Search

The deterrence function of criminal punishment relies on the credibility of enforcers to carry out threatened sanctions. That credibility may be suspect when enforcers face budgetary constraints, especially if the realized crime rate is high. This leads to the potential for multiple equilibria in the "crime commission game" – one involving a low crime rate, and one involving a high crime rate. The latter potentially arises because a high rate of crimes may overwhelm the ability of enforcers to apprehend offenders, thus leading to a self-fulfilling outcome. When multiple equilibria are possible, the question of which one is "selected" has practical as well as theoretical relevance. The paper assesses the implications of various selection criteria, including payoff dominance, risk dominance, and the global games approach. The conclusions highlight the role of the credibility of punishment in deterring crime, and also shed light on the interpretation of data on crime and punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The John Worthy School (JWS) was created at the turn of the twentieth century to house younger male misdemeanants within Chicago's House of Correction separately from older offenders. The JWS reflected reformers', experts', and city leaders' goals of reforming, educating, and punishing juveniles differently from more "hardened" criminals. Although scholars have previously focused on the creation of juvenile courts, few have examined the creation, implementation, and operation of correctional institutions for younger offenders. Doing so highlights the clear tensions in these facilities and the limits of juvenile incarceration. In addition, through the JWS and informal subsidiary institutions, the city of Chicago expanded the reach of the city's power into the lives and families of those detained within the walls of the facility. However, shortly after the JWS closed, such responsibility transferred to county and state authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magistra Iadertina is the property of University of Zadar, Department of Teacher & Preschool Teacher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Indirect translation, criticized for impurity, played a pivotal role in introducing Russian literature to fin-de-siècle Italy. Initial Italian translations of Russian classics stemmed from French translations, with France serving as a key hub for Russian literary reception in Europe. This article delves into the first Italian translation of "Crime and Punishment" to explore the nuances of this process. It examines the trade-offs--what was lost in translation--and highlights how the mediation through French translation paradoxically aided the reception of Dostoevsky in late 19th-century Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the questions Dostoevsky's reception in Hungary in the last decades of the 19th and in the first two decades of the 20th centuries. The author investigates the growing interest towards Dostoevsky in the context of the new tendencies of the art and literature and gives a detailed survey of the most characteristic reactions (i.e. reviews, studies, introductions to the books) about the new translations and editions of Dostoevsky's works. Among the most relevant questions are treated the stereotypes about Russian culture and people, living in Hungary through the past centuries, the various interpretations of the Crime and Punishment and some comparative aspects in the analysis of this novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of Arts & Languages is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1951, during times of strict censorship which had a highly negative impact on Portuguese culture, the Theatre Company of Amélia Rey Colaço and Robles Monteiro brought Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment, in a version dramatised by Rodney Ackland, to the Portuguese stage. This short article focuses primarily on the reception of the play in the Portuguese Press of that era and looks critically at this production as an unusual theatrical phenomenon of that era in Portugal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of French Language & Translation Research is the property of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Applied & Theoretical Social Sciences is the property of Journal of Applied & Theoretical Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses Crime and Punishment with the objectives to: 1. analyze Raskolnikov’s project: to kill not a person, but a “principle”, that is the need for the Law in society; 2. explain the meaning of his gesture: killing the Law is an even more radical gesture than “the death of God” described by Nietzsche; 3. clarify the motive(s) for Raskolnikov’s action, adopting the theories of desire and the polysemy of identity. What drives Raskolnikov is the desire to be, an indispensable concept after Freud, but one which requires investigation on a philosophical level. If, undoubtedly, Raskolnikov’s first motive is the wish to affirm the distinction between ordinary and “extraordinary” men, there is, however, a second, less visible motive, which consists in trying to sever a deeper dependence, that with his mother. Crime and Punishment is also the novel of matricide. 4. The extraordinary semantic density of Dostoevsky’s prose is reached through relationships: he is the master of overcoming and ambivalence. Analyzing the fabric of relationships in Dostoevsky highlights the importance of the female figures belonging to the series of mothers and to the series of daughters, which can only be understood through a logic of overcoming, and its unsettling outcomes. 5. Finally, contrary to a common tendency to separate the content (the ideas) in Dostoevsky from the artistic form, this article affirms that a) in Dostoevsky there are no ideas: if anything, there is the Idea, as a manifestation of the Sublime; b) in Dostoevsky there are no idea-concepts, but only characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writings of Friedrich Nietzsche have much to offer criminology. To date, however, his work has been largely neglected in this scholarship. Taking this lacuna seriously, this article reads Nietzsche's second essay of On the Genealogy of Morals and explicates its importance to criminology. Specifically, focus is cast upon Nietzsche's exposition of crime and particularly punishment, pertaining to the production of a calculating and calculable being upon whom pain and suffering can be inflicted and the ways that concerns over excesses of punishment come to be framed as problematic. Via this reading, it is claimed that On the Genealogy of Morals can serve, among others, as an important critique to many of the presuppositions that ground the classical school of criminology, epitomized in the work of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. The article concludes by locating the importance of Nietzsche to penology specifically and criminology more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the issues of property as a fundamental economic category of the system of economic relations of societies. From the point of view of the methodology of analysis of property relations, economic and legal aspects are differentiated. In particular, in the first case, relations between subjects are implied in the process of production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of material goods (de facto), and in the second case, ownership (who owns what) (de jure). The economy (its functioning) is based on the actions of objective economic laws, while the law is based on subjective judgments and decisions. The privatization of property should not be an end in itself, but a way to effectively use the factors of production, which ultimately ensures economic growth. No form of ownership leads to an automatic increase in efficiency (the experience of post-Soviet reality has confirmed this). An analysis of the economics of crime and punishment is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Hausa worldview, Peaceful living (Zaman Lafiya) is conceived as the chief goal of life. Zaman Lafiya is that which determines goodness or badness of actions and practices. Everything, including morality, life, death and the afterlife is construed as being good or bad with reference to Zaman Lafiya. So, for instance, no matter the gravity of one's wrongful conducts, it is not justified to punish him, except when punishing him does contribute to the consolidation/realization/attainment of Zaman Lafiya. This paper investigates the Hausa culture and belief system, especially the aspect of punishment alongside the actions that are thought of as being grave to warrant evil punishment such as the death penalty. With the aid of some Hausa proverbs and the African notion of relationality, it would demonstrate how a conversation of metaphysical nature is sparked among such realities/constructs as morality, life, evil, death and the afterlife. It will also show how living an ethical life entails acting in a manner that consolidates communal or relational existence as framework for Zaman Lafiya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk is the property of Ogrody Nauk i Sztuk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yearbook of the Faculty of Political Sciences / Godisnjak Fakultet Politickih Nauka Beograd is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Political Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Language & Literary Studies / Folia Linguistica & Litteraria is the property of Journal of Language & Literary Studies / Folia Linguistica & Litteraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published in 1798, Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is the precious gem of English poetry. The verse demonstrates inexorable sea expanses, human suffering, crime and punishment, and of course, the human relation with the natural world. With the dramatic disruption due to coronavirus, the poem is having a new meaning and purpose. In this current unsteady and nightmarish situation, the poem has been rightly acclaimed as a 'modern fable'. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner recounts the experiences of a sailor who commits the heinous crime of killing innocent Albatross and undergoes unutterable agony on his sea voyage. The universality of the poem cannot be overlooked in the present scenario as not any symbolic traveler but the people from the whole worldfeel a bit lost in the sea odyssey and ordeals full of covid-19 variants and diverse symptoms. The Ancient Mariner commits a crime against the divine law of Nature; consequently, there is an upheaval in the world of nature. Similarly, human beings have also challenged Nature and are compelled to suffer for their crime. The COVID-19 pandemic as per the available sources originated in the seafood wholesale market in central Wuhan China and quickly spread to various countries. Although, the exact origin of the COVID-19 is still unknown, specialist blames undue human activity that enabled this zoonotic disease to jump to people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay compares two alternative economic theories of crime, due to Becker (1968) and Adelstein (2017), which differ with respect to the purpose of punishment. Both models are based on the idea of rational offenders and punishments as prices, but they part company with respect to how the level of punishment is, or should be, determined. Whereas Becker's approach is based on the normative goal of welfare maximization and optimal deterrence, Adelstein's model emphasizes that the system actually pursues corrective justice in individual cases. This essay explicates these different perspectives and explores their implications for social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I demonstrate that in Crime and Punishment (1866) and Demons (1872), Dostoevsky uses a specific type of dialogue—which I term "the about-face dialogue"—to present the displacement of a young man's unconscious rage against his mother on to society while hiding it from the awareness of both protagonist and reader. In this type of dialogue, the protagonist interprets his interlocutor's unwittingly ambiguous word or phrase as a scathing rebuke of his rage against his mother, and his reaction constitutes a displacement of this rage on to the outside world. Our awareness of the interplay between the unconscious and the outside world in this type of dialogue enables us to understand the protagonist's sudden about-face from compassion to apathy, or even animosity, which is incomprehensible on the purely rational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ballad genre, modernized by the Russian poets in the first two decades of the twentieth century, appeared to be quite frequent in the early poetic works of Irina Odoevtseva (real name - Iraida Heinike, 1895-1990). Contemporaries acknowledged Odoevtseva's first ballad experiments that were included in the debut collection of her poems "Yard of Miracles" (1922): "Pounded Glass Ballad", "Cabman Ballad", "Ballad about Robert Pentegew", "Why Petrograd Plumbing Was Spoiled" and others. In the memory of contemporaries, much evidence has been preserved that it was Nikolai Gumilev who taught Odoevtseva to write ballads. In the texts of the 1920s, collisions in Odoevtseva's ballads are reduced, as a rule, to an ordinary story, which is recounted by the ingenuous witness of what happened; the texts contain a "re-telling" of a "crime" or a "punishment", thus the narrative is constructed as a justification for axiological clichés: "good/evil", "kind/bad", "man in the street/criminal", "fair/unfair". In the thematic repertoire of Odoevtseva, including her ballad narrations, the nightlife of the soul plays a decisive role - the "good" in the dream state is endowed with attributes of evil, supplanted in the form of censored behavior. Stylistics and images of the ballads often create situations where the "good" and "evil" change places, and the usual "worldview" changes accordingly. In the later work of Odoevtseva, the ballad genre is reduced: the narrative links "break away"; the conflict is borrowed from the texts of world cultures; mystical coloring disappears; grotesque imagery prevails, etc. However, the informative factor - the story of a terrible, incredible event (crime or punishment) - becomes intermittent, incomplete; the theme is only toned, hints to other contexts are used. This "understatement" turns into a stylistic feature of the text. In her ballad experiments, Odoevtseva intentionally evades the classical types of ballads, introducing the element of ballad into poetic narratives, where the imaginative series include a function of quotation. Irina Odoevtseva's ballads were praised by the poet Igor Chinnov. In later utterances and letters of her contemporaries, the reception factor is obvious; a so-called "memory of the genre" when undoubtedly inheriting the ballad genre in Russian poetry is recognized for Odoevtseva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyse the Marxist interpretation of F. M. Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment. Although Raskolnikov's worldview may share some features with a socialist point of view, the hero of Dostoevsky's first novel of ideas represents a complete ideological antithesis to Socialism. Thanks to a careful analysis of Raskolnikov's utterances and with the help of Merezhkovsky's reading of the novel, we conclude that if there is a Dostoevsky novel which resists a Socialist understanding, then this novel is Crime and Punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the various parallels of plot and text in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punisment (1866) and Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter (1850). Similarity of motifs in these novels has already been noticed in the critical literature but more detailed research is still lacking. In this paper, it is claimed that Hawthorne's novel provided Dostoevsky not only with the material for certain narrative situations, motifs and characters in Crime and Punishment but also influenced the heterogeneity and complexity of the genre in Dostoevsky's novel. To illuminate this relationship of the two novels, the article examines the characteristics of the genre of romance , the eschatological plot of revelation and the apocalyptic imagery proper to the romance. The study is focused on the common metaphorical basis of the two texts, such as the biblical and mythical semantics of the motifs of New Jerusalem , pearl , treasure etc., which circumscribes the transformation process in the correspondence of tresaure and word , letter and text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the novels of Daniel Venegas, Jovita González, and Américo Paredes that they wrote between 1928-1938. Indigeneity, marriage, liminality, and volition are major themes in the works of each author, all of which analyze the state of Chicanos in the Southwest during the first decades after the Mexican Revolution. While their plots and characters differ, they are all rooted in the conflict between First Nations and colonial settlers and had to grapple with the existence of pachucos. Because it was necessary for pachucos and pachucas to mediate between their Mexican-born relatives and Euro-Americans, they best represented the state of Mexican America during that era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During World War I, Eastern State Penitentiary Warden Robert J. McKenty sought to facilitate military service for felons paroled from his institution. At least 121 individuals--commemorated on a plaque located in the Prison Rotunda--were purported to serve in the American military despite clear restrictions against inducting former and current criminals. After assessing the nature of criminology and penology in Progressive-Era Pennsylvania, this article considers McKenty's views on redemptive rehabilitation both as a factor in the inmates' military service and as a validating marker in reclaiming their civic masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Numen: Revista de Estudos e Pesquisa da Religião is the property of Numen: Revista de Estudos e Pesquisa da Religiao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bartin University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Bartın Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Bartin University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We propose an innovative AHP-based model to assess the severity of the harms a criminal commits to society in a comprehensive and coherent way. Different from the traditional approach of structuring alternatives into one level, we organize the alternatives into multiple levels of that hierarchy. This arrangement and evaluation of alternatives differs from one criterion to another, which adds to the sophistication of the task when assessing numerous heterogeneous criminal activities. Structuring multifaceted decisions with the proposed model enables us to better deal with its inherent complexity. Our approach can systematically tackle problems of widespread orders of magnitude of criteria and alternatives. When the sizes are actually very small or very large, the accuracy of rating alternatives one at a time is very low. With the proposed method, we are able to obtain priorities with greater precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of digitised primary sources has created exciting possibilities for those of us teaching undergraduate modules on crime and punishment in nineteenth century England and Wales. In this article, we reflect on our experience of devising and running a 'special subject' at the University of Liverpool in which we encourage our students to see themselves as active, independent researchers - as producers, rather than passive consumers, of knowledge. Working on individual projects in a group of 15, students tackle the different stages of the research process side-by-side, discussing issues of research design, record-linkage and the interpretation and analysis of primary and secondary sources with each other as well as with members of staff and PhD students. In our experience, this approach leads to very high levels of student engagement. It also provides invaluable, 'hands-on' research training for final year undergraduates as they prepare to embark on their dissertations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tonos Digital: Revista de Estudios Filológicos is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts / Sayistay Dergisi is the property of Turkish Court of Accounts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We analyze in this article Érico Ver íssimo's Olhai os lírios do campo, basing ourselves on the study of sources. We try to show from this point of view that Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment constitutes an almost unconscious source of Olhai os lírios do campo. To begin with, we will sum up very brief ly the principles of the study of sources, and then we will compare Olhai os lírios do campo and Crime and Punishment. We will see that the two novels share a similar narrative structure that we will describe. We will study afterwards the characters of Eugénio and Raskolnikov on the one hand, and of Olívia and Sonia on the other hand, and we will underline their similarities. We will especially observe that Érico Veríssimo and Dostoyevsky convey the same values with Olívia and Sonia. We will also notice the presence of a passage almost identical in Olhai os lírios do campo and Crime and Punishment. Nevertheless, we will remind in our conclusion that even if the similarities between Olhai os lírios do campo and Crime and Punishment are deep, so are the differences, and we will mention the main ones: there is a kind of optimism in Olhai os lírios do campo and more generally in Érico Veríssimo's work which is absent from Dostoyevsky's; on the contrary, Érico Veríssimo does not share Dostoyevsky's worship of suffering; and whereas Dostoyevsky reveals all his anxiety without trying to calm it, Érico Veríssimo manages to go beyond it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses optimal sanctions for repeat offenders. We analysed a multi-period decision problem, where the regulator’s main objectives are to block any violations of law and to minimize the costs of crime control. We conclude that, when offenders are identical and wealth constrained, the government is resource constrained, can perfectly observe illicit gains and commits to a certain policy throughout the whole planning horizon, forward-looking solution implies that cost minimizing deterrence is decreasing in the number of offenses. This analysis is relevant in case when imprisonment is not commonly used, only monetary sanctions are allowed and limited liability of offenders plays an important role. The examples are tax evasion, violations of environmental regulations and violations of competition law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative Literature / Primerjalna Književnost is the property of Slovenian Comparative Literature Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prolegómenos Derechos y Valores is the property of Prolegomenos Derechos y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We conduct laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of deterrence mechanisms under controlled conditions. The effect of the expected cost of punishment of an individual's decision to engage in a proscribed activity and the effect of uncertainty on an individual's decision to commit a violation are very difficult to isolate in field data. We use a roadway speeding framing and find that (a) individuals respond considerably to increases in the expected cost of speeding, (b) uncertainty about the enforcement regime yields a significant reduction in violations committed, and (c) people are much more likely to speed when the punishment regime for which they voted is implemented. Our results have important implications for a behavioral theory of deterrence under uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Carolina's highly centralized and effective criminal justice system was an important extension of elite political power throughout the colony. It served two major functions: first, it served to protect property, the ultimate source of political power for the planter and merchant classes who ruled South Carolina as it supplied wealth, social status and the opportunity to hold high office. Second, by protecting property (even though the system often focused on elite property) and upholding order, the lowcountry elite united their interests with the interests of the general population who would also benefit from protection against property crime and disorder. Since the lowcountry elite also had to control a vast number of slaves and had to rely on all of the colony's white population to do so, providing effective government could serve as an important way to cultivate popular support. This paper examines the workings of South Carolina's criminal justice system and that system's priorities. By studying patterns in prosecution and punishment, one can see that the courts successfully attended to elite priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to provide a close reading of a thirteenth-century Hebrew narrative by Jacob Ben El‘azar of Toledo that recounts the tale of a “sodomite” who meets a violent end. The story focuses on the amorous affair of Sapir, an adult male, his beloved Shapir, a male youth around the age of puberty, and Birsha, a nefarious old man who lures Shapir away from Sapir, though Sapir ultimately seeks out Shapir and is reunited with him. Sapir and Birsha dispute over the boy and ultimately submit their case before a judge. The judge declares that Birsha deserves the death penalty, though he is spared this sentence and ordered only to forfeit the boy. Nevertheless, Sapir and Shapir take the law into their own hands and brutally murder Birsha. At the heart of the narrative is the tension between two models of eroticism between males, epitomized by the relationships of Sapir–Shapir and Birsha–Shapir, one sanctioned and the other condemned. The question that will be dealt with here is to determine what exactly distinguished the two relationships. Was Birsha considered a “sodomite” as opposed to Sapir, despite the fact that they both loved the male youth Shapir? Were they distinguished by their age, the nature of their desire, their sexual “identities,” their sexual acts, or other behaviors? (Foucault, The History of Sexuality, argued that the notion of sexual “identity” did not emerge until the modern era and that pre-modern societies thought only in terms of sexual acts. I largely agree with this evaluation though I will maintain that the categorization in the narrative under discussion distinguished between individuals who desired males and females versus those who desired males only.) In order to unravel this complicated narrative, we must delve deeply into the construction of sexuality within medieval Hebrew literature and more broadly within medieval Jewish culture—so enmeshed within its Islamic and Christian environments. I will argue that the identification of Birsha as a “sodomite” resided in his obsessive, mendacious, and violent qualities and not in his choice of love object, much less his sexual “identity.” Before presenting the narrative and my reading, I review some of the history of scholarship on homoeroticism in medieval Hebrew literature in order to provide a counterpoint to the methodological underpinnings of the present study. Throughout the study, I engage a variety of source types—Arabic homoerotic poems and narratives, Andalusi Hebrew poems, Christian reports of Muslim sexuality, exegetic and legal sources—in order to convey the highly specific and culturally circumscribed forms of homoeroticism assumed in Ben El‘azar's story. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fromental Haléévy was thirty-six when his masterpiece, La Juive, a grand opera in five acts, was triumphantly produced at the Opééra (February 23, 1835), and at once secured for its author a European reputation. The opera was presented with unprecedented scenic splendor, the stage-setting alone having cost, it was said, 150,000 francs. La Juive (1835), with Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots (1836), marked the defining expression of French Grand Opera. Both operas used highly controversial and sensitive historical material as the very fabric of their artistic medium. The explosive themes of religious and racial bigotry, leading to execution and massacre, were devised and sustained impressively by the playwright and librettist Eugèène Scribe (1791--1861), whose fables of intolerance and death seized the public imagination. They presented parables for reflection on contemporary times and the dangers posed to humanity by politics and religion, woven into themes such as Orthodoxy and Purity, Justice and Mercy, the Fire of Truth. In terms of historical background, theological implication, and purely human tragedy, the scenario of La Juive provides a depth and richness of semiotic discourse, a sustained exploration of a complex and many-faceted subject, whose caveats on social intolerance become only ever more topical and pertinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the question: is the insanity defence demeaning to the accused and if it is how should actors in the criminal justice system, defence counsel in particular, take into consideration the self-respect interest of the accused in advising on which defence to advance at trial? To explore this question I draw on two literary texts which show the defence as demeaning: Don Quixote de la Mancha by Cervantes and Crime and Punishment by Dostoyevsky as well as two texts which show insanity as an honour or face-saving defence: Homer's Iliad and Shakespeare's Hamlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Gender and Early Qing Historical Memory: The Case of Yangzhou Women," by Wai-Yee Li is presented.

The "Rules for Civil Litigation" (Zhuangshi Tiaoli) were the most important set of rules for local litigation in the Qing Dynasty. These rules, which had been printed on petition forms, were meant to control the procedures by which litigants filed complaints. The Qing Code was positive law mainly regarding crime and punishment, and litigation rules based on tradition and government's interests were not part of the Code. The rules were the most significant laws on litigation at the local level and were mostly uniform across Qing China. The Rules for Civil Litigation focused on limiting behavior of litigants before the yamen heard cases. Although The Rules for Civil Litigation contained important procedural rules, it actually served to facilitate acceptance of petitions and was aimed at keeping judicial order in the empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the emergence and evolution of poetic meaning in the literary text is examined in the theoretical problem context of a special semantic construct. Its peculiarity lies in offering a double reading based on the internal contradiction of activating two opposed sense-orientations. Due to this poetic feature, this kind of meaning-formation can easily assume the function of semantic mediation between two crucial meaning units. When poetically placed into interrelation with other levels of the text structure, the mediatory function of this formation is realized as a meaning shift. Thus, the mediatory semantic construct can be construed as a germ for the emergence and evolution of new meaning, and it plays a crucial role in ensuing text-connectedness. The illustrations of this special function are given through two case studies, the analysis of Hamlet's madness in Shakespeare's play and Raskolnikov's murder in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment. In both cases, it is the semantic intersection of different text-layers that provides the clue for the realization of the mediatory function. In Hamlet, the most intensive semantic activity of this kind of intersection can be grasped in the interference of the plot level and a special metaphoric sequence evolving in the play. In Crime and Punishment, it is the active interrelation of several semantic evaluations of the murder that serves as the basis for the meaning shift linked with the protagonist's figure, including his transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to identify and understand the views of criminal justice majors. College students at two Midwestern universities were surveyed concerning their views on crime and punishment. The views of criminal justice students were compared to the views of students majoring in other areas. The results of Chi square tests indicated that there were significant differences in the views of the two groups of students with criminal justice majors tending to be more putative in their views. In multi-variate analyses, using ordered ordinal regression, after controlling for gender, race, academic level, age and level of conservatism/liberalism, many of the differences disappeared. It appears that those who tend to hold more punitive views are attracted to the criminal justice major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Crime and Punishment (Scotland) Act 1997 introduced the hospital direction, Scotland's 'hybrid order'; so called because it allows the courts simultaneously to send a mentally disordered offender to hospital and to impose a prison sentence, to be completed after hospital discharge. Similar legislation has been introduced in England and Wales for offenders with psychopathic disorder, but the Scottish legislation applies to all legal categories of mental disorder. There was opposition to the introduction of the hospital direction from psychiatrists in Scotland. In this survey psychiatrists engaged in forensic work in Scotland were identified (N = 51). Respondents (n = 41) completed a decision-making exercise based on fictional case-vignettes, designed to elicit their attitudes towards hospital directions. The majority of respondents favoured the introduction of a hospital direction (n = 29). It was felt to be useful in cases where personality disorder coexisted with mental illness which was brief, drug-induced or not related to offending. It was not felt to be useful in cases of antisocial personality disorder alone. However, there were concerns about the working of the new legislation: whether it would be used appropriately by courts and whether psychiatrists should recommend a disposal that includes imprisonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests the hypothesis of the stability of punishment as developed by Blumstein and his associates against Dutch prison data. After summarizing the existing empirical evidence, Dutch prison data are presented pertaining to the average daily population in penal institutions, on the one hand, and the number of admissions in these institutions, on the other hand. In three ways it is tested whether these data do support the hypothesis: regression analysis, Box-Jenkins analysis, and the analysis of a few dynamic models as presented by Berk et al. (1981). The paper ends with discussing Blumstein's hypothesis and considers the way research into the extent of the prison population should be continued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the intrinsic relativity of social tolerance toward crime, the rate of punishment that a given society inflicts on its criminals is expected to remain relatively constant over the long term, in spite of social changes and increasing or decreasing crime rates. This paper reconstructs the penal behavior of Montreal's criminal justice from 1845 to 1913 and finds that the stability hypothesis, all things considered, works quite well and has much heuristic value. Three problems, somewhat bypassed in the existing literature, are dealt with here: the reliability of penal statistical time series, the direct empirical evidence of stabilization processes, and a rather crude way of measuring prison punishment. It is suggested, furthermore, that the stability hypothesis include in its future argument the impact of increasing policing and that it be confined tentatively to modern western societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

F.M. Dostoevsky (1821–1881) never translated Shakespeare's works into Russian, at least not in the common sense. His fascination, however, with Hamlet and his choices, led him to interrogate the cult of Hamlet in his own culture to better understand the political and philosophical schism of the nineteenth-century Russian intelligentsia, torn between Western and Populist ideals. Translatio, in the broader sense of "carrying over" Hamlet's character, caught on a threshold, into the Russian context represents an important aspect of Dostoevsky's re-interpretation of modern ethics. More immediately, this translatio is a call to the "old morality" of the 1840s generation of Russian intellectuals, who rejected notions of rational egoism and of the means justifying the ends. Dostoevsky's schismatic hero, Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov in Crime and Punishment, is Dostoevsky's reimagining of his own culture's translation of Hamlet that produced extreme and radical forms of Hamlet. Raskolnikov mimics Hamlet's conscience-stricken personality at war with itself but achieves a more ambiguous ending typical of Dostoevsky's regenerative paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]