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Résumé La croissance des échanges de biens intermédiaires et de services a compliqué la relation entre commerce et division du travail à l'échelle internationale. Pour trente-neuf pays, l'auteur décompose les effets du commerce sur l'emploi selon leur origine: 1) exportations; 2) importations; 3) part des importations dans les exportations; 4) part des exportations dans les importations; 5) part des importations de pays tiers dans les importations. En 2009, quelque 88 millions d'emplois étaient imputables aux échanges de biens intermédiaires - 14 pour cent des emplois découlant des échanges -, tandis que la part des importations dans les exportations représentait 44 millions d'emplois. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé Dans de nombreux pays, on observe une disparition, voire une inversion de l'écart d'instruction entre hommes et femmes. Mais cela se traduit-il sur le marché du travail? Se fondant sur des données de recensement recueillies dans quarante pays, les auteurs examinent les écarts en termes de taux d'activité entre hommes et femmes, entre femmes mariées et femmes célibataires, ainsi qu'entre mères et femmes sans enfant. Ils constatent que l'ampleur de ces écarts, le rythme auquel ils évoluent et leur lien avec l'écart d'instruction sont très variables d'un pays à l'autre et qu'ils ne s'expliquent toujours pas par d'autres inégalités. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé. L'objet de cet article introductif est de proposer un panorama des définitions et modes de quantification de l'activité informelle, de présenter quelques résultats sur son étendue et ses caractéristiques, ainsi que d'exposer les thèses en présence sur son rôle dans les économies contemporaines et la façon de l'aborder. Cela donne une série de cadres conceptuels permettant de mieux appréhender la littérature foisonnante sur l'emploi informel, et aussi de mieux comprendre l'apport de chacune des contributions de ce numéro spécial au progrès des connaissances sur ce phénomène. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé. La question de l'incidence des réglementations du travail sur l'emploi a suscité diverses tentatives de quantification des normes du travail aux fins de comparaisons internationales. L'auteur reconnaît l'apport de ces travaux à la recherche empirique, mais critique les indicateurs visant à classer les réglementations. Il examine les indicateurs relatifs au salaire minimum, notamment celui du programme de la Banque mondiale, Doing Business. Il identifie plusieurs lacunes - biais théoriques, erreurs de mesure, non-prise en compte des particularités institutionnelles et de l'incertitude quant à l'effectivité des réglementations - et met en garde contre l'utilisation de ces classements pour orienter les politiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé. Ce numéro spécial - dont le présent article est l'introduction - traite du travail faiblement rémunéré dans plusieurs pays en développement: Afrique du Sud, Brésil, Chine, République de Corée et Inde. Les auteurs font le point sur ce phénomène: définition, mesure, évolution et moyens de l'atténuer. A cet égard, les variations entre pays montrent l'importance de deux instruments politiques: la négociation collective et le salaire minimum, dont l'efficacité dépend d'effets de seuil qui doivent être pris en considération pour l'action des pouvoirs publics. Ce numéro spécial vient en complément de «Travail à bas salaire en Europe et aux Etats-Unis» (vol. 148 (2009), n° 4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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