 83±3.2% of correct responses, respectively; p<0.01) and in retention test (53±5 and 76±3.6%, respectively; p<0.01). Under these conditions, chronic treatment with tacrine at a daily dose of 1 mg/kg for 12–14 d reverses the effect of AF64A on the active avoidance performance both in learning (78±3.2%) and retention (72±4%) tests. It is supposed that behavioral effects of tacrine considerably depend on a severity of neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a patient where intravenous injection of metoclopramide was immediately followed by asystole repeatedly. The patient received metoclopramide 10 mg i.v. five times during 48 h. After interviewing the attending nurses and reviewing the written documentation, it is clear that every administration of metoclopramide was immediately (within s) followed by asystole. The asystole lasted 15-30 s on four occasions, on one occasion it lasted 2 min. The patient received atropine 0.5-1 mg and chest compressions, before sinus rhythm again took over. We interpret this as episodes of cardiac arrest caused by metoclopramide. The rapid injection via the central venous route and the concomitant tapering of dopamine infusion might have contributed in precipitating the adverse drug reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic conditions in the world today. It results in breakdown of cartilage in joints and causes the patient to experience intense pain and even disability. The pathophysiology of OA is not fully understood; therefore, there is currently no cure for OA. Many researchers are investigating the pathophysiology of the disease and attempting to develop methods to alleviate the symptoms or cure the OA entirely using animal models. Most studies on OA use animal models; this is necessary as the disease develops very slowly in humans and presents differently in each patient. This makes it difficult to effectively study the progression of osteoarthritis. Animal models can be spontaneous, in which OA naturally occurs in the animal. Genetic modifications can be used to make the mice more susceptible to developing OA. Osteoarthritis can also be induced via surgery, chemical injections, or non-invasive trauma. This review aims to describe animal models of inducing osteoarthritis with a focus on the models used on mice and their advantages and disadvantages that each model presents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicorandil, a second-generation nitro derivative, has been reported to induce single or multiple ulcerations in many locations, including oral, anal, perianal, vulvovaginal, perivulval, penile, gastrointestinal, colic, peristomal and skin locations. Ocular locations are now highly suspected. Herein, we report the case of a 78-year-old woman who experienced corneal ulceration at second cataract surgery (right eye) while being treated with nicorandil for 3 years. Four years before, she had had an uneventful first cataract surgery (left eye). The ulcers healed within 6 weeks after simple withdrawal of nicorandil, an expected delay for this type of chemical ulcer. The substitution of nicorandil with classic nitric oxide donors has already been done without complication. Surgical intervention is unnecessary and inappropriate. Case reports of ocular side effects induced by nicorandil are rare and probably underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]