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The performance of soil nailed walls is evaluated based on lateral displacements, especially in high walls. In this study, the displacement behavior of nailed walls, which are frequently preferred in retaining wall systems in hard clayey soils, was examined by taking into account the corner effect. The nailed wall model was created using Plaxis 2D v.23, and the performance of the model was verified with the results of inclinometer measurements taken on-site. To assess the influence of excavation pit dimensions on the corner effect, 25 three-dimensional and 25 plane–strain slice models were created using Plaxis 3D v.23, and the effect of excavation pit dimensions on the plane–strain ratio (PSR) was determined. Then, analysis studies were carried out by creating 336 3D and 336 plane–strain slice models with variable parameters, such as slope angle (β), wall angle (α), nail length (L/H), excavation depth (H), and distance from the corner (xH). Its effects on PSR were determined. The interactions of the parameters with each other and PSR estimation were evaluated using machine learning (ML) methods: artificial neural networks (ANN), classifical and regression tree (CART), support vector regression (SVR), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The proposed ML prediction methods and PSR results were compared with performance metrics and reliable results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of multi-class classification is always a challenge in the field of EEG (electroencephalogram)-based seizure detection. The traditional studies focus on computing or learning a set of features from EEG to distinguish between different patterns. However, the extraction of characteristic information becomes increasingly difficult as the number of EEG types increases. To address this issue, a creative EEG classification technique is proposed by employing a principal component analysis network (PCANet) coupled with phase space reconstruction (PSR) and power spectrum density (PSD). We have introduced the PSR and PSD to prepare the inputs, where dynamic and frequency information are exposed from deep within PCANet. It is remarkable that a layered cascade strategy is designed to make a powerful deep learner according to the rule of one network vs one task (OVO). The proposed method has achieved greater effects than the individual models and shown superior performance in comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms, which present 98.0% of sensitivity, 99.90% of specificity, and 99.07% of accuracy. Our ensemble PCANet model works in an assembly line-like manner, obviating the need for hand-craft features. Results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can greatly enhances the accuracy and robustness of seizure detection from EEG signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excluding rough areas with surface rocks and craters is critical for the safety of landing missions, such as China's Chang'e-7 mission, in the permanently shadowed region (PSR) of the lunar south pole. Binned digital elevation model (DEM) data can describe the undulating surface, but the DEM data can hardly detect surface rocks because of median-averaging. High-resolution images from a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can be used to map discrete rocks and small craters according to their strong backscattering. This study utilizes the You Only Look Once version 7 (YOLOv7) tool to detect varying-sized craters in SAR images. It also employs the Markov random field (MRF) algorithm to identify surface rocks, which are usually difficult to detect in DEM data. The results are validated by optical images and DEM data in non-PSR. With the assistance of the DEM data, regions with slopes larger than 10° are excluded. YOLOv7 and MRF are applied to detect craters and rocky surfaces and exclude regions with steep slopes in the PSRs of craters Shoemaker, Slater, and Shackleton, respectively. This study proves SAR images are feasible in the selection of landing sites in the PSRs for future missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contracteren is the property of Boom uitgevers Den Haag and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Shallow urban lakes are naturally vulnerable to ecosystem degradation. Rapid urbanization in recent decades has led to a variety of aquatic problems such as eutrophication, algal blooms, and biodiversity loss, increasing the risk to lake-wide ecological sustainability. Instead of a simple binary assessment of ecological risk, holistic evaluation frameworks that consider multiple stressors and receptors can provide a more comprehensive assessment of overall ecological risk. In this study, we analyzed a combined dataset of government statistics, remote sensing images, and 1 year of field measurements to develop an index system for urban lake ecological risk assessment based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework. We used the developed ecological safety index (ESI) system to evaluate the ecological risk for three urban lakes in Jiangsu Province, China: Lake Yangcheng—LYC, Lake Changdang—LCD, and Lake Tashan—LTS. LYC and LTS were classified as "mostly safe" and "generally recognized as safe," respectively, while LCD was assessed as having "potential ecological risk." Our data suggest that socioeconomic pressure and aquatic health are the two main factors affecting the ecological risk in both LYC and LCD. The ecological risk of LTS could be improved more effectively if regional management plans are well implemented. Our study highlights the pressure of external wastewater loading, low forest-grassland coverage, and lake shoreline damage on the three selected urban lakes. The findings of this study can inform watershed management for lake ecosystem restoration and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the Pressure–State–Response model and the experience materials of waste gas emission prevention and control in industrialized nations, we construct the PSR framework for stationary waste gas emissions (WGEs) in this study, identifying five pressure factors and six policy instruments. Using a moderated chain mediating established by structural equation modeling measurement, we examined the effects of pressures and responses to stationary WGEs. The key conclusions are that (1) pressures were brought on by the heavy industry proportion, the energy consumption intensity, the coal consumption proportion, and the industrial labor productivity, while the pressure was significantly reduced by green technology. (2) The heavy industry proportion was the most effective negative mediator, while energy consumption parameters including energy consumption intensity and coal consumption proportion failed to produce the desired results from policy instruments on stationary WGEs. (3) Command-and-control policy instruments led to the greatest direct impacts on the fall of stationary WGEs, whereas information-based policy instruments led to the greatest indirect impacts on the decline of stationary WGEs. These findings may provide important policy recommendations for nations that are rapidly industrializing. (1) We suggest that technology and industrial internal structure should be significant regulatory issues. (2) In addition to maintaining command-and-control policy instruments, we advise the government to give information-based instruments more consideration. (3) We also suggest that before the adoption of market-based instruments, thorough plans and experimental subsidies be prepared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given an exogenous treatment d and covariates x, an ordinary least-squares (OLS) estimator is often applied with a noncontinuous outcome y to find the effect of d, despite the fact that the OLS linear model is invalid. Also, when d is endogenous with an instrument z, an instrumental-variables estimator (IVE) is often applied, again despite the invalid linear model. Furthermore, the treatment effect is likely to be heterogeneous, say, µ 1(x), not a constant as assumed in most linear models. Given these problems, the question is then what kind of effect the OLS and IVE actually estimate. Under some restrictive conditions such as a "saturated model", the estimated effect is known to be a weighted average, say, E { ω (x) µ 1(x)}, but in general, OLS and the IVE applied to linear models with a noncontinuous outcome or heterogeneous effect fail to yield a weighted average of heterogeneous treatment effects. Recently, however, it has been found that E { ω (x) µ 1(x)} can be estimated by OLS and the IVE without those restrictive conditions if the "propensity-score residual" d − E (d| x) or the "instrument-score residual" z−E (z| x) is used. In this article, we review this recent development and provide a command for OLS and the IVE with the propensity- and instrument-score residuals, which are applicable to any outcome and any heterogeneous effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yellow River is the property of Editorial Board of Yellow River and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Institute of Soil & Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ministry of Water Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Periodontal screening recording (PSR) is considered a quick, reliable, reproducible valuable screening tool for periodontal disease. This study aims to find the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease and its association with self-reported diabetic status and smoking history of the patients by using PSR codes over a period of 2 years. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study in a dental hospital in Chandigarh. Data of 10,882 patients comprising self-reported history of smoking (893) and diabetes (725) patients were assessed for the prevalence of periodontal disease by using PSR codes. Pearson Chi-Square test was used for statistical evaluation of PSR codes data. Results: Out of a total of 65,292 sextants assessed, the maximum and minimum reported PSR codes were 2 and 4, respectively. Gingivitis was found to be the most prevalent, followed by periodontitis and periodontal health in the total assessed population (P < 0.001). Mucogingival problems and complete edentulism were found to be more prevalent in posterior sextants in comparison to anterior sextants. Both self-reported smokers and type-II diabetes mellitus patients presented gingivitis as the most common clinical presentation, with the highest prevalence seen in the 55-74-year age group, which also comprised the group with maximum mucogingival problems and edentulism. Conclusion: This study gives an overview of patients' general oral health status and reflects the burden of periodontal disease in the Chandigarh region, thus contributing to the national oral health data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this review, we examine the application of different molecular diagnostic techniques in the pig industry; qPCR, isothermal methods, and novel techniques such as CRISPR-Cas and microfluidics platforms are discussed in detail. The main viruses affecting the health of pigs were identified, including the African swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and porcine circovirus. Furthermore, the main challenges for the implementation of large-scale molecular diagnostic tests in the swine industry are discussed, which include lower costs, ease of operation for any type of user, portability for use on farms, and rapid response times. Molecular diagnostic tests have evolved very rapidly in the field of human health, especially with the arrival of the recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the animal sector is constantly neglected, even though accurate detection by molecular tools could represent economic advantages by preventing the spread of viruses. In this regard, the swine industry is of great interest. The main viruses that affect the swine industry are described in this review, including African swine fever virus (ASFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine circovirus (PCV), which have been effectively detected by different molecular tools in recent times. Here, we describe the rationale of molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR, isothermal methods (LAMP, NASBA, RPA, and PSR) and novel methods such as CRISPR-Cas and microfluidics platforms. Successful molecular diagnostic developments are presented by highlighting their most important findings. Finally, we describe the barriers that hinder the large-scale development of affordable, accessible, rapid, and easy-to-use molecular diagnostic tests. The evolution of diagnostic techniques is critical to prevent the spread of viruses and the development of viral reservoirs in the swine industry that impact the possible development of future pandemics and the world economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avicenna was one of the premodern philosophers who argued for the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR), namely the claim that everything has a cause and that no uncaused beings can exist. One of the consequences of PSR is necessitarianism, which is the assertion that whatever exists actually also exists necessarily because each and every member of the causal chain is determined by antecedent causes. PSR thus goes against human intuition that suggests that things could have been otherwise. My goal is to investigate whether post-Avicennian authors tried to mitigate the necessitarian consequences of PSR by excluding human will from it. I will concentrate on the comparison between Na~īr al-Dīn al-Tūsī’s (d. 1274) Persian treatise Jabr va qadar and his theological summa Tajrīd al-iʿtiqād. The immediate reason for choosing this issue is al-Tūsī’s assertions that humans intuitively know that they are autonomous agents of their actions, which seems to contradict the universal applicability of PSR. I will argue that al-Tūsī espoused somewhat different views on free will. Depending on the character of the texts and the period in which they were written, sometimes being consistent with Avicenna while other times engaging with Muʿtazilism. I will show how al-Tūsī left room for human freedom, however causally ineffective at times, which he understood as a different kind of determination that is able to act independently of the other types of determination to which humans are subject, be they physical or divine. Overall, the discussion tests al-Tūsī’s allegiance to either Avicennian philosophy or Shiʿi theology and even forces him to take a stance against Avicenna’s view on knowledge in some of his works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of land ecological security (LES) assessment is to evaluate the influence of land use and human activities on the land ecosystem. Its ultimate objective is to offer decision-making assistance and direction for safeguarding and rejuvenating the well-being and effectiveness of the land ecosystem. However, it is important to note that there are still significant uncertainties associated with current land ecological safety assessments. This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation model that combines the strengths of subjective and objective weighting methods. The model is built upon an index system developed using the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework. To verify the level of LES, theThe results of classifying the total ecosystem service valueTotal Ecosystem Service Value are utilized to verify the level of LES. Furthermore, spatial distribution patterns of regional land ecological safety levels are analyzed using statistical techniques, such as Moran's I, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Kruskal–Wallis H-test. The findings indicate that: (1) theThe evaluation model developed in this paper achieves a validation accuracy of 75.55%, indicating that it provides a more accurate reflection of the level of land ecological safety in the region; (2) The ecological security index is generally safe, with a mean value in the moderate safety range. It experienced a turning point in 2010, showing initial deterioration followed by improvement, mainly due to the transition between unsafe and relatively safe zones. (3) The level of economic development, topography, and urban-–rural structure are significant factors influencing the spatial concentration of LES in the region, ultimately shaping the spatial pattern of LES in the Chengdu Plain region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying resilience provides an opportunity to address a range of urban environmental problems. However, existing studies pay little attention to urban ecological resilience (UER), and the system of assessing urban resilience pays little attention to the process attribute of resilience. This study focuses on UER and constructs an evaluation framework based on the pressure _state _response (PSR) framework. The 'pressure' indicator morphological resilience (MR) is evaluated using source _sink landscape theory. The 'state' indicator density resilience (DR) is evaluated using the ratio of ecological carrying capacity to ecological footprint. The 'response' indicator uses indicators of economic structure, vitality, and innovation for evaluation. We found that the MR and DR of the study area in 2020 showed a spatial layout of low in the central area and high in the peripheral areas, while the high-value ER area was in the central part. The average district and county MR was 1.44, DR was between 0.003 and 1.975, and ER was 0.32; overall, ER and MR are better in the study area, but DR is worse. The spatial layout of comprehensive UER was found to be low in the middle and high in the periphery of the study area. Some areas with low MR and DR have high UER, which verifies the compensation effect of ER on urban ecology. This study provides a new method for assessing UER, and the findings can provide useful information for urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Review of Economics & Agribusiness / Revista de Economia e Agronegócio is the property of Brazilian Review of Economics & Agribusiness / Revista de Economia e Agronegocio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phosphorus (as phosphate, Pi) and iron (Fe) are critical nutrients in plants that are often poorly available in the soil and can be microbially affected. This work aimed to evaluate how plant-rhizobacteria interaction changes due to different Pi or Fe nutritional scenarios and to study the underlying molecular mechanisms of the microbial modulation of these nutrients in plants. Thus, three proteobacteria (Paraburkholderia phytofirmans PsJN, Azospirillum brasilense Sp7, and Pseudomonas putida KT2440) were used to inoculate Arabidopsis seeds. Additionally, the seeds were exposed to a nutritional factor with the following levels for each nutrient: sufficient (control) or low concentrations of a highly soluble source or sufficient concentrations of a low solubility source. Then, the effects of the combinatorial factors were assessed in plant growth, nutrition, and genetic regulation. Interestingly, some bacterial effects in plants depended on the nutrient source (e.g., increased aerial zones induced by the strains), and others (e.g., decreased primary roots induced by Sp7 or KT2440) occurred regardless of the nutritional treatment. In the short-term, PsJN had detrimental effects on plant growth in the presence of the low-solubility Fe compound, but this was not observed in later stages of plant development. A thorough regulation of the phosphorus content was detected in plants independent of the nutritional treatment. Nevertheless, inoculation with KT2440 increased P content by 29% Pi-deficiency exposed plants. Conversely, the inoculation tended to decrease the Fe content in plants, suggesting a competition for this nutrient in the rhizosphere. The P-source also affected the effects of the PsJN strain in a double mutant of the phosphate starvation response (PSR). Furthermore, depending on the nutrient source, PsJN and Sp7 strains differentially regulated PSR and IAA- associated genes, indicating a role of these pathways in the observed differential phenotypical responses. In the case of iron, PsJN and SP7 regulated iron uptake-related genes regardless of the iron source, which may explain the lower Fe content in inoculated plants. Overall, the plant responses to these proteobacteria were not only influenced by the nutrient concentrations but also by their availabilities, the elapsed time of the interaction, and the specific identities of the beneficial bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper quantifies the coverage area of Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) for Packet Success Rates (PSR) above 85%, where acceptable Quality of Service (QoS) can be achieved. The network consists of battery-operated end-nodes (ENs) and multiple stationary gateways (GWs). We consider asynchronous communication that uses ALOHA-based random channel access. Each transmission from the ENs can be received by multiple GWs. Such spatial diversity results in favorable Signal-to-Noise ratios (SNR). The LoRa modulation is assumed and its specific features, such as IQ inversion, further contribute to decreasing the impact of interference. An increase in the GW density improves network performance, which allows support for a larger density of end-nodes as well as increasing the coverage area. Our simulation results show that a suburban area of up to 1.44 km2 can be covered with five GWs with up to fifty end-nodes with a PSR greater than 86%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water resources are an important guarantee for human life, and the health of the water environment directly affects socioeconomic development. With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, wastewater has a huge impact on the water environment. The assessment of water environmental risk has become an important measure for long-term sustainable development. In this study, we proposed a framework based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) model to assess and analyze the changing tendencies of the water environment carrying capacity (WECC). The results showed that WECC increased from 2011 to 2017 and the evaluation status changed from very unhealthy (V) to basically healthy (II). Compared with the carrying capacity of each indicator, the most influential factors were the amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD) discharged, water consumption per capita, industrial water consumption increment per 104-yuan, greenbelt area per capita, the wastewater processing capacity of industrial facilities, and the amount of industrial wastewater. This study concisely shows the status of the water environment in Ningbo and accurately identifies the key problems of water quality. The assessment and analysis of water environmental risk can be a scientific and effective reference for social development planning. By decreasing the amount of wastewater and improving the water quality, WECC can be kept under control for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the pressure–state–response (PSR) framework, in this paper, we construct an assessment system for sustainable water utilization (SWU) in 60 prefecture-level cities along the Yellow River Basin. Then, a spatial autocorrelation model is employed to analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of SWU. Further, nine related variables are selected to explore the key factors affecting the spatial differentiation of SWU with a geographic detector model. The results are as follows: (1) The overall level of SWU in the Yellow River Basin is not high, and the level of SWU in five cities is much higher than that in other cities. (2) Overall, the SWU shows noticeable spatial autocorrelation characteristics along the Yellow River Basin. Additionally, locally, it shows high–high agglomeration, low–high agglomeration, and low–low agglomeration. (3) The most important factors affecting the spatial differentiation of SWU in the Yellow River Basin are precipitation, population density, and the proportion of tertiary industry in regional GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employ nighttime observations from the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) ultraviolet (UV) spectrograph onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to investigate the presence of condensed water ice within lunar south pole cold traps. This study incorporates LAMP observations between 2009 and 2016, which more than doubles the number of observations from previous LAMP Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) studies. In this study, we focus on cold traps within five south polar craters: Faustini, Shoemaker, Haworth, Cabeus, and Amundsen. An unnamed cold trap region adjacent to Haworth and Shoemaker was also investigated. We present On‐band (148–162 nm), Edge‐band (164–173 nm), and Off‐band (175–190 nm) albedo maps at 4‐km spatial resolution and far‐UV albedo spectra of cold traps at 2‐nm spectral resolution. We find Off‐band to On‐band albedo ratios (the UV wavelength ranges with high and low H2O ice reflectivity, respectively) within cold traps that are consistent with previous PSR studies. Spectral intimate mixture models considering 5 μm H2O grains and a range of regolith grain sizes (20–74 μm) with porosities between 0.3 and 0.75 yields abundances of ∼0.9–4.9 wt.%, where increasing the range of H2O and regolith grain sizes may increase the range of water abundance. We further find generally lower albedos within the cold trap regions than at the surrounding non‐cold trap regions across all wavelengths, consistent with increased regolith porosity within cold traps as suggested by Gladstone et al. (2012), https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JE003913. Plain Language Summary: Ultraviolet (UV) observations from the Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) in orbit around the Moon are utilized to investigate the presence of H2O ice within areas of permanent shadow at the lunar south pole. The incorporation of more data (2009–2016) leads to increased accuracy when compared to previous LAMP investigations. We examine six regions at the lunar south pole within craters: Faustini, Shoemaker, Haworth, Cabeus, Amundsen, and an unnamed region. The ratio of two UV wavelength ranges are used as an indicator for the presence of H2O ice and were utilized to identify regions which may contain surface ice. Models of H2O and lunar regolith show that the observed UV spectral signatures are consistent with the presence of low amounts of water ice mixed with lunar regolith. Key Points: A new analysis of Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) south pole measurements improves the spectral resolution to 2‐nm and incorporates additional years of acquisitionsFar‐ultraviolet band ratios within cold traps are consistent with a small amount of H2O intimately mixed with regolith and increased porosityThis initial analysis of an improved LAMP spectral map data set provides the foundation for investigating additional volatile species [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a number theoretic view on binary shift registers. We illustrate this approach on some basic shift registers by revisiting known and obtaining new results, which we prove using tools from basic number theory, including modular arithmetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle is an important center for promoting economic growth in the western region. Clarifying the driving force and restrictive factors of the urbanization development in Chengdu-Chongqing area is conducive to the further development of the region. Firstly, this study uses geospatial information to describe the resource consumption characteristics of the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle. Then, Moran index has been used to test the spatial agglomeration relationship. Finally, the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle is classified according to the characteristics of natural resource utilization and spatial relations. The results show that (1) the relationship between the comprehensive utilization of natural resources and urbanization in the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle is high in the east and low in the west, and the two places jointly drive the development of the north and the south. (2) From 2015 to 2020, the comprehensive utilization capacity of natural resources in the core area on the west side decrease, and the core area on the east side increase. Urbanization in the north and south is slow, and the direct utilization capacity of natural resources needs to be improved. (3) The city with the best coordination relationship between comprehensive utilization of natural resources and urbanization is on the periphery of the core cities of the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle, and the protection and management measures of the core cities for natural resources do not match their urbanization level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Analisi: Quaderns de Comunicacio i Cultura is the property of Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent literature on Spinoza has emphasized his commitment to universal intelligibility, understood as the claim that there are no brute facts. We draw attention to an important but overlooked element of Spinoza's commitment to intelligibility, and thereby question its most prominent interpretation, on which this commitment results in the priority of conceptual relations. We argue that such readings are both incomplete in their account of Spinozistic intelligibility and mistaken in their identification of the most fundamental relation. We argue that Spinoza is one of the first moderns to address the problem of conditions of intelligibility, and show that, in his metaphysics, expressive relations are best understood as relations of dependence for intelligibility : what a thing 'expresses' is its condition of intelligibility, that which determines how, through what concepts, it can be conceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable diagnostic tools are needed to choose the appropriate treatment and proper control measures for animal trypanosomoses, some of which are pathogenic. Trypanosoma cruzi, for example, is responsible for Chagas disease in Latin America. Similarly, pathogenic animal trypanosomoses of African origin (ATAO), including a variety of Trypanosoma species and subspecies, are currently found in Africa, Latin America and Asia. ATAO limit global livestock productivity and impact food security and the welfare of domestic animals. This review focusses on implementing previously reviewed diagnostic methods, in a complex epizootiological scenario, by critically assessing diagnostic results at the individual or herd level. In most cases, a single diagnostic method applied at a given time does not unequivocally identify the various parasitological and disease statuses of a host. These include "non-infected", "asymptomatic carrier", "sick infected", "cured/not cured" and/or "multi-infected". The diversity of hosts affected by these animal trypanosomoses and their vectors (or other routes of transmission) is such that integrative, diachronic approaches are needed that combine: (i) parasite detection, (ii) DNA, RNA or antigen detection and (iii) antibody detection, along with epizootiological information. The specificity of antibody detection tests is restricted to the genus or subgenus due to cross-reactivity with other Trypanosoma spp. and Trypanosomatidae, but sensitivity is high. The DNA-based methods implemented over the last three decades have yielded higher specificity and sensitivity for active infection detection in hosts and vectors. However, no single diagnostic method can detect all active infections and/or trypanosome species or subspecies. The proposed integrative approach will improve the prevention, surveillance and monitoring of animal trypanosomoses with the available diagnostic tools. However, further developments are required to address specific gaps in diagnostic methods and the sustainable control or elimination of these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective prediction of wind power output intervals can capture the trend of uncertain wind output power in the form of probability, which not only can avoid the impact of randomness and volatility on grid security, but also can provide supportable information for grid dispatching and grid planning. To address the problem of the low accuracy of traditional wind power interval prediction, a new interval prediction method of wind power is proposed based on PSR-BLS-QR with adaptive rolling error correction. First, one-dimensional wind power data are mapped to high-dimensional space by phase space reconstruction (PSR) to achieve data reconstruction and the input and output of the broad learning system (BLS) model are constructed. Second, the training set and the test set are divided according to the input and output data. The BLS model is trained by the training set and the initial power interval of training data is constructed by quantile regression (QR). Then, the error distribution of nonparametric kernel density estimation is constructed at different power interval segments of the interval upper and lower boundaries, respectively, and the corresponding error-corrected power is found. Next, the optimal correction index is used as the objective function to determine the optimal error correction power for different power interval segments of the interval upper and lower boundaries. Finally, a test set is used for testing the performance of the proposed method. Three wind power datasets from different regions are used to prove that the proposed method can improve the average prediction accuracy by about 6–14% with the narrower interval width compared with the traditional interval prediction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinoza's Ethics self-consciously follows the example of Euclid and other geometers in its use of axioms and definitions as the basis for derivations of hundreds of propositions of philosophical significance. The choices about what to define and what to leave as an undemonstrated axiom are clearly essential in such a project and were made by Spinoza with great care. Usually, when coming up with first principles in this sort of system, one aspires to have a list of axioms and definitions, each of which is necessary for at least one of the theorems to be proven. Spinoza's Ethics fails in this regard with EIa2. In this brief note, I show how Spinoza intended to and should have appealed to this axiom in his proof of EIp4 by appealing to parallels between the first four propositions of the Ethics and the correspondence with Henry Oldenburg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shamik Dasgupta (Nous 50: 379–418, 2016) proposes to tame the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) to apply to only non-autonomous facts, which are facts that are apt for explanation. Call this strategy to tame the PSR the taming strategy. In a recent paper, Della Rocca (PS 178: 1101–1119, 2020a; The parmenidean ascent, Oxford University Press, 2020b) argues that proponents of the taming strategy, in attempting to formulate a restricted version of the PSR, nevertheless find themselves committed to endorsing a form of radical monism, which, in turn, leads right back to an untamed-PSR. Suppose, for the sake of argument, that Della Rocca is right. My question is this: Is there reason to believe the principle of sufficient reason (in its untamed version)? In this paper, I argue that it is impossible for there to be a reason to believe the untamed-PSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two protocols in non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network, namely base station (BS), based power splitting protocol (PSR) and BS based time switching protocol (TSR), for simultaneously wireless information and power transmission (SWIPT) based unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) which are employed in power domain NOMA based UAV communication network. The system model with k types of the UAV, one BS, and two users' devices is investigated in our work. Besides, a strategy of UAV selection is also studied. Closed-form expressions of outage probability and throughput for UAVs and both users' devices are derived. In particular, the outage probability is determined for both perfect and imperfect SIC. The numerical results show that the performance for BS-based PSR outperforms that for BS-based TSR. The analytical results match Monte Carlo simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to rapid population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, it is particularly important to address the increasingly serious ecological security issues in the process of urbanization, while it is important to grasp the impact of changes in land use structure on ecological security for scientific planning and to aid decision-making. As a typical valley basin industrialized city in northwest China, Lanzhou has complex geomorphology and climate with distinct regional characteristics, and the relationship between land use and ecological security is complex. In order to understand the current status and influencing factors of ecological security in various regions of Lanzhou, and to explore the intrinsic connection between ecological security and land use, this study constructed an ecological security evaluation index system based on the pressure-state-response (PSR) model with 14 secondary factors including natural, social, and economic factors. Based on the entropy method, GIS was used to analyze the trend of ecological security in each district and to clarify the coupling relationship between ecological security and land use change in Lanzhou City. The results show that the ecological security index (ESI) of Xigu District, a typical heavy industrial area, increased from 0.26 to 0.35, and the ESI of Yuzhong County, an agricultural development area, increased from 0.51 to 0.55 from 2000 to 2017. Low ESI was mainly distributed in areas with developed heavy industry, while high ESI was mainly found in areas with favorable natural conditions and mainly agricultural development. Economic factors were the leading factors affecting the ecological security of Lanzhou. In general, changes in land use structure and ecological security were inextricably linked, and the two influence and interact with each other. These results could provide some reference for the study of ecological security development and land use change in typical river valley cities and also provide a new path for other cities to study ecological security and the conservation of the ecological environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An urban ecosystem carries the burden of urbanization and records the changes in the ecological environment. A scientific evaluation of the urban ecosystem can effectively assess and identify any system damage and degradation caused by nature or by human activities. In this paper, we construct an urban ecosystem health assessment system on the basis of a pressure–state–response (PSR)/vigor–organization–resilience (VOR) model along with the socioeconomic and remote sensing data related to Nanjing. Meanwhile, the factors hindering the stainable development of the Nanjing ecosystem are discussed. The results indicated that the health of the urban ecosystem in Nanjing is generally on the rise, improving from poor in 2000 to good in 2017; from the results obtained via the PSR model, the state layer continues to decrease, whereas the pressure and response layers continue to increase; the VOR model demonstrated that the urban ecosystem in Nanjing has been relatively stable over the past 20 years, and the obstacle degree model demonstrated that, over the next 10 years, the obstacle factors will be concentrated in the response layer in the early stage and in the pressure layer in the later period, mainly because of the pressure brought about by population growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the network level, a condition index is used to describe the pavement distress information that could be utilized for the treatment of pavement conditions in the future. The aim of the present research was to determine the most effective index that suits the network of Jazan—a major city in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In this study, four indices, including (1) present serviceability rating (PSR), (2) present serviceability index (PSI), (3) international roughness index (IRI), and (4) urban distress index (UDI) were investigated. A comparison between the four indices has been made to determine the most effective index to be adopted by the municipality of Jazan for planning and management of urban roads in the city. The study includes the data of 10 urban major roads in the city of Jazan, consisting of 18 pavement sections with a total length of 33 km. In the investigation, it was found that the correlation between UDI and PSI in measuring the pavement condition is very high (85%), which indicates the reliability of these indices in the measurement of the pavement conditions. Hence, the study recommends the PSI as a first choice as it gives reliable information about the pavement condition for urban flexible pavements by using three distresses (cracking, patching, and rutting) only. Also, UDI has been recommended as the second choice, which requires the survey of all pavement distresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a means of producing the resources required for human survival and development, land is the cornerstone of social development and an important part of the ecological environmental system. To measure the granularity and spatial differentiation of changes in the ecological security levels of the study area, this paper uses the PSR model. A kilometer grid is used as the evaluation unit, and a relative entropy theory is used to obtain the combined weight. The comprehensive index method is used to calculate the ecological security value of the land. Based on clarifying the dynamics of time and space, the spatial distribution of the ecological security levels in 2020 is simulated by the CA-Markov model. The results show the following: (1) the level of ecological security in the city of Deyang decreases from 0.580 in 2005 to 0.558 in 2015, showing a fluctuating downward trend, and different districts, cities, and counties and show varying trends. (2) During the study period, the area classified with a safe level decreased from 2853.72 km2 in 2005 to 1809.45 km2 in 2015, and the areas with critical safe, less safe, and unsafe levels all increased. The areas of decrease are mainly concentrated in the Jingyang District, Luojiang County, and Zhongjiang County. (3) The results of four proposed scenarios for future economic or environmental development are significantly different. Maintaining the status quo cannot change the declining trend in ecological security in the city of Deyang. A priority of economic development will lead to a significant decline in land ecological security. Establishing environmental protection as a priority can significantly change the ecological security of the land in the city. The results of the "comprehensive" scenario simulation are closest to the actual security values calculated for 2019, reflecting the trade-off between economic development and environmental protection. The research results can provide a reference for the evaluation and prediction of ecological security and provide theoretical guidance for the formulation of sustainable measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically examines a prominent and perennial strategy—found in thinkers as diverse as Kant and Shamik Dasgupta—of simultaneously embracing the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR) and also limiting it so as to avoid certain apparently negative consequences of an unrestricted PSR. I will argue that this strategy of taming the PSR faces significant challenges and may even be incoherent. And for my (nefarious) purposes, I will enlist a generally derided argument by Leibniz for the PSR which will help us to see the connections between the PSR and a radical form of monism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Largely due to the popular allegation that contemporary science has uncovered indeterminism in the deepest known levels of physical reality, the debate as to whether humans have moral freedom, the sort of freedom on which moral responsibility depends, has put aside to some extent the traditional worry over whether determinism is true. As I argue in this article, however, there are powerful proofs for both chronological determinism and necessitarianism, forms of determinism that pose the most penetrative threat to human moral freedom. My ultimate hope is to show that, despite the robust case against human moral freedom that can be made without even relying on them, chronological determinism and necessitarianism should be regarded with renewed urgency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a fully integrated flipped voltage follower (FVF) based low-dropout (LDO) regulator with enhanced full-spectrum power supply rejection (PSR) and unity-gain bandwidth over 400MHz for noise-sensitive circuits. Following the study of three types of FVF LDO's PSR performances, we propose a novel FVF LDO with a low-gain fast loop-1 and a high-gain slow loop-2. In prior FVF LDOs, their PSRs are either full-spectrum, or not, but with low PSR at low frequency. In this article, we fully utilize both dc gains of loop-1 and loop-2 for the low-frequency PSR, while the high-frequency PSR remains unchanged. In addition, we use dynamic compensation to push the loop-2's UGB to higher frequency for a better PSR bandwidth. This work, fabricated in 65 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS), with 1.2-V input and 1-V output, exhibits a measured quiescent current (IQ) varying from 27 to 82 μA for a load current ILOAD between 5 μA and 20 mA. The circuit achieves a low frequency PSR of –58 dB with the worst full-spectrum PSR of –9 dB in 20 mA ILOAD with a 300 pF on-chip output capacitor. Further, with an UGB over 400 MHz, the proposed FVF LDO reaches 0.9 ns response time when ILOAD changes between 100 μA and 20 mA with edge times less than 0.8 ns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discriminative correlation filter-based tracking algorithms cannot correctly track the target if the target is occluded or out of view and reappears in the field of vision, and they cannot ensure the tracking model is updated correctly if the tracking information is not correct. In this paper, a robust correlation tracking algorithm is proposed. Here, a failure detection strategy, which is based on the maximal confidence score and peak-to-sidelobe ratio to detect or measure the reliability of the tracking result, is integrated into the tracker. Moreover, the redetection module based on the keypoints matching method for consensus voting is introduced into the proposed tracking algorithm to redetect objects in case of tracking failure. In addition, an adaptive high-confidence updating method is proposed to avoid error model information introduced into the tracker caused by occlusions, out-of-view or illumination changes, where the learning rate is determined by the change rate of the confidence map. The OTB-2015 dataset and VOT-2016 dataset are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed tracking algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed tracking algorithm performs better than most of the state-of-the-art trackers, and it has higher accuracy and robustness than the DSST tracker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an adaptive multi-mode PWM control PSR flyback converter is proposed. In constant voltage (CV) mode, the converter adopts primary-side regulate (PSR) scheme to detect load information through the auxiliary winding, which reflects the load information on the voltage of V C O M P . The converter adjusts the switching frequency according to the voltage of V C O M P under different load conditions, realizing adaptive multi-mode PWM control to significantly improve light- load efficiency and thus the overall average efficiency. Besides, it does not give compromise to other system performance, such as audible noise, standby power consumption, and regulation. To verify the feasibility and performance of the proposed circuit, the converter has been designed and fabricated in HHGRACE_0.35 μ m BCD process and verified in a 5V/1A circuit prototype. The experimental results show that 25% load power efficiency of the proposed converter is 78.1%, which is improved by up to 3.4% compared to the conventional converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal and spatial heterogeneity identifications of marine environment and its changes have great significances in marine spatial planning and offshore pollution control. In this study, considering the integration of marine ecological environment and sea-land interaction, we built a spatialized evaluation model named Marine Environment Change Spatial Assessment (MECSA) to quantify the marine environment status and changes. In MECSA, we applied the geospatial model and the pressure-state-response (PSR) model for processing and integrating evaluation indicators. A case study in the Laizhou Bay showed that the marine environment quality was generally in a declining state from 2009 to 2015. In 2015, the Marine Environment Index (MEI) had decreased by 0.1 compared with 2009, although the two years all reached a 'Good' level. The spatial MEI layers of the two years showed a same distribution: the southwestern part was in poorer status, with a fan ring shape gradually getting better to the northeast. The Marine Organisms Response Index (MORI) contributed the most to the MEI. Therefore, future marine environmental assessment and spatial planning should focus on the identification the marine environment with its changes from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity and systemicity. Based on single indicators and comprehensive evaluation results, we can propose spatially targeted policies and recommendations scientifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of an agent to detect changes in an environment is key to successful adaptation. This ability involves at least two phases: learning a model of an environment, and detecting that a change is likely to have occurred when this model is no longer accurate. This task is particularly challenging in partially observable environments, such as those modeled with partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). Some predictive learners are able to infer the state from observations and thus perform better with partial observability. Predictive state representations (PSRs) and neural networks are two such tools that can be trained to predict the probabilities of future observations. However, most such existing methods focus primarily on static problems in which only one environment is learned. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that uses statistical tests to estimate the probability of different predictive models to fit the current environment. We exploit the underlying probability distributions of predictive models to provide a fast and explainable method to assess and justify the model's beliefs about the current environment. Crucially, by doing so, the method can label incoming data as fitting different models, and thus can continuously train separate models in different environments. This new method is shown to prevent catastrophic forgetting when new environments, or tasks, are encountered. The method can also be of use when AI-informed decisions require justifications because its beliefs are based on statistical evidence from observations. We empirically demonstrate the benefit of the novel method with simulations in a set of POMDP environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To scientifically evaluate the quality level of existing cultivated land in Hailun City, Heilongjiang Province, the environmental satellite image, Landsat8 remote sensing image and geoehemieal survey data are used to extract the information of soil fertility, water content, heavy metal pollution and other indexes. The temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDl) which has a stronger correlation with soil water content, replacing the traditional difference vegetation index (DVI), is applied to establish a soil quality evaluation method based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to assign weights to each evaluation index, combined with expert scoring and linear interpolation, to realize the quantitative evaluation of evaluation factors and obtain the minimum evaluation units by spatial weight superposition of all evaluation factors. The results show that the first-grade cultivated land accounts for 28.75%, with 71.17% of second-grade, 0.08% of third-grade and below, and the quality of cultivated land is generally high in Hailun City. Finally, some suggestions for improving cultivated land are put forward by analyzing the spatial distribution of cultivated land of different grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito - borne virus of public health importance. Currently, there is no FDA approved vaccine available against WNV infection in humans. Therefore, the early diagnosis of the WNV infection is important for epidemiologic control and timely clinical management in areas where multiple Flaviviruses are endemic. The present study aimed to develop reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction (RT-PSR) assay that rapidly and accurately detects the envelope (env) gene of WNV. RT-PSR assay was optimized at 63°C for 60 min using real - time turbidimeter or visual detection by the addition of SYBR Green I dye. The standard curve for RT-PSR assay was generated using the 10-fold serial dilutions of in vitro transcribed WNV RNA. To determine the detection limit of RT-PSR assay, an amplified product of conventional RT-PCR was in vitro transcribed as per standard protocol. The detection limit of the newly developed RT-PSR assay was compared with that of conventional RT-PCR and CDC reported TaqMan real-time RT-PCR using a serial 10-fold dilution of IVT WNV RNA. The detection limit of RT-PSR was found to be 1 RNA copy, which is 100-fold higher than that of conventional RT-PCR (100 copies). This suggests that RT-PSR assay is a valuable diagnostic tool for rapid and real-time detection of WNV in acute-phase serum samples. The assay was validated with a panel of 107 WNV suspected human clinical samples with signs of acute posterior uveitis and onset of febrile illness. Out of 107 samples, 30 were found positive by RT-PSR assay. The specificities of the selected primer sets were established by the absence of cross-reactivity with other closely related members viruses of the Flaviviruses, Alphaviruses, and Morbilliviruses groups. No cross - reactivity was observed with other viruses. To best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the RT-PSR assay for the detection of RNA virus (WNV) in clinical samples. RT-PSR is a high throughput method and more than 30 reactions can be run at once in real-time turbidimeter. PSR assay has potential to be used for a rapid screening of large number of clinical samples in endemic areas during an outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical efficacy of microvascular decompression (MVD) combined with percutaneous stereotactic radiofrequency rhizotomy (PSR) in the treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia was investigated. The medical records of 141 patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia admitted to Shandong Provincial Hospital from May 2011 to June 2013 were collected. Among them, 63 patients received MVD surgery and were set as group A, while the other 78 received MVD combined with PSR and were as group B. The efficacy and complication of the two treatment methods were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyze the risk factors for treatment efficacy. The total effective rate was 96.15% in group B, higher than that in group A (88.89%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The complications in group B were statistically less than that in group A (P<0.05). Risk factors for the onset of primary trigeminal neuralgia included the degree of decompression, duration of disease, degree of compression, and clinical symptoms. Patients treated with MVD combined with PSR had a better quality of life and lower 5-year recurrence rate than patients treated with MVD (both P<0.05). In conclusion, MVD combined with PSR treatment has good clinical efficacy in primary trigeminal neuralgia and low incidence of complications. The possible risk factors for the onset of primary trigeminal neuralgia include the degree of decompression, duration of disease, degree of compression, and clinical symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pavement serviceability index (PSI) is one of the pavement performance measures that have been originally used in the AASHO (currently AASHTO) road test to evaluate the pavement condition. The PSI is highly correlated with roughness index which is currently used in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design method to predict pavement performance. Therefore, PSI is still considered an important index used for pavement performance evaluation. Experimental PSI models based on regression analysis were developed in this research study. The study involved thirty-five asphalt pavement sections with a 366-m (1200 ft) length representing thirty-five rural highways. Pavement distresses, including linear and fatigue cracking, rut depth, raveling, patching, debonding and potholes were measured. In addition, the present serviceability rating (PSR) and the roughness (measured by the slope variance (SV)) were obtained. The ride quality on a scale from 0 to 5 was used to provide the PSR, where 5 is the highest rating and 0 is the lowest rating. Two PSI regression models were developed that can be used for rough pavements (SV ≥ 500) and smooth pavements (SV = 500), respectively. The most significant variables affecting the PSI were found to be rut depth, debonding and potholes (merged in one variable). Linear cracking and rut depth were found to be the second significant variable affecting PSI for rough pavements and smooth pavements, respectively. On the other hand, the slope variance had a relatively higher effect on the PSR of smooth pavements than that of rough pavements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) are abundant at the lunar poles. They experience no direct sunlight and reach temperatures as low as 30 K. PSRs are of interest as evidence suggests that some may contain water ice (H2O/OH‐), which could provide a record of the evolution of volatiles in the inner solar system. This water ice is also a critical resource for life‐support systems and rocket propellant. A better understanding of mechanical properties of PSR regolith, such as its bearing capacity, will help optimize the design of future exploration rovers and landers. Thirteen boulder tracks were identified on the edge of, or inside, south polar lunar PSR enhanced imagery and used to estimate the strength of the PSR regolith at latitudes of 70° to 76° in sites with maximum annual temperatures of 65 to 210 K. PSR boulder track features are similar to those observed in highland, mare, and pyroclastic regions of the Moon, implying similar properties of the regolith. Measured features were used to estimate bearing capacity for PSR regolith at depths of ~0.28 to 4.68 m. Estimated bearing capacity values suggest that these PSRs may be somewhat stronger than highland and mare regions at depths of 0.28 to 1.00 m. Bearing capacity in these PSRs is statistically the same as those in other regions of the Moon at depths of 1.00 to 2.00 m. The results of this study can be used to infer bearing capacity as one measure for the trafficability of lower‐latitude PSRs of the type measured here. Plain Language Summary: The polar regions of the Moon contain areas that never experience sunlight, known as permanently shadowed regions (PSRs). These regions are thought to contain uneven distributions of water ice deposits. To access PSRs and their possible water deposits, we must first understand the strength of the soil at these locations to safely traverse them. Thirteen boulder tracks were identified on the edge of, or within, PSRs in the lunar south polar region using images taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. These images were processed to enable the measurement of boulders and their associated tracks. The tracks identified within PSRs have similar appearances to those identified outside PSRs in other regions on the Moon. The strength of soil within PSRs was estimated from the measurements taken and was shown to be at least as strong as highland and mare regions of the Moon at relatively shallow depths, although the studied PSRs show no evidence for the presence of water ice. Analysis shows that PSRs of the type measured here should be able to bear rovers at depths of at least ~30 cm. In situ measurements are required to confirm and better understand the mechanical behavior of PSR regolith at shallow depths. Key Points: Boulder tracks were measured from orbital imagery, and the bearing capacity of regolith in permanently shadowed regions was estimatedRegolith in permanently shadowed regions appears to be as strong as regolith found in other regions of the MoonBoulder track measurements could be used to remotely estimate the traversability of PSRs for future exploration rovers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Natural Disasters is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)