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Copyright of Mesned Journal of Theological Research is the property of Mesned Journal of Theological Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hospital Pharmacology: International Multidisciplinary Journal is the property of Serbian Medical Society, Section for Clinical Pharmacology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Assurance of a statistical and clinical significance to results of a clinical trial in the era of evidence based medicine is a complex analysis starting from establishing of end-points, hypothesis to be verified, risks α and α of type I and type II errors, and expected improvements of effects, measured by difference - Δ in selected endpoints. Ethic - nonethic in calculation of the number of subjects was discussed until now in context of "statistical risks" and in context of certitudes of conclusions from the point of view of inovator company, of investigator and finally of regulatory authorities. Patient is never entering in formulas. Paper put in evidence that critical factor in determining the size of experimental lots is the difference Δ, expected additional effect of the new treatment. Or, this factor is established mainly by Inovator Company and principal investigator and imply less the statisticians. So that long time passionate dispute between statisticians concernig the sample size remain mainly an academic problem. Actual decisions are established by company financial resources and regulatory authorities' rigid rules. Final conclusion is that the essential ethical aspect, connected with the risk of patients is ignored by all stakeholders of clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, or even months, Polish scholars have gradually become more and more interested in moral capital. Generally, they have addressed this issue without going into much detail. Building on the latest publications which describe moral capital, this paper thoroughly explores the issue of the social and economic significance of moral capital. As a result, moral capital will be presented from two complementary points of view, namely sociological and economic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How should an individual contribute to the public good? Conversely, how does the public help the individual? We should analyze and alleviate conflicts in community clouds. Covert channels in the access matrix are caused by conflicts between public values and a private sense of values. We cannot control the information leaks from the covert channels by using only access control. We believe that the community cloud system should emphasize harmony between public values and a private sense of values. We interpret the access matrix as follows: The acts of the individual are generalized and symbolized by an access matrix that describes the access operations of the subject. We propose a multiagent system embodying the concept of swarm intelligence to analyze the covert channels that arise. Each agent has a group target and an individual target. The group target and an individual target include targets for generation of access and restriction of access. The system does not have any principle of universal control. Instead, an agent's interactions are guided by metaheuristics for achieving targets. The social order of the whole society is made from the agents' interactions related to the group value target, group game target, an individual value target, and an individual game target. The conceptual framework and multiagent system presented here are intended to support people. If the covert channel problem can be solved, it will become possible for people to use community clouds safely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue de Médecine Périnatale is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The aim of the study was the assessment of the influence of ethics or the lack of medical ethics on everyday gynaecological practice, particularly the usefulness and purpose of detecting genetic irregularities in the first and second trimester and abortions. Material and methods: A sample of 164 gynaecological doctors was encompassed by the study. A questionnaire survey was applied as an independent empirical procedure on the basis of the theory of attitudes and the following questionnaires: WCQ (The Ways of Coping Questionnaire) -- Folkman, Lazarus, Dukiel -- Scheier & Weintraub, as the authors own adaptation of that instrument for the requirements of the study. Results: In response to the question on the purpose of performing prenatal diagnostics in detecting genetic irregularities in the first and second trimester -- 35% of physicians were against such diagnostics if it served abortion, 60% supported the test even if in consequence an abortion was carried out, whereas 5% had no stance on the matter. The problem of physicians' approach to abortion for so-called "social reasons" was also studied. Over half, as many as 51% of physicians were against abortion in any form whatsoever, including pharmacological abortions; 45% agreed to abortion and 4% had no opinion. The veracity of ethical motivations was also measured: approx. 4%, refrained from expressing their support of either position; 29% stated that a physician, although they do not perform abortions themselves, should indicate other possibilities of performing the abortion and as many as 67% thought that the indication of a place or a person who performs abortions is obvious. Conclusions: The results of the survey indicate the differences in the attitudes of physicians towards the diagnosis of prenatal tests, especially the ones revealing genetic defects and lethal disease. There are two ambivalent patterns of behaviour: one group of physicians opt for delivering every child without any exceptions, but the other one is for destroying deformed foetuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper examines the ethical aspects of organ transplant surgery in which a donor heart is transplanted from a first recipient, following determination of death by neurologic criteria, to a second recipient. Retransplantation in this sense differs from that in which one recipient undergoes repeat heart transplantation of a newly donated organ, and is thus referred to here as "reuse cardiac organ transplantation."Methods: Medical, legal, and ethical analysis, with a main focus on ethical analysis.Results: From the medical perspective, it is critical to ensure the quality and safety of reused organs, but we lack sufficient empirical data pertaining to medical risk. From the legal perspective, a comparative examination of laws in the United States and Japan affirms no illegality, but legal scholars disagree on the appropriate analysis of the issues, including whether or not property rights apply to transplanted organs. Ethical arguments supporting the reuse of organs include the analogous nature of donation to gifts, the value of donations as inheritance property, and the public property theory as it pertains to organs. Meanwhile, ethical arguments such as those that address organ recycling and identity issues challenge organ reuse.Conclusion: We conclude that organ reuse is not only ethically permissible, but even ethically desirable. Furthermore, we suggest changes to be implemented in the informed consent process prior to organ transplantation. The organ transplant community worldwide should engage in wider and deeper discussions, in hopes that such efforts will lead to the timely preparation of guidelines to implement reuse cardiac organ transplantation as well as reuse transplantation of other organs such as kidney and liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]