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The study investigated the impact of different liquid media (ultrapure water (UW), citric acid (CA), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA)) on the composting process and heavy metal (HM) remediation. After 36 days of composting agricultural waste and sediment, the pile underwent enhanced migration with UW, 0.1 M CA, and 0.1 M EDTA. UW increased pH and C/N ratio while reducing total nitrogen (TN) and dehydrogenase activity (DA). In contrast, CA and EDTA reduced pH, TN, and DA, with EDTA also increasing organic matter and TN. The difference in liquid media also influenced the evolution of humic substances (HS). UW reduced HS, fulvic acid, and humic acid, while CA and EDTA enhanced their production, likely due to Fenton-like reactions promoted by chelates formed between EDTA/CA and Fe2+, breaking down lignin, and generating HS precursors. Regarding HM removal, EDTA-enhanced migration proved most effective, achieving 38.08% and 51.15% removal of Cr and Cd, respectively. This was attributed to the strong chelating ability of EDTA, forming stable metal complexes that were removed with the liquid media. The enhanced migration also caused a redistribution of HM speciations, with an increase in residual fractions and a decrease in exchangeable and reducible fractions. Overall, the study shows that the EDTA-enhanced migration in compost could combine the passivation and removal in the treatment of heavy metal pollution, which provides a new strategy to remediate the sediments contaminated by HMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of thickening powders for the management of dysphagia is imperative due to the rapid growth of aging population and prevalence of the dysphagia. One promising thickening agent that can be used to formulate dysphagia diets is basil seed mucilage (BSM). This work investigates the effects of dispersing media, including water, milk, skim milk, and apple juice, on the rheological and tribological properties of the BSM‐thickened liquids. Shear rheology results revealed that the thickening ability of BSM in these media in ascending order is milk < skim milk ≈ apple juice < water. On the other hand, extensional rheology demonstrated that the longest filament breakup time was observed when BSM was dissolved in milk, followed by skim milk, water, and apple juice. Furthermore, tribological measurements showed varying lubrication behavior, depending on the BSM concentration and dispersing media. Dissolution of BSM in apple juice resulted in the most superior lubrication property compared with that in other dispersing media. Overall, this study provides insights on BSM's application as a novel gum‐based thickening powder in a range of beverages and emphasizes how important it is for consumers to have clear guidance for the use of BSM in dysphagia management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel laser processing technique in a liquid media to enhance the surface mechanical properties of a material, by thermal impact and micro-alloying at the subsurface level. An aqueous solution of nickel acetate (15% wt.) was used as liquid media for laser processing of C45E steel. A pulsed laser TRUMPH Truepulse 556 coupled to a PRECITEC 200 mm focal length optical system, manipulated by a robotic arm, was employed for the under-liquid micro-processing. The study's novelty lies in the diffusion of nickel in the C45E steel samples, resulting from the addition of nickel acetate to the liquid media. Micro-alloying and phase transformation were achieved up to a 30 µm depth from the surface. The laser micro-processed surface morphology was analysed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to determine the chemical composition and structural development, respectively. The microstructure refinement was observed, along with the development of nickel-rich compounds at the subsurface level, contributing to an improvement of the micro and nanoscale hardness and elastic modulus (230 GPa). The laser-treated surface exhibited an enhancement of microhardness from 250 to 660 HV0.03 and an improvement of more than 50% in corrosion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrocalamus asper, a tropical bamboo variety renowned for its economic significance across industries like food, construction, and handicrafts, is presently a surge in demand for large-scale propagation and sustained supply. Traditional propagation methods are inconvenient and time-intensive. As an alternative, micropropagation techniques are opted to overcome these challenges. This research aimed to develop a micropropagation protocol for expanding D. asper bamboo through the utilization of various propagule sizes and a comparative analysis of their growth on liquid and semi-solid MS media. In vitro nodal segments were initiated on MS media supplemented with 4 mg L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg L-1 IBA. Subsequently, after four weeks, a cluster of shoots, varying in numbers (3, 4, and 5 shoots per propagule), were cultured in the same media for shoot multiplication. Propagules with three shoots exhibited the highest multiplication rate, showing a 4.9-fold increased and an average of 14.8 ± 3.5 shoots after a 5-week culture period. Following this, three shoots/ clumps were transferred to liquid and solid MS media with varied concentrations of BAP (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg L-1) to assess their growth rates. Cultures in liquid media demonstrated superior shoot proliferation compared to semi-solid media, recording the highest mean shoot number of 3.5 ± 0.8 shoots per explant in media supplemented with 0.5 and 4.0 mg L-1 BAP. The longest shoots were observed in liquid media with 0.5 mg L-1 BAP, with an average length of 3.57 ± 0.44 cm. Subsequently, the explants underwent rooting in both semi-solid and liquid MS media, supplemented with various IBA concentrations over a 5-week period, with rooting observed solely in the cultures in liquid media. The rooted plantlets were 100% survived when acclimatized in a greenhouse using a mixture of soil, sand and compost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beauveria bassiana is entomopathogenic fungi that can be cultivated on solid or liquid media. The cultivation of B. bassiana on cracked corn medium leaves unwanted waste. Therefore, cultivating B. bassiana on liquid media is expected to shorten the cultivation time and leave no waste. The purpose of the research was to analyze the physical characteristics of the B. bassiana colony, nutritional changes of the liquid media, and the pH level changes of the liquid media. This research used an experimental complete randomized design with six treatments and 4 times repetitions. The main phases of this research were the subculture of B. bassiana isolate; the preparation of liquid media consisting of distilled water, Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), Potato Sugar extract (PSE), PSE+NPK 1%, PSE+coconut water, PSE+NPK 1%+coconut water each for 150 ml; B. bassisana inoculation into the liquid media; incubation process for 30 days; and measurement of fungal blastospore density, medium pH, and carbohydrate, protein, and lipid content. The results obtained from the morphological observation of B.bassiana on liquid media showed that the colonies are white, growing on the surface of the media with a powdery texture. There are some differences in the nutrient content of the media after 30 days of B. Bassiana incubation. After the incubation, there is an increase in carbohydrates and a decrease in protein and lipid content, as well as an increase in the pH level of the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the synthesis of Au-decorated MCM-41 mesoporous nanoparticles using a laser-ablation technique. It was observed that the number of Au attached to MCM-41 nanostructures was dependent on the amount of encapsulated Cationic surfactant (cetyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) volume. The chemical group of the prepared nanoparticles was analyzed by FT-IR spectroscopy, where different absorption peaks corresponding to Au and MCM-41 were observed. The observed band region was ∼1090, 966, 801, 2918, and 1847 cm−1 for different samples, clearly confirming the successful preparation of MCM-41 with CTAB and Au-decorated MCM-41 nanoparticles using environmentally friendly laser-ablation approach. The surface morphology of the prepared nanoparticles were performed using TEM techniques. The TEM analysis of the MCM-41 specimen showed silica spheres with an average size of around 200 nm. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy was done to evaluate the chemical structure of the prepared nanoparticles. It was seen that the prepared Au NPs decorated the MCM-41 system facilitated strong Raman peaks of CTAB. In addition, eight distinct Raman peaks were observed in the presence of Au NPs. This new functionalized method using the laser-ablation approach for mesoporous nanoparticles will participate effectively in multiple applications, especially the encapsulated molecule sensing and detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is increasing nowadays due to their applications against phytopathogens. Temporary Immersion Systems (TIS) allow the micropropagation of plants in liquid media. This work aims to develop an effective protocol for apricot micropropagation in TIS and to study the necessary conditions to introduce AgNPs in apricot plants, as well as the effect of its application on proliferation-related parameters. AgNPs were introduced in different media at a concentration of 100 mg L−1 to test the incorporation of silver to plant tissues. Silver content analysis was made by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The effect of initial shoot density and the addition of AgNPs on micropropagation were evaluated after four weeks in culture on TIS. Productivity, proliferation, shoot-length and leave surface were measured. The better micropropagation rate was obtained with 40 initial shoots, 2 min of immersion every 6 h and 3 min of aeration every 3 h. To introduce AgNPs in apricot plants it is necessary to culture them in liquid media without chloride in its composition. These results will contribute to the development of an in vitro protocol for virus inhibition by AgNPs application. This depends on the introduction of Ag nanoparticles within the plant tissues, and this is not possible if AgNPs after interaction with Cl- ions precipitate as silver chloride salts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As hydrogen continues to become rather promising for the generation of clean and sustainable energy, effective and low‐cost sensors are progressively necessary to ensure safety and efficiency of H‐based energy generation processes. Although a wide variety of hydrogen sensors for the gas phase is available, there is still a lack of devices to detect, measure, and track dissolved hydrogen. Determining its concentration is environmentally, economically, and phenomenologically relevant for applications such as offshore transport pipelines, anaerobic generation reactors, and even in electrical transformers. Herein, the technologies for sensing hydrogen dissolved in liquid media are compiled and reviewed, providing a debrief on their operation mechanisms, applications, and features, as well as an outlook of the field to be explored with new functional materials for devices applied on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae on different locally available solid substrates viz., pearl millet, maize, sweet corn, cowpea, rice bran, wheat bran, press mud + yeast extract (1%) and bagasse + yeast extract (1%) and Pulses viz., green gram, red gram, chick pea and cowpea and liquid media viz., sabouraud’s dextrose broth, potato dextrose broth, sabouraud’s maltose broth, sabouraud’s sucrose broth and sabouraud’s glucose broth was taken up. Significantly highest number of CFU were recorded in green gram, 94.00, 91.00 and 97.00 CFU per ml with 13.24 × 108, 16.42 × 108 and 15.56 × 108 conidia per ml in 3 promising strains, UASRBC-Ma2, UASRBC-Ma31 and ICARNBAIRMa4, respectively followed by wheat bran, 78.00, 73.00 and 93.33 CFU per ml with 22.00 × 108, 26.23 × 108 and 24 × 108 conidia per ml and maximum dry mycelia recorded in Sabouraud’s maltose yeast broth, 127.33 mg, 219.67 mg, 325.67 mg and 386.00 mg per 100 ml of liquid broth on 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th days after inoculation. The present study revealed that solid substrates namely green gram, rice and wheat bran and liquid media, sabouraud’s maltose broth provide a simplest productive medium for mass production of Metarhizium anisopliae spores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to determine the secondary metabolites generated by O. basilicum cell suspensions, as well as their insecticide and inhibitory activity against R. ferrugineus. The growth kinetics with inoculation Verticillium dahliae were determined and identified using LC-MS. Determination of total phenolic components (TFC), flavonoids (TF), and condensed tannins (TCT) were measured. Insecticidal activity of O. basilicum extract against R. ferrugineus (larva and adult) and proteolytic enzymes activity were assessed (in vitro and in vivo). The O.basilicum extract had an LC50 of 1238 µg/mL and an LD50 of 13.4 µg/larva. The LC50 of chicoric acid, ursolic acid, salvigenin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, rosmarinyl glucoside, and nepetoidin B demonstrated activity at an LC50 of 1132, 1167, 1189, 1214, 1275, and 1317 µg/mL, respectively. Chicoric acid, salvigenin, nepetoidin B, and rosmarinic acid demonstrated an LD50 activity of 10.23, 11.4, 11.9, and 12.4 µg/larva, respectively. The active extract of O. basilicum inhibited total protease, trypsin-like serine proteinases, elastase, cysteine, and metalloprotease activity with an IC50 (in vitro) of 119.4, 91, 102.4, 76.4, and 52.4 µg/mL, respectively. In silico studies of compounds were conducted, such as molecular docking and ADMET analysis. The study proposes using an efficient cell suspension technique to produce O. basilicum extract containing active secondary metabolites and accessible using as bio-insecticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile method for regeneration of fig (Ficus carica L.) is in demand given the inability of the varieties having persistent type fruiting habit to produce viable seeds for germination, whereas asexual propagation features certain limitations. This article reports factor affecting in vitro regeneration of three fig cultivars, Masui Dauphine, Orphan, and A134. Ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride, sugar concentration in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, explants genotype, culture system (liquid or solid media), and light intensity of culture room affect regeneration. Half-calcium-modified MS (HCMS) liquid medium with 1 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.1 mg/l naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 0.02 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3) responded well for shoot induction and proliferation. In average, 18 harvestable shoots were observed per-explant of Orphan cultivar. For elongation, HCMS liquid medium with 0.6 mg/l BAP, 0.1 mg/l NAA, and 0.1 mg/l GA3 performed well among the studied media combinations. Hormone-free regular MS liquid medium produced the highest percentage of rooted explants for all cultivars. Root induction reached 85% for Orphan. In vitro rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized on soil. Inter simple sequence repeat marker based study for somaclonal variation detection showed genetic uniformity of regenerated and donor plants. This regeneration method may be useful for large-scale production of identical plantlets and genetic transformation studies to further improve fig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science / Nongyaoxue Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Pesticide Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: Candida, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Aims: The aim of the present study has assessed the association of Candida albicans with normal control group, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions of the oral cavity by using cornmeal broth +5% milk and milk serum liquid culture media. Settings and Design: Thepresent study comprised of total 80 patients,which included, 30 patients of Leukoplakia, 30 patients of oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal control group comprised of 20 healthy individuals who were not having any relevant medical, dental and habit history. Subjects and Methods: Saliva and Biopsy was taken from clinically suspected leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions for the confirmation of histopathological diagnosis. Saliva samples were inoculated for fungal growth in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and culture-positive samples had undergone for the germ tube test. Germ tube-positive samples were further taken for chlamydospore production in milk serum and cornmeal broth +5% milk media separately at 8 and 16 h. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test, Fischer extract test. Results: In the normal control group, no fungus growth was found; however, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma showed fungus growth with positive germ tube test and chlamydospore formation; the result also showed rapid and quantitatively more chlamydospore formation in cornmeal broth +5% milk in comparison to serum milk culture media. There was no growth of Candida in mild and moderate form of leukoplakia. Whereas in a severe form of leukoplakia, there was more quantitative chlamydospore growth in cornmeal broth +5% milk liquid media. Conclusions: In this study, we have tried to compare the efficacy of cornmeal broth +5% milk and milk serum for the identification of C. albicans. Both the culture media were able to promote the growth of chlamydospore in C. albicans. Among different grades of leukoplakia, the growth of C. albicans was seen in severe dysplastic patient only while mild and moderate dysplasia showed no Candidal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dielectric barrier discharge non-thermal plasma (DBD-NTP) on Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus populations on solid surfaces and in liquid suspensions. Our results showed that inactivation kinetics of S. typhimurium and S. aureus by DBD-NTP treatments can be well predicted with mathematical models. The survival curves of both S. typhimurium and S. aureus showed a log-linear phase followed by tailing behaviors on solid surfaces, and shoulder behaviors followed by a log-linear phase in liquid suspensions. The D values (decimal reduction time) for S. typhimurium and S. aureus in suspension were higher than those on solid surfaces (p < 0.05). Additionally, the maxima of sublethal injury values under low NaCl concentration and neutral pH condition were higher than those under high NaCl and low pH condition. In addition, mathematical modeling was evaluated to predict the final inactivation result for potential industrial applications. This study indicates that different microbial supporting matrices significantly influence the inactivation effect of DBD-NTP; it also provides useful information for future applications of NTP in enhancing food shelf life and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry ( Prunus avium L.) varieties and cherry rootstocks are an important part of the fruit industry, and difficulties associated with mass propagation provide an opportunity for the use of temporary immersion systems (TIS). We show the establishment of culture procedures for four genotypes: the rootstocks Maxma-14 and Colt and the varieties 'Van' and 'Rainier.' The starting explants were internodal segments from seedlings kept in solid propagation medium (PM) (Driver-Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) base supplemented with indole butyric acid, benzyl amino purine; ascorbic acid, myo-inositol, and agar). Segments were cultured under TIS for 14 d and led to whole plant generation after 30 d of culturing in solid rooting media, which depended on whether they are varieties or rootstocks. A 15-d acclimatization phase led to establishment in greenhouse. The efficiency of TIS was specifically analyzed for the two best PM-derivative media and compared to cultures using solid medium. A number of shoots ( P ), biomass ( Q ), and sucrose consumption (SC) were evaluated for these purposes. The results showed that Maxma-14, Colt, and 'Van' TIS cultures had improved performance in comparison to solid cultures, whereas 'Rainier' showed no differences. The number of immersions influenced all of the productive parameters ( P , Q , and SC), whereas genotype affected P , and the time of immersion influenced SC. The best Q and P values were obtained with the rootstocks Maxma-14 and Colt, as well as the variety Van; these showed no hyperhydration. Physiological studies show that 14-d TIS-produced shoots represented an intermediate stage between solid-derived and adult plants, although the photosynthetic efficiencies of these materials revealed a lack of autotrophic ability at this point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild mushrooms including Boletus are among edible mushrooms consumed by local populations. However, the species identity for many types of wild edible mushroom in Malaysia is poorly known. The present study was conducted to identify and to determine factors affecting in-vitro growth of an edible Boletus sp. (kulat gelam) commonly found in peat swamp forests in Bachok, Kelantan. Identification was initially done using macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the fruiting bodies. However, due to overlapping chemical colour reactions, morphological and anatomical characteristics of the fruiting body with other Boletus species, species identity was confirmed using ITS region, and the mushroom was identified as Boletus griseipurpureus. A toxicity test indicated that B. griseipurpureus is an edible mushroom with low toxic levels (LC50=4.33 mg/mL). From growth studies, the results suggested that potato dextrose agar (PDA), cassava dextrose agar (CDA) and yeast malt extract (YME) were the most suitable artificial media for mycelial growth of B. griseipurpureus at pH 6.0 and 30°C. To our knowledge, this is the first documented report on wild edible mushroom B. griseipurpureus in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is most often infected by the fumonisin-producing Fusarium verticillioides. Total fumonisins of natural infected grain is made up of FB1, FB2 and FB3 with FB1 occurring naturally at higher levels. A maize plant can be infected with more than one F. verticillioides isolate, and finding a reliable method to elucidate the toxigenic potential of these isolates is important to extrapolate the possible fumonisin risk to consumers of grain. It is not clear whether F. verticillioides produces similar fumonisin levels, as well as fumonisin analogue ratios, across media. In this study, nine F. verticillioides isolates were subjected to three methods of fumonisin testing using liquid media, maize patties and a field trial (silk inoculation of grain) in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Spore concentrations of 1 × 106 conidia ml–1 of each isolate were used to inoculate the different media and levels fumonisin analogues were measured using HPLC. Fumonisin production per isolate was highly variable and was influenced by the two-way interaction of F. verticillioides isolate × growth media. Total fumonisins produced in the liquid medium ranged from 0 to 21.3 ppm, on maize patties fumonisins they ranged from 0 to 21.5 ppm, and in the silk inoculation technique they ranged from 0 to 15.5 ppm. The fumonisin analogue FB1 occurred at higher levels followed by FB3 in both in vitro studies. In the silk inoculation technique, fumonisin analogue FB2 was the second highest occurring analogue after FB1. Isolate GCI 282 produced higher FB2 and FB3 levels than FB1 in the patties and grain, respectively. In order not to miscalculate the fumonisin and analogue ratio levels per F. verticillioides isolate, the growth medium will have to be optimised for each isolate and more than one growth medium used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The performance of Bruker Biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in identifying species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in flagged Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tubes (MGIT)s is unclear. Materials & methods: A total of 92 sequential MGIT-positive nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates, including Mycobacterium intracellulare, M. abscessus complex, M. avium complex and M. avium, were used to compare the performance of the MALDI-TOF MS for species-level identification with that of the BluePoint MycoID plus kit and final identification. Results: A total of 44 (47.8%) and 80 (87.0%) isolates were correctly identified to the species level by the MALDI-TOF MS and BluePoint MycoID plus kit, respectively. Conclusion: The procedure of MALDI-TOF MS in MGITs inoculated with clinical specimens is needed to be further optimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, electrical wire explosion has been used to produce aluminum carbon nanotube (Al-CNT) nanocomposite particles in acetone medium. In order to synthesize Al-CNT nanocomposites, initially, CNTs were ultrasonically dispersed. Then, aluminum wire was exploded in this medium. Synthesized samples were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) methods. The results exhibited formation of spherical nanoparticles in the medium. The average diameter of nanoparticles was 4 nm. Moreover, attained nanoparticles remained stable in acetone. Results revealed a good interaction between aluminum nanoparticles and CNTs in this medium. It is concluded that acetone is a suitable medium for synthesizing Al-CNT nanocomposite as appropriate dispersion of Al-CNT nanoparticles can be achieved in this medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental results on transformation of the spectral and spatial characteristics of femtosecond Ti:Sapphire-laser pulses with wavelengths of 800 and 400 nm during filamentation in liquid media are presented. It is shown that spectral broadening of a laser pulse at both harmonics at the expense of phase self-modulation in a medium with cubic nonlinearity depends on pulse power and beam diameter. Emission with a maximum at 464 nm is observed during filamentation of the pulses with a wavelength of 400 nm in distilled water, which corresponds to stimulated Raman scattering of the water. Fluorescence of dissolved organic matter is observed in sea water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have measured the size, structure, and optical properties for two sets of nanoparticles synthesized via electrical-spark discharge between two plane silicon electrodes immersed in deionized water (DI) and 97 % ethanol. The nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The size and optical features of the nanoparticles were studied as functions of nature of the liquid. Nearly spherical, single-crystal, and morphologically similar Si nanoparticles with diameters in the 3-8 and 6-13 nm ranges were formed in the colloidal solutions of water and ethanol, with estimated indirect bandgaps of approximately 1.5 and 1.3 eV, respectively. In both cases, the Raman peaks were blue shifted with respect to those of bulk silicon, a result consistent with the small diameters of the particles. The silicon nanoparticles synthesized in water exhibited strong emission in the violet-blue range, with a double peak near 417 and 439 nm. For those synthesized in ethanol, blue-green emission centered at 463 nm was detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of changes in acoustic emission (AE) parameters during the dissolution of a crystal were considered. The temperature dependence of the dissolution time constant was experimentally established. A method for estimating the crystal dissolution time constant and dynamics from the data of AE measurements was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microsecond spark discharge plasma jet is experimentally analyzed, experimentally and numerical modeling is performed. It is shown that discharge appears as a the number of microdischarges resulting in the average gas temperature of the jet of about 40 °C-50 °C. Fast imaging and numerical modeling are performed in order to study the discharge development on both microsecond and nanosecond time scales. The biochemical study of the production and the delivery of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species ( H2O2, NO, O2-, “singlet” oxygen, and ONOO-) into liquid phase is performed using fluorescent dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background and Objective: The present study evaluates the association of Candida albicans with normal control group, potentially malignant and malignant lesions of oral cavity by using two different liquid culture media. Materials and Methods: Saliva was collected and biopsy was taken only from those clinically suspected potentially malignant and malignant lesions for histopathological diagnosis. Saliva samples were inoculated for fungal growth in Sabouraud's dextrose agar and culture-positive samples had undergone for Germ tube test. Germ tube-positive samples were further taken for quantification of chlamydospore production in liquid media at 8 and 16 hours. Results: In normal control groups no fungus growth was found; however, potentially malignant and malignant cases showed fungus growth, positive germ tube test and chlamydospore formation. The result also showed rapid and quantitatively more chlamydospore formation in corn meal broth + 5% milk in comparison to serum milk culture media. Conclusion: The oral mucosa is compromised in potentially malignant lesions, it can be argued that this species may be involved in carcinogenesis by elaborating the nitrosamine compounds which either act directly on oral mucosa or interact with other chemical carcinogens to activate specific proto-oncogenes and thereby initiate oral neoplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Biotecnología is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The parameters of acoustic emission (AE) generated during crystal growth and dissolution are described. An explanation of detected radiation is proposed within the framework of the hypothesis of beats during the summation of a large number of vibrations with similar frequencies, which can be generated by both suprapremolecular water complexes and individual molecules. The fundamental possibility of evaluating the kinetics of crystallization, dissolution, and melting processes on the basis of data from AE investigations is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron oxide nanowires are synthesized by photochemical method through nanosecond pulsed laser ablation of iron powder in liquid media. The synthesis is tried using various wavelengths (248 and 532 nm) of pulsed laser at different liquids (water, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol and glycol). The solution of iron oxide nanowires is obtained only in methanol when the iron powder (size < 60 μm) is irradiated at 248 nm. Ablation with 532 nm in methanol resulted in solutions of iron oxide nanoparticles. It is very interesting to note that irradiating solutions of the nanoparticles, obtained via 532 nm ablation, with laser pulses at 248 nm laser gives rise to the solution of iron oxide nanowires again. It is to be recorded that only nanoparticles are obtained in water, ethanol, isopropanol and glycol when ablated with any of the said two lasers. Chemical and structural characterization suggest that the as-synthesized products are mainly amorphous goethite [FeO(OH)]. Annealing above 400°C, converts it into crystalline hematite (α-Fe2O3). The formation mechanism of the nanowires from extended 2D nanosheets is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the effect of blastophore yields, fungal biomass, and toxicity of fungal proteins of Metarhizium anisopliae against the insecticidal protein control of Ceratitis capitata adults. Based on results, concentration of nitrogen source influences the production of insecticidal protein and toxicity of the crude soluble protein extract (CSPE). In conclusion, insecticidal effect against C. capitata can be improved through optimization of culture media.

In this paper, a novel device for sensing perturbations imposed to liquid media contained in a disposable housing is addressed. The device consists of a glass beaker filled with deionized water surrounding a small volume of ferrofluid; a permanent magnet is used to fix the position of the ferrofluidic mass in a compliant position and to generate spikes due to the Rosensweig effect. The effect of external stimuli on the beaker can be estimated by measuring the perturbation produced on the ferrofluidic mass. The latter strategy allows reducing drawbacks related to static friction of conventional inertial devices. The ferrofluid perturbations are monitored by two external planar coils in a differential configuration. The main features of the proposed strategy are structural decoupling between the electric read-out system and beaker housing, which allows both implementing noninvasive measurement in liquid media and making the architecture partially disposable, of low cost, and suitable for real applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now, the success of the design of quartz crystal-controlled oscillators (XCOs) based on high-stability classical configurations for uses as microgravimetric thickness-shear-mode acoustic-wave (TSM-AW) sensors in damping media has strongly depended on the ability and experience of the designer. The conditions of strong damping that quartz experiences imply the necessity to adapt the designs so that the oscillation stays in spite of the reduction of its quality factor. Despite all the efforts developed by various authors, a methodology of the design of electronic circuit oscillators for their use in damping media does not exist yet. This is due to the difficulty of the study of the oscillation condition and its possible optimization as a function of the application. In this paper, we propose a methodology to aid designers in developing TSM-AW sensors for high-resolution microgravimetrical applications in liquid media, such as detection of chemical species, biosensors for molecular recognition, etc. Approaches are presented to carry out sensor oscillators based on the Miller topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of quartz-crystal oscillators as high-sensitivity microbalance sensors is limited by the frequency noise present in the circuit. To characterize the behavior of the sensors, it is not enough to determine their experimental sensitivity, but, rather, it is essential to study the frequency fluctuations in order to establish the sensor resolution. This is fundamental in the case of oscillators for damping media, because the level of noise rises due to the strong decline of the quality factor of the resonator. In this paper, a comparative study of noise and resolution is presented with respect to the frequency and the quality factor. The study has been made using four oscillators designed to be used in quartz-crystal microbalance sensors in damping media. The four circuits have been designed at increasing frequencies in order to improve the sensitivity or frequency change per unit of measurand. Also, the present theoretical resolution limit or best resolution achievable with a microbalance oscillator using an AT resonator is determined, since this does not depend on frequency. However, when operating in liquid, the damping of the resonator makes the resolution diminish due to a worsening of the quality factor. The relationship between the resolution limit and the frequency and characteristics of the liquid medium is determined. The resolution worsens when the density and viscosity of the liquid is increased. However, in this case, an increase in frequency implies a small increase in resolution. Therefore, we find that when working below the maximum quality factor, for similar values, the resolution can be improved by elevating the work frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A set-up of the systemic description of a (stochastic) system, particular states of which form (on the lowest determination level of the system state) a population of random events, is presented. Elementary and hierarchic stochastic systems are considered and the structure of their description is formulated. As an application of the conception, the set-up of the description of liquid media motion is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two isolates of Metarhizium spp. were studied for propagule production, because of their pathogenic activity towards locusts and grasshoppers ( Mf189 = M. flavoviride (or M. anisopliae var. acridum) strain IMI 330189, and Mf324 = M. flavoviride strain ARSEF324). Both isolates were grown in seven different liquid media, which have been developed for mass production of various Hyphomycetes, considered as candidates for microbial control of noxious insects. Shake-flask experiments were carried out at 28 °C in the dark. Production was quantified for 72 h and the effects of the tested media were evaluated on propagule concentration, morphology and pathogenicity. Based on preliminary experiments, all tested media were supplemented with 0.4% Tween 80 to avoid the formation of pellets and to produce unicellular propagules. Submerged propagule yields were higher with Mf189 than with Mf324 in all seven media. While high concentrations of propagules (1.4 to 2.4 × 108 propagules ml-1 for MF189 and1.4 to 8.3 × 107 propagules ml-1 for Mf324) were produced in four media (Adamek, Catroux, Jackson, and Jenkins–Prior media), production of propagules was lower in the three other media (Goral, Kondryatiev, and Paris media). Both isolates produced oblong blastospore-like propagules, except in Kondryatiev medium in which they provided ovoid propagules. In this case, Mf189 submerged propagules looked like aerial conidia, but scanning observations did not demonstrate a typical conidiogenesis via phialides. In Kondryatiev medium, Mf324 submerged propagules were significantly smaller than aerial conidia. Infection potential of submerged propagules was assayed on Schistocerca gregaria. Second-instar larvae fed for 48 h on fresh wheat previously contaminated by a spraying suspension of each inoculum titrated at 107 propagules ml-1. All seven media produced submerged propagules that were highly infectious for S. gregaria larvae. Shake flask culture assays permitted us to select three low-costmedia, Adamek, Jenkins–Prior, and Catroux for improving scale-up of liquid fermentation focused on mass-production of Metarhizium propagules for mycoinsecticides devoted to locust control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entomopathogenic Hyphomycete Paecilomyces fumosoroseus was grown in five different liquid media, which have been developed for mass production of Beauveria spp. or P. fumosoroseus. Production was followed for 96 h by measuring both biomass and concentration of propagules. Maximal biomass was obtained with two media, Jackson and Catroux media (40–60 mg ml-1 suspension produced after 42 h incubation), where the exponential phase of growth began earlier than in the other media. While high concentrations of propagules (1.4–5.5 × 108 propagules ml-1) were produced in three media (Jackson, Paris, and Catroux media) after 48–72 h incubation, production of propagules was lower in the two other media, containing maltose as carbon source (Goral and Kondryatiev media) with 0.4–3.7 × 107 propagules ml-1 after 96 h incubation. P. fumosoroseus produced oblong blastospores in the three most productive media and conidiospore-like (ovoid to subspherical) propagules in the two other media. Infection potential of produced propagules was tested on the silverleaf whitefly ( Bemisia argentifolii). Whiteflies were sprayed as 2nd instars with P. fumosoroseus propagules produced in the five liquid media (1.9 × 103 and 1.9 × 104 propagules cm-2). All the media produced propagules that were infectious for larvae. With the lower dosage, mortality rates were significantly lower with propagules produced in one of the two least productive media (57%) (in the Kondryatiev medium) compared to those obtained with the three most productive media (>90%). However, when whiteflies were treated with the higher dosage, mortality rates (91–99%) between media were not significantly different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A clonal propagation method has been developed for efficient multiplication of Vanilla planifolia. Multiple shoots were developed from axillary bud explants using semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with N6-benzyladenine (BA, 2 mg l−1) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 1 mg l−1). The multiple shoots were transferred to agitated liquid MS medium with BA at 1 mg l−1 and NAA at 0.5 mg l−1 for 2–3 weeks, and subsequently cultured on semi-solid medium. Using this method, an average of 42 shoots were obtained from a single axillary bud explant over a period of 134 days. Use of an intervening liquid medium has been found to enhance multiplication of shoots in V. planifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The physicochemical and technological properties of the liquid media based on sodium, boron, and silicon oxides and containing other components are studied. The properties of the liquid media, the surface quality, and the corrosion rates of various steels and alloys to be processed in these media are found to be interrelated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cantilever resonators based on the roof tile-shaped modes have recently demonstrated their suitability for liquid media monitoring applications. The early studies have shown that certain combinations of dimensions and order of the mode can maximize the Q-factor, what might suggest a competition between two mechanisms of losses with different geometrical dependence. To provide more insight, a comprehensive study of the Q-factor and the resonant frequency of these modes in microcantilever resonators with lengths and widths between 250 and 3000 µm and thicknesses between 10 and 60 µm is presented. These modes can be efficiently excited by a thin piezoelectric AlN film and a properly designed top electrode layout. The electrical and optical characterization of the resonators are performed in liquid media and then their performance is evaluated in terms of quality factor and resonant frequency. A quality factor as high as 140 was measured in isopropanol for a 1000 × 900 × 10 µm3 cantilever oscillating in the 11th order roof tile-shaped mode at 4 MHz; density and viscosity resolutions of 10−6 g/mL and 10−4 mPa·s, respectively are estimated for a geometrically optimized cantilever resonating below 1 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]