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The increasing frequency and severity of plant diseases pose significant threats to global food security and agricultural sustainability. This research paper addresses the urgent need for an integrated framework that combines machine learning algorithms and preventive measures to mitigate the impact of plant diseases. The study explores the development of a predictive model to forecast potential outbreaks. Its machine learning algorithms analyze datasets, learning patterns that are often imperceptible to the human eye enabling it to diagnose multiple diseases affecting various plants. The paper also investigates the implementation of preventive measures. The paper offers a comprehensive framework for early detection and proactive management of plant diseases. Ultimately, this research seeks to pave the way for a more resilient and efficient agricultural ecosystem in the face of evolving challenges posed by plant diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Northern Marmara Motorway is a project that aims to alleviate the heavy traffic congestion in the provinces of İstanbul, Tekirdağ, Kocaeli and Adapazarı. Within the 5th section bounded by "the Motorway Port Connection Road" and "İzmit Intersection", mass movements of slide (Y1, Y2) and flow (Y3) types were observed along the route. This study investigated the causes of mass movements in the Korucu Formation, which consists of sandstone and shale alternation. It also evaluated the support systems to prevent these movements. The analysis considered project criteria, both static and dynamic conditions, types of mass movements and triggering factors. The study identified a combination of factors, including the water table and surface waters, which lead to progressive weathering and mass movement. Stability analyses were conducted for specific right-cut slope sections. These analyses included assessments of soil structure, soil–rock mechanics, engineering geology and geotechnics, as well as examination of field and laboratory test results. These analyses aimed to comprehensively investigate and understand the factors influencing the occurrence of mass movements, particularly for km: 170 + 300–170 + 400, km: 170 + 640 and km: 175 + 297–175 + 463. At Y1, pile retaining walls are proposed using Slide2 software to reduce the slope angle from 22° to 17°. At Y2, a translational landslide occurred with recommendations for the adjustment of the slope angle and protective measures considering the disturbance factors (D = 0.3 and D = 0.5). Y3 was a flow-type movement that required protection of the slope with riprap due to the different geological conditions and disturbance factors. This study underlines the need for a comprehensive geological analysis and structural measures to ensure safety in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the analysis of a potentially unstable cutting in weak rocks and a design of its remediation. It is described here the collection of information, its interpretation and stability analysis of the cutting, which focuses on deeper than just surface slip surfaces to assess the risk of slope movements with significant safety and economic impact. Based on the results of the evaluation, appropriate remediation measures are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost overrun has long been a significant concern in the construction sector, posing obstacles to project profitability and financial viability. It occurs when actual costs exceed the initial budget estimates, leading to financial hardship, delays, and stakeholder disagreements. This paper investigates the impact of project management techniques on construction project cost overruns. The study aims to identify various techniques used at different stages of construction projects and analyze their effects on cost performance. Additionally, it explores the reasons behind cost overruns and proposes solutions to prevent them in the future. This research highlights efficient methods with which to manage and prevent cost overruns, providing valuable insights for project managers to use when improving cost performance and enhancing project success. It contributes to the knowledge on project management in the construction sector and aids stakeholders in navigating cost overrun challenges. Future research should explore context-sensitive issues related to cost overruns and consider robust, adaptive, and agile cost management strategies based on project management skillsets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motorway infrastructure consists of pavements, bridges, tunnels, noise barriers, drainage systems, electro‐mechanical equipment and road furniture. All of them need to be at the adequate performance levels to ensure appropriate availability, comfort and safety. To fulfill this condition, road authorities must regularly carry out maintenance, rehabilitation and reconstruction works. As engineering structures have various service lives, performing remedial works for each individual structure at the optimal time would result in frequent road closures on the same road sections, significantly reducing the road availability for the users. Consequently, a works programme of remedial measures is needed which combines the measures on the same road section to the same time frame. The times planned for performing remedial measures therefore cannot be optimal for every structure in the road network, however they can be optimal from the road's availability and total costs perspective. An appropriate coordination between individual types of infrastructure, selection of measures and a method of merging these measures to the individual road sections must be performed. The paper discusses the integration of the results of individual management systems into a unified works programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major threats to South African estuaries include freshwater flow alterations, urbanisation, habitat transformation, deteriorating water quality, increased biological invasions and resource over-exploitation. Although South African estuary restoration is in its infancy, important lessons have been learnt through past efforts undertaken in some of the most impacted systems. This review presents case studies focused on hydrological and physical restoration actions, while recognizing the need to implement urgent remedial measures to restore the populations of targeted estuary-associated marine fish species. Common interventions designed to arrest declining estuary health include artificial management of estuary mouths and the use of artificial structures to restore tidal action and remediate erosion damage. Limited natural habitat restoration actions have been conducted on the subcontinent. Fortunately, estuaries are resilient ecosystems and can recover fairly rapidly if appropriate restoration interventions are successfully applied. Restoration needs to be co-ordinated through a national strategy which is currently not in place. It is particularly important to address the root cause of deterioration through active restoration and/or rehabilitation measures rather than only managing symptoms. The implementation of existing and future conservation legislation regarding the exploitation of natural resources within estuaries needs to be prioritised, so that over-exploited angling and subsistence fish species populations can recover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a complex slope failure that occurred in Chongqing Xi railway station. The studied slope belongs to a under-dip shale slope. Onsite surveys and UDEC numerical modelling were conducted to describe the deformation characteristics and potential failure mechanism of this slope. The simulated results suggest that sliding, buckling and toppling can occur in the deformation process, which is verified by the actual deformation characteristic of the slope and monitoring results. Moreover, the effects of bedding dip angle, slope angle, bed thickness on the deformation characteristics of the slope were also investigated with UDEC models. Finally, the possible slope structure for occurrence of slide-buckling-toppling failure and several numerically validated remedial measures were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides are the major problem in the Himalayan region and cause severe socio-economic disturbances. In the hilly areas, roads are the worst affected part by the landslides. In this study, we conducted the slope stability analysis of Strawberry Hill Landslide and adjoining slopes near Malyana town along NH-5, Shimla using kinematic analysis, rock mass rating (RMR), and slope mass rating (SMR). National Highway-05 (NH-5) connects the remote districts of Kinnaur, Kullu of Himachal Pradesh, and the China border to the rest of the country and is important in terms of socio-economic as well as national security perspective. The route has been severely affected by the landslides in Shimla city as well as its nearby localities in the recent past. Kinematic analysis of joint data shows that rocks are prone to mainly wedge and planar failures. The RMR results show that the slopes belong to fair (class III) and weak (class IV) category. The SMR results for the slopes show that out of 12 slopes 7 slopes lie in the completely unstable (class V) category, 4 in the unstable (Class IV) category and 1 slope in the partially stable (class III) category. The factor of safety (FOS) was calculated for the slopes with the minimum SMR value using the fast-track method of friction-only charts for the wedge failure case. The results show that all the slopes are unstable with a FOS value of less than 1. We identified the highly unstable slopes along NH-5 due to the unfavourable orientation of the discontinuities. Human interventions and rainfall further aids to the triggering of the landslides. The possible remedial measures for the study area are anchored walls, gravity walls, systematic shotcrete, and deep drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock slope projects are often available with insufficient investigation data for rock properties due to involvement of high costs, manual efforts, geological complexities, etc., in testing. Support estimation performed by traditional approaches for slope failure mitigation could be highly inaccurate due to inaccuracies in the estimated statistics of properties. This article describes a computationally efficient re-sampling stochastic framework to overcome this issue by coupling the Advanced Re-Sampling Reliability Approach (ARRA) with deterministic and Target Reliability Approach (TRA) to estimate the required support for rock-slides mitigation with limited data. The proposed methodology was demonstrated for the support design to mitigate two massive rockslides along a rockslide-prone highway, i.e., Rishikesh-Badrinath National Highway (NH-58) in India. It was concluded that the limited data invokes uncertainties in the statistical parameters (mean and standard deviation) and distributions of properties. Support estimated using traditional approaches with the inaccurate statistics of input properties can result in inaccurate support estimates in the presence of insufficient data. Proposed methodology couples ARRA with traditional methods and evaluates the final support design by quantifying the uncertainty in the reliability index induced by the statistical uncertainties of input properties statistics. This improves the overall accuracy, efficiency, and the designer's confidence in the estimated support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the important natural disasters which lead to maximum severity to human among all others. The vulnerability increases with the resource poor nature of developing and under developing nations. Considering the extent of rainfed area in India, the vulnerability to drought is higher compared to other peer nations. It has implications on agriculture, livestock, fisheries, rural employment, human nutrition and health. However, the impact initiates with crop production and encompasses livestock in medium term which has severe economic implications for farmer. Therefore, it is desirable to present an extensive study on the impact of drought on major crops and livestock in India. Further, we have also emphasized on the remedial measures to be followed for crop production and livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to apply grounded theory in management research in the context of gender-based pay disparity and showcase the applicability of the method in deriving a new theory toward describing the factors responsible for the slow career advancement of women compared to men across various employment sectors. This study is focused mainly in the northern part of India. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional qualitative study was conducted across participants chosen by purposive sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews after taking informed consent with an inclusion criterion of some years of work experience. Grounded theory method was used to analyze the data found through qualitative research. Findings: Through the grounded theory research method, an in-depth understanding of factors responsible for pay disparity as faced by women at work has emerged. Also, factors responsible for the slow career advancement of women employees viz. social construct of gender, workplace representation of gender, perceptions/perspectives of managers regarding genders, lack of multi-step affirmative actions have also emerged from the data. Practical implications: Greater understanding has been gained toward the applicability of grounded theory as a method for expounding various aspects of management and theorizing them. Originality/value: This particular work showcases the intent and applicability of the grounded theory research method in management research by studying gender-based pay disparity. Through this method, barriers faced by women in pay parity across various employment sectors in the northern part of India were ascertained, leading to the emergence of various probable solutions as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various developmental projects and economic actions such as mining, industries, urban expansion, and agricultural activities contribute toxic heavy metals into the soils and it adversely affects to human health and broadly the environment. For the scientific study (coal mining region of Eastern India) around 120 soil samples were collected from top (0 – 20 cm) and subsurface soil (20 – 50 cm) of coal mining, semi mining and non mining type of land use sites to assess ten heavy metals applying standard methods and indices for the assessment of pollution load and human health risk. Statistical analysis clearly indicated that Fe, Mn, Zr are the most dominantly distributed in the study region. Coefficient of variance (CV)showed that there was very less variation in the metal values among samples of any particular landuse site. Correlation coefficient (0.05% level of significance) depicts that metals were very strongly correlated with each other in every site of Neturia block. Igeo (Geo- accumulation index) values of Fe and As indicated moderate to low pollution in the topsoil of study area. It is because of their regional background value. Enrichment Factor (EF) also showed thatcontamination of Fe ismainly supplied by natural factors (EF < 2)i.e., weathering of parent rock in all over the study area. All other heavy metals indicated their anthropogenic sources (EF > 2)on top and subsurface soil both of three landuse site. Degree of contamination (Cdeg), modified degree of contamination (mCdeg), contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) clearly suggest that topsoil of coal mining sites is most polluted than two other sites. Subsurface soil of mining sites also indicated comparatively higher pollution load than subsoil of semi mining or non mining sites. PLI values have been classified into four groups i.e., high pollution (> 6), medium pollution (6 -3), low pollution (3 – 1) and no pollution (< 1) zone. There was no PLI value < 1 in topsoil of the study area. But subsurface soil of non mining site indicated no pollution to the soil. Spatial mapping using Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) on Arc GIS 10.4 software showed clear variation of metal concentration and pollution load to the top and subsoil of the study area. Human health risk of non – carcinogenic typeisdue to heavy metals intake of topsoil through three exposure pathwaywhich indicates the health risk of HI dermal> HI ingestion> HI inhalation for both the adult and children. Mean values of total HI showed that children are more prone to health risk in comparison with adult. There was no soil sample that exceeds its HI values > 1 for adults and thus no obvious health risk was found from soil heavy metals for adults.On the other hand, topsoil of mining sites indicated HI values >1;therefore, children are prone to health risk in this site. The present investigation suggests that coal mining region is highly polluted by their heavy metal burden on soil. Industrial and semi urban areas of semi mining region are also affected by heavy metal dust to its soil. Agricultural activities in non-mining region indicated lower pollution than other landuse sites. Remedial measures are highly needed to control heavy metal pollution of different landuse sites at colliery region to sustain environmental quality and human health as well. Modern scientific technologies and public awareness should be very useful on this way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are one of the most commonly transformed aquatic ecosystems. Most papers present significantly negative effects of activities such as dredging or channel regulation on the ecological status of rivers. The purpose of this work was to compare the response of various groups of invertebrates (Mollusca, Hydrachnidia, Odonata, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Trichoptera) to an intervention involving dredging in conjunction with the removal of riparian vegetation. Habitat diversity increased after the dredging, and more individuals and species were caught than before the dredging. The increase in habitat diversity after the dredging translated into an increase in the species diversity of most investigated groups. Individual groups of invertebrates showed varied responses to the dredging, depending on the role of the terrestrial phase in their life cycle: the greater the role of the terrestrial phase in the life cycle, the more the group was affected by changes in the terrestrial environment following the intervention. In consequence, the intervention had the greatest negative impact on insects, and among these, on adult Odonata. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Dredging can benefit a previously anthropogenically transformed river ecosystem by increasing habitat diversity; (2) Odonata are particularly useful for assessing the impact of this type of intervention on invertebrate communities. They can be considered good indicators of habitat disturbances in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost all sectors had been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic onslaught. Face-to-face class and laboratory activities required physical interactions and in its absence, higher education was one of the areas which had been most severely impacted. Higher education institutions (HEI) were obligated to cease face-to-face classes once it was determined that the virus can be transmitted through proximity with the infected person, direct contact with surfaces in the immediate area with infected people or things used by infected people (WHO, 2020). As a result, the colleges and universities hurried to build virtual and remote teaching programmes. In this article, we discuss the challenges posed by Covid-19 in the higher education and possible remedial measures required from the perspective of government agencies, institute administrations, teachers and students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing problem of daily urban traffic congestion in Kuwait has been attracted the attention of the public, the private sector, and the authorities at the highest level of national policy making. A 'floating car' method was utilised to measure the actual time-delays due to congestion at a representative sample of routes. Nearly, 64% of the sample population included the Kuwaiti national and 71.5% were male. About 1/3 drove their children to school. Nearly 93% either drove, or were driven to work places. Less than 5.5% used the public bus transit system. Approximately 48% spent one hour or less in traffic jams daily. Those who lost more than 2 h each day constituted more than 8%. The mean time-loss due to congestion was nearly 67 min per day. A parking charge of at least $100 per month with the provision of a 'free transit' system combined, may possibly shift about 50% of the sample population to public bus transit. Excluding the cost of accidents, carbon dioxide air pollution, stress and fatigue, lower work productivity, and the cost of feeling in accessibility, a total of KD 1960 * 106 (US $6.9 * 109) was estimated as the annual cost of time-loss, fuel-waste and air pollution due to traffic congestion in Kuwait in 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate business is a key economic indicator for any nation globally. Corporates in a real sense turn a project from darkness to the gloominess by developing a strategic plan and carrying out various technical and economic analyses. This study aims to investigate the major causes of actual efficiency drop and further to identify the factors for efficiency improvement in the corporates business processes. Survey-based feedback and analytical design is utilized to achieve the research aim. Questions arising out of the business problems were communicated and feedback was analyzed and discussed. Secondary data from the literature in the form of Business Domain Variables were utilized for finalization of the questionnaire by eliminating, combining, and revising the identified variables. Factor Analysis and frequency analysis using SPSS were performed to analyze the data. The analysis unveils significant variables impacting the efficiency of the corporate via factor loading in Factor Analysis. The study contributes towards corporate business success via the identification of significant business process variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The groundwater over pumping induced land subsidence is one of the major geological hazards in the alluvial aquifers. The objective of this study is to assess the rate of land subsidence in Kolkata metropolitan area, India. Land subsidence can be estimated with high precision by Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) analysis. The advantages of this method are generation of a mean deformation map. The ENVISAT ASAR data acquired at six different periods over the study site were processed by SBAS technique. The decline in the piezometric head from the year 2003 to 2010 was about 6 m. Land subsidence velocity was ~8 mm/year at Salt Lake City and Science City (near the eastern metropolitan bypass). The major cause for land subsidence is over pumping of groundwater from the confined aquifers in these areas. There is a reasonable comparison between the maximum region of land subsidence and low value piezometric head contours confirming that the over extraction of the confined aquifer of this region is responsible for land subsidence. It is necessary to control the groundwater pumping so as to arrest the declining trend of piezometric head of study area for managing the problem of land subsidence. Hence, the possible remedial measures that can be taken are reducing groundwater pumping in the study region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews for the occurrence of groundwater contaminants including natural and manmade. Contaminants found in groundwater cover a broad range of physical, inorganic, and organic chemicals and radioactive parameters. The increasing trends of industrial effluents including municipal sewage are the main sources for contaminants in groundwater. In order to assess the level of groundwater contamination, appropriate mathematical model can be used and accordingly plans can be developed to combat the menace. Present study discusses the sources of contaminants, their movement, mathematical modeling, and remedial measures to stop further groundwater contamination in India and Australia. It is shown that in general, mobile immobile model gives better fit of observed data as compared to convection dispersion model. There is also a need to establish low-cost remediation methods to enable more reliable remediation to solve groundwater contamination problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time change of hydrological parametres was analysed in the landslide area near the Slanec village in the time span of 2003-2019. Five branches of international gas pipeline of European importance are crossing this landslide area, as well as two branches of international Družba pipeline, optical telecomunication lines and high-voltage power-lines. Regime observations included measuring the groundwater levels in 11 observation boreholes and outflow in 20 drainage boreholes, concentrated in 5 outposts. The data file was supplemented by monthly precipitations from the nearby meteorological station. Conducted trend analysis, using Mann-Kendall (MK) test, did not proved the existence of statistically important trend in the data file of monthly and yearly precipitations, even after calculations for each month - no statistical change in average amount of precipitations was revealed. Concerning drainage boreholes, MK test proved statistically importand declining trend of outflow for the whole measured period and for each of 5 outposts. This result can indicate e.g. clogging of drainage boreholes. The groundwater levels values demonstrated an average lowering by one meter during examined period. This result indicates lowering of the groudwater amount in the landslide and long time improvement of geotechnical parametres of the landslide slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the failure mechanism and control measures for a landslide at Dagushan Waste Dump. In addition to a summary of the site geological conditions, the observed landslide shape is described based on site investigations. It is shown that the dominant causes of the slope stability problem are softened silty clay due to rainfalls and the mechanical vibrations of a concrete batching plant at the slope toe. Failure mechanism analyses were performed by base friction test, which showed that the failure mode of Dagushan Waste Dump is a collapse-traction-push type landslide. Dump stability analyses were performed using the limit equilibrium method, which showed that safety factors of the waste dump decrease with the increase of water content of silty clay, and with the increase of average vibration acceleration of mechanical vibrations. The water content of silty clay has a much greater influence on dump stability than the average vibration acceleration. Remedial measures to stabilize the unstable zones include slope reshaping, platform compacting, drainage system ameliorating, and cracks filling. The results indicate that these measures are effective in controlling the landslide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground cracks occur in many parts of the globe due to various causes. In Burdur (Turkey), they have been observed on an old alluvial fan encompassing 9 km by 7 km in an area south of Lake Burdur. This 3 m deep crack system continues along a line extending to 850 m, with the largest segment being about 170 m long. Because the cracks are close to a populated area, where damaging earthquakes had occurred in the past, further anxiety is created among the general population as to their source mechanism(s)—particularly if they are related to an imminent earthquake. An accurate mechanism for their occurrence requires resolution of multitude of issues. One aspect not considered to date is the drop in the lake's water level of about 15 m in the last 25 years. This study focuses on the role of this drop in the lake's water level. Satellite remote sensing and slope stability analysis methods are used. The results demonstrate significant influence of rapid drop in water level on the occurrence of cracks. The results are also significant for general understanding of the mechanism of occurrence of ground cracks elsewhere in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Baltic Sea is suffering from eutrophication caused by nutrient discharges from land to sea, and these loads might change in a changing climate. We show that the impact from climate change by mid-century is probably less than the direct impact of changing socioeconomic factors such as land use, agricultural practices, atmospheric deposition, and wastewater emissions. We compare results from dynamic modelling of nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea under projections of climate change and scenarios for shared socioeconomic pathways. Average nutrient loads are projected to increase by 8% and 14% for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, in response to climate change scenarios. In contrast, changes in the socioeconomic drivers can lead to a decrease of 13% and 6% or an increase of 11% and 9% in nitrogen and phosphorus loads, respectively, depending on the pathway. This indicates that policy decisions still play a major role in climate adaptation and in managing eutrophication in the Baltic Sea region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper assesses the slope stability of the Tungnath Temple at Rudraprayag District, in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and suggests the remedial measures. The temple is made of stone masonry and is believed to be over 1000 years old. Recently, signs of distress such as the development and subsequent widening of the cracks were observed on the walls of the temple. The field investigation reveals that the inadequate stability of the site, stagnation of water at the foundation level of the temple and poor drainage of the rainwater from the upper hill are the primary causes of distress for the temple. The factor of safety (FoS) values computed using the limit equilibrium method indicate that the site is marginally stable (FoS—0.8 to 1.0) under static condition and unstable (FoS—0.6 to 0.9) under the pseudo-static condition for a particular section. Thus, suitable control measures have been proposed to ensure the long-term stability of the site. The proposed control measures include the construction of a geosynthetic lined drain at critical locations and geosynthetic lining in the periphery of the temple to prevent the ingress of water. Additionally, the construction of two levels of gabion wall (6 m to 8 m high) at the periphery of the site has been proposed to improve the stability. The paper discusses the possible causes of the cracks, slope stability analysis and subsequently present the design details of the remedial measures for the long-term stability of the temple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the questions of scope and the standard of judicial review of a disciplinary decision against a judge. It further addresses the issue of remedial powers, which should be granted to the reviewing authority in this type of cases. It is suggested that the scope of judicial review of a disciplinary decision against a judge should extend to questions of law, fact and discretion. What actually varies is the depth of review or, more precisely, the standards of review and the corresponding level of deference, which must be demonstrated to the primary decision-making authority. It is further suggested that there are several factors that have influence on the formation of the standards of review: the institutional, procedural and expertise factors. As to the remedial capacity, the reviewing court should be provided with the competence to apply adequate remedial measures. The reviewing court should be able to effectively eliminate the identified shortcomings in the proceedings before the first-instance authority. For the effective protection of the rights at issue, it may be important for the reviewing court not only to repeal the decision subject to review, but also take other remedial measures. The legitimacy and necessity for applying particular remedial action should be established by taking into account the same institutional, procedural and expertise factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation behind this paper is to give a general synopsis of the incentives clear in the exploration on the business case for CSR. Over a last 30 to 40 years, there has been a consistent increment in concern communicated about, and the data delivered by little and enormous hierarchical set ups comparable to their social and natural effects. It has been very surely known by associations that govt. alone won't have the option to prevail in its undertaking to inspire the discouraged society further impulse of CSR has sifted the legend that a definitive Objective isn't benefit making, rather trust building is reasonable and attest capable with cultural relationship and just long haul endurance mantra for any association. This paper attempts to break down the investigation of CSR and it additional give a knowledge to what degree organizations can follow the CSR. We attempt to by light on CSR of Indian associations which would be useful for both financial and social attentiveness. This paper is absolutely founded on the auxiliary information and attempts to centers around the discoveries and surveying of the issues and difficulties looked by Indian associations as for CSR.avoidance have been successfully carried out. The outcomes confirmed its possibility might be used as strategy algorithms in actual robot football competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Major delay factors for construction projects in India were identified by 16 studies. Thirty six delay factors reported in the literature were identified as one of the major construction delay factors by the 16 studies. This is not logical, misleading and confusing. A thorough review of these 16 studies is undertaken and concluded that eight of the top ten delay factors are related to contractor and the remaining two are related to owner. With respect to the construction delay factors identified, remedial measures to improve the schedule performance of construction projects in India are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Progress in modern engineering devices favours the development of independent computer systems of intelligent change management of operational characteristics of construction facilities. The article deals with the continuous control system (monitoring) of the soil moisture. The capillary sensor applied provides a far higher accuracy in determining the moisture than it is achieved by discrete determination of soil electrical characteristics which depend on the concentration and proportion of salts dissolved in the soil as well as the particle-size distribution. A flowchart of the diagnostic system was developed; it does not only transfer the data from the sensors, processes them and informs the operator, but also gives the possibility of autonomous inclusion of mechanisms to eliminate the emerged damages. Thus, while monitoring the soil moisture of hillsides, embankments and cuts slopes it prevents their shifts and other damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the mechanisms of slope instabilities triggered by engineering excavations at location of a planned tunnel portal in the northwest region of Turkey were assessed, and stability of the current slopes which has impacts on safety of a settlement (village) and agricultural fields was investigated. In the first stage of the study, in order to identify the geological units and structural properties of the sedimentary rocks in the area, to clarify the mechanisms of instabilities and to characterize discontinuity and rock mass properties field works were conducted. In this content, geotechnical boreholes, geophysical explorations between the boreholes, line surveys to explore discontinuity properties, preparation of slope profiles using topographical techniques and sampling of rock blocks and discontinuity planes were performed. In the second stage, laboratory tests were carried out on the samples to determine the geomechnical properties of the slope forming materials and discontinuities. Then, back analyses of the instabilities were made to assess the responsible shear strength parameters of the geological units during failures by considering laboratory shear test results too. Based on the backanalyses of the failures, the strength properties of the slope debris were estimated, and it has been clarified that the residual shear strength properties are the factors controlling slip mechanism along the beddings. Following the stability analyses, it is understood that a further instability along the mass or bedding planes in the failed and redesigned area are not expected, if the current slope geometry is not changed. However, safety factor calculated for the slope in the debris is 1.1 which is well below the recommended value in the literature. The minimum safety factor for currently stable slopes which were cut at the eastern part of the failed area is 1.22 which is also less than that suggested in literature. Some remedial measures such as mini-pile or slope flattening are suggested after analyses to increase the factor of safety for this part below the settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water level fluctuation by artificial drawdown is one management activity that has the potential to control macrophyte growth, but there is little knowledge of how this operational procedure affects other biotic components of the ecosystem. This study investigated zooplankton dynamics in response to artificial drawdown over a short timeframe (13 days) in a Brazilian reservoir, by examining the impact on zooplankton communities in two shallow lakes (Lake Pedra Branca-LPB, and Guaritá-LG) connected to a reservoir (Salto Grande) that undergo sudden and remarkable fluctuations in their water levels. Zooplankton communities were sampled in both lakes before (pre-drawdown), during (low water), and after (post-drawdown) the artificial drawdown procedure. In LPB, drawdown resulted in an increase in zooplankton density, and temporarily changed the community in association with an increase in water conductivity and presence of non-planktonic organisms during the low water phase. In LG, drawdown had no significant effect on zooplankton community between the phases before and during the drawdown event. The results from this study suggest that artificial drawdown over a short timeframe in reservoir systems do not negatively affect the overall density, richness, and diversity of zooplankton communities in marginal shallow lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cause and mechanism of a sinkhole that has occurred on the downstream shoulder of a large embankment dam are studied. Since the downstream shoulder of the embankment was softened as a result of saturation, the slope safety of the embankment dam was reanalyzed by extending the saturation zone beyond the filter layers. Calculation results show that the dam is not safe currently in the area of the sinkhole section. The source of this problem was sought. Excavation of a trench at the sinkhole section was planned to take immediate action against failure. This trench excavation resulted in a fast, inexpensive, unambiguous, and effective way to rapidly identify the reason for the sinkhole. Trench excavation showed that the sinkhole problem was associated with the deterioration of the curved trace of the bottom outlet conduit: a rupture in a steel conduit at a poorly welded joint and a poor concrete section with a lack of reinforcement. High reservoir pressure through the rupture caused particle rearrangements, heave occurrence, upward propagation of cavities, and finally a sinkhole. In the study, remedial measures and the lessons learned from the case are also explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An energy transition is a prerequisite and considered of paramount significance to meet the goal of climate and energy security sustainability. This transition is hardly conceivable without acknowledging the massive worldwide potential of renewable energy. Power outage in Pakistan that is caused primarily by insufficient and expensive power generation, line losses, and ineffective planning has escalated Pakistan's energy crisis. Almost every single sector of national economy has been adversely affected because of this excessive power outage. Recent floods in Pakistan, one of the outcomes of climate change, have necessitated incorporation of clean energy fuels to ensure climate sustainability. Keeping the magnanimity of the crisis in consideration, Islamabad has adopted some remedial measures to overcome this energy crisis but the problem still persists and requires pragmatic policies. The under-utilized renewable potential and power generation by expensive imported fossil fuels has led to excessive increase in cost of energy generation and climate deterioration. However, it is imperative for the government to adopt appropriate and workable solutions to address the energy crisis adequately. This is a qualitative study that employs content analysis technique to explore the dynamics of Pakistan's energy security and climate sustainability in a substantive manner. This paper is aimed at exploring the inherent potential of Pakistan in renewable energy (RE) not only to mitigate Pakistan's energy crisis but also to ensure sustainability in climate and energy security. Moreover, this study presents critical evaluation of the appropriate sites of wind and solar power plants in Pakistan. Last but not the least, it proposes short and long term remedial measures to mitigate if not to overcome this energy crisis entirely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of a practice consisting in a certain collaboration between the contracting authority and potential bidders, or persons who relate to potential bidders, at the preparation stage of the award procedure for a public procurement contract was ascertained at legislative level since the adoption of Council Decision 94/800/CE for the approval of the World Trade Organization public procurement agreement. The following was mentioned at article VI (4) of the Agreement: „A procuring entity shall not seek or accept, in a manner that would have the effect of precluding competition, advice that may be used in the preparation or adoption of any technical specification for a specific procurement from a person that may have a commercial interest in the procurement”. The mentioned paragraph thus enshrined the recognition of a rule according to which seeking and receiving advice, directly or indirectly, by the contracting authority, from potential bidders for the drafting of the award documents is allowed only when such a relation does not preclude competition. The principle was also adopted three years later in the public procurement directives, along with other provisions, following the amendments introduced by the European Parliament and Council Directive 97/52/EC amending directives 92/50/EEC, 93/36/EEC and 93/37/EEC concerning the coordination of procedures for the award of public service contracts, public supply contracts and public works contracts respectively, which at recital (10) of the preamble mentions the following: „Whereas contracting authorities may seek or accept advice which may be used in the preparation of specifications for a specific procurement, provided that such advice does not have the effect of precluding competition”. The generation of directives in force, the classic directive and the utilities directive, regulates in detail the possibilities of interacting between contracting authority and potential bidders for the drafting of the award procedure, legal mechanisms also adopted by Law nr. 98/2016 on public procurement, and by Law nr. 99/2016 on sectoral procurement At the present moment, the possibility of prior networking between a contracting authority and a potential bidder (including persons who have certain relations with a potential bidder) is, undoubtedly, recognized both by legislation and case law. However, it is important to notice the thin line which separates networking within the limits provided by the law from a prior collaboration which alters competition and regarding which remedial measures are not taken or, according to the case, the removal from the procedure of the favoured bidder is not decided, if remedial measures are not possible. In an equal measure it is important to observe that simply not adopting neutralizing measures regarding a bidder's advantage is not synonymous with perpetrating acts of corruption, in the absence of additional elements which circumstantiate such acts, like obtaining benefits, by the representatives of the contracting authority, in different forms and at different moments, to favour a bidder to the detriment of another. Ascertaining the distortion of competition through prior collaboration is, in all cases, reason to cancel the award procedure and/or public procurement contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Al-Fulaij recharge dam is located on the Al Batinah coast in Oman and was constructed in 1992. The dam is about 3.3 km long and 7.7 m high with a storage capacity of 3.7 million cubic meters of water. It is an earthfill dam with silty, sandy gravel fill in the embankment. Excessive seepage of between 5,000-12,500 m3/day was observed during floods in 1993, and several sinkholes were noticed close to the upstream toe. Remedial work consisting of an upstream blanket and a cutoff trench wall was performed in 2000. However, these remedial measures failed and almost the same seepage was noticed again during the impoundment. This paper investigates possible causes of the seepage using a finite element model. The input data for the model were collected from site investigations and field records during the construction and monitoring of the dam. The study reveals that the most probable cause of the excessive seepage is the presence of a permeable soil layer underneath the dam due to the dissolution of the gypsum material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measure plans are currently being developed for the Water Framework Directive (WFD) by European water authorities. In Sweden, such plans include measures for good ecological status in the coastal ecosystem. However, the effect of suggested measures is not yet known. We therefore experimented with different nutrient reduction measures on land and in the sea, using a model system of two coupled dynamic models for a semi-enclosed bay and its catchment. The science question was whether it is worthwhile to implement measures in the local catchment area to reach local environmental goals, or if the status of the Bay is more governed by the water exchange with the Sea. The results indicate that by combining several measures in the catchment, the nutrient load can be reduced by 15%-20%. To reach the same effect on nutrient concentrations in the Bay, the concentrations of the sea must be reduced by 80%. Hence, in this case, local measures have a stronger impact on coastal water quality. The experiment also show that the present targets for good ecological status set up by the Swedish water authorities may be unrealistic for this Bay. Finally, we discuss when and how to use hydro-ecological models for societal needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of vaccination with the hepatitis B vaccine (HBVac) in HB surface antibody (HBsAb)-negative pregnant mothers on the vertical transmission of HB virus (HBV) from father to infant. All the fathers tested positive for the serum HBV DNA and HB surface antigen (HBsAg) markers. The pregnant females were divided into an observation group or a control group depending on whether their serum was HBsAb-negative or positive. A total of 93 healthy individuals without HBV infection were included in a blank group, while 96 females who were serum HBV marker-negative or HB core antibody (HBcAb)-positive/(HBsAb)-negative were included in the observation group. The control group comprised 89 females who all tested positive for serum HBsAb, HB envelope antibodies and HBcAb. In the observation group, the positive rate of HBV DNA in the newborns was 7.29% (7/96), the positive rate of HBsAg was 3.13% (3/96) and the positive rate of HBsAb was 81.3% (78/96). In the control group, the positive rates of HBV DNA, HBsAg and HBsAb in the newborns were 4.49% (4/89), 2.25% (2/89) and 89.9% (80/89), respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups. Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that HBVac treatment for HBsAb-negative pregnant females may have a positive role in blocking the vertical transmission of HBV from father to infant, as long as the vaccination is able to induce the production of a sufficient quantity of HBsAb. The HBVac exhibited no difference compared with pre-pregnancy HBsAb in blocking the vertical transmission of HBV from father to infant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vulnerability of the shallow aquifer system for saline water intrusion has been evaluated using the classical tools at a coastal area, southern India. Groundwater samples (N=144) from Quaternary aquifer system within 25 km area in pre- and post-monsoon seasons were analyzed for major ion chemistry including Electrical Conductivity (EC). The hydrochemical parameters are examined applying classical irrigation suitability tools. Based on their weight percentages (ratios in meq/l) the dominance of cations and anions was established as Na-Cl and Ca-SO type. Results show that high hydraulic conductivity (10 to 1 cm/s) of the sandy aquifer enhanced the vertical recharge leading to major spatial distribution suitable for irrigation use in post-monsoon. The overexploitation of groundwater resources has generated reversal of hydraulic gradient enhancing salinity intrusion from marine sources in pre-monsoon. Further, the Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) survey and water level measurements are assessed to demarcate the study area into zones of water table 'above mean sea level (amsl)' and 'below mean sea level (bmsl)'. It was deduced that, the industrial effluent and seawater were the prime sources of groundwater salinity of water table 'amsl' and 'bmsl' zones, respectively. The area up to 600 m from marine source is found vulnerable which is falling under 'Unsuitable' category of irrigation classifications. The remedial measures are also framed to protect further extension of aquifer vulnerability for sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poisoning is the one of the common mode of suicide in India. Certain types of poisoning are common in particular region. Similarly, super vasmol poisoning is one of the commonest modes of suicidal attempt in our region. Hence, we took this matter with special interest and wants to emphasize the role of ENT Surgeon in such poisoning. This study informs the importance of amount of ingestion and early hospitalization. This study also deals with systemic complications, and its remedial measures to overcome the complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important role of media in any country is its culture and country?s success and principal aspiration of mass media ought to be the human solidity in all its magnitude. What is needed that people could engagethemselves in positive behavior? How to achieve it? The media?s objectives should be by highlighting the problems of citizens and not it could spoil everything by diverting the attention of people from important issues towards insignificant issues to create chaos and confusion among the masses. It is only possible if all truth is brought forward. The international media propaganda that the whole world is a global village with a new time order of living is monetary based slogan. To achieve this profitable/ commercial culture a new name is given to mankind that as common faith of ?Civic religion?. It is further coded/ camouflaged as ?democracy? i.e. a ?mankind?s religion? mean with ?democratic faith? that whole human beings have a common culture and ethics mean ?Living style?. The world is in the grip of money- making mass media i.e. woman, wine and wealth (www.com) oriented culture. That is a war against very aim of peace and prosperity of human being. This mass media cultural/ fashion war is only in few powerful companies/ agencies. A Pakistani electronic/ print media?s day and night broadcasting of a fashion is against the Islamic teaching. This broadcast of multi culture invasion has many organized ethical issues which are directly challenging the Islamic values and culture. In this paper to save guard against Islamic culture and Pakistan integrity/solidarity. The endeavor is made to highlight various aspects of mass media?s ethics invasion. And some remedial measures for countering this media?s culture offensive on divine Islamic culture and Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major contribution (over 90 %) to the world’s rice production is coming from Asia, where metal contamination of agricultural lands is often reported. Thus the present paper reviews the sources and current status of heavy metal contamination of paddy lands in the region. Apart from the natural sources, agrochemicals, wastewater irrigation, sewage sludge application, livestock manures, mining and fly ash etc., could be identified as the key sources of metal contamination in Asia. Accumulation of heavy metals and metalloids (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Fe, Zn, Co, Hg and As) in different parts of the rice plant (roots, straw, hull and grain) is reported at varying degrees. Rice grain accumulates the least amount of toxic metals compared to hull, straw and roots. Most importantly, a greater number of investigations confirmed that the metal contents in rice grains are within the permissible limits of Codex recommendations of joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Food Standards Programme and/or food regulations imposed by the respective governments. However, due to the fact that rice is a main route of human exposure to heavy metals, appropriate preventive and remedial measures should be enforced in the areas with potential risk of metal contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The functional factors responsible for fluoride (F)-bearing groundwater used for drinking as well as for cooking in the area of Gummanampadu Sub-basin, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India are discussed. The study area is a part of an Archean Gneissic Complex, consisting of banded-biotite-hornblende-gneisses, over which the Proterozoic Cumbhum quartzites, shales, phyllites, and dolomitic limestones occur. The chemistry of groundwater is dominated by carbonates (HCO and CO) at a higher pH. This results in a higher total alkalinity over total hardness, causing an excess alkalinity. Sodium ion is dominated among the cations (Ca, Mg, and K). The concentration of F (2.1-3.7 mg/L) is higher than that of desirable national limit (1.2 mg/L) prescribed for drinking purpose. A significant positive correlation exists between F and pH as well as that between F and HCO + CO. This indicates that the alkaline condition is the prime conducive factor for dissolving F-bearing minerals more effectively leading to a higher concentration of F in the groundwater. Furthermore, a positive chloro-alkaline index reflects the ion exchange, and an oversaturation with respect to CaCO indicates the evaporation. In addition, a negative relation between the well depth and F shows the effect of solubility and/or leaching of salts in different depth levels. These factors regulate the concentration of F in the groundwater. On the other hand, a positive correlation of F with SO as well as with K shows the human land use activities (namely, use of chemical fertilizers, disposal of domestic wastes, etc.), which add F to the groundwater. A significant number of the residents of the study area suffer from the health disorders related to fluorosis, which is a consequence of higher concentration of F in the drinking water. Thus, this study emphasizes the need for supply of safe drinking water, nutritional diet, rainwater-harvesting structures, and public education to realize 'health for all' motto of World Health Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Băiţa-Ştei mine is an open pit mine in NW Romania (West Carpathian Mountains). It was the largest surface uranium deposit in the world. Two means of uranium transport and dissemination were used over time. The first was the natural way, represented by transportation of geological sediments by Crişul-Băiţa River that crosses the Băiţa surface deposit. These sediments were used as building materials (stone, gravel, sand). The second way was related to the people living in this valley, who used also the uranium waste as building material. The preliminary indoor radon concentrations measured in the buildings ranged from 40 to 4000 Bq m with a mean value of 241 Bq m. A focused radon survey facilitated the selection of 20 houses with the highest indoor radon that were therefore proposed for remediation. To find the radon sources of these houses, systematic investigations on radon were performed. The remedial measures for these 20 houses were tested on a chosen pilot house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of a debris slide (estimated volume of about 35,000 m) is described in this paper. This slide occurred in April 2009 in the North Western Italian Alps (Aosta valley) and damaged the SR25 road along the Valgrisenche valley. Ground investigations started with severe safety and logistic issues being posed. Given the need to open as soon as possible the road, the design of the landslide stabilization works was carried out using a 'design as you go' approach. The stabilization measures were conceived to be flexible in order to allow for changes and integration during construction, in line with the progressive refinement of the geological-geotechnical slope model being developed. Back analysis by means of the limit equilibrium method (LEM) and the finite element method (FEM) was used. Groundwater level rise following heavy rainfall and spring snow melting was found to be the main cause of the debris slide. The stabilization works were designed by using both the LEM and FEM methods. The stability conditions of the engineered slope were assessed based on the available performance monitoring data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is no comprehensive national land transport strategy (NLTS) in Lebanon. The car ownership rate in the country is one of the highest in the world, estimated at a ratio of around one car for every 2.5 persons. The transportation sector is serviced by a fleet of mainly old and poorly maintained vehicles. Passenger trips occur on a relatively inferior road network, with a weak public transportation system, and without regulation enforcement. In summary, the main problems facing land transport in Lebanon are the overdependence on the private car, lack of organization and regulatory enforcement, and the deterioration of the levels of service provided. The main barriers facing a comprehensive national land transport strategy in Lebanon are: * Changing the attitude of the public toward car use. * Lack of enforcement. * Perceived accident risk of non-motorized modes of transport. * Cultural and institutional bias against green modes of transport. * Generated road space that can be an incentive for increased car use. This paper provides an overview of the land transport sector in Lebanon, with special emphasis on traffic safety. Its aim is not to analyze statistical data relevant to land transport and traffic safety, which have been the subject of numerous articles by the authors, but to pinpoint, as best as possible, the problems facing the land transport sector in general and traffic safety in particular, and to provide recommendations to alleviate these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, all nine surrounding countries have agreed upon reduction targets in the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). Yet, monitoring sites and model concepts for decision support are few. To provide one more tool for analysis of water and nutrient fluxes in the Baltic Sea basin, the HYPE model has been applied to the region (called Balt-HYPE). It was used here for experimenting with land-based remedial measures and future climate projections to quantify the impacts of these on water and nutrient loads to the sea. The results suggest that there is a possibility to reach the BSAP nutrient reduction targets by 2100, and that climate change may both aggravate and help in some aspects. Uncertainties in the model results are large, mainly due to the spread of the climate model projections, but also due to the hydrological model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the river valley from Yingxiu to Wenchuan experienced numerous landslides and became a prominent area of landslide complexes. The present large landslide complex near the earthquake epicenter consisted of Laohuzui slide 1, Laohuzui slide 2 and Douyaping slide. The scale, geology, morphology, sliding process, and failure mechanism of the landslide complex are analyzed by means of field investigation, aerial photograph and stereographic projection technique. Characteristics of these three slides including seismic response of slope, landslide debris, damage and potential failure are discussed: the convex slope and the upslope of fractured granitic rock at high altitude are highly prone to landsliding under earthquake; the high source altitude and long travel path determine grain sizes and the deposit angle of the slide debris; the landslide complex completely buries the G213 roadway and dams up the Minjiang River in these sections; after the earthquake, rainfall, aftershocks and river erosion may retrigger new failures, such as retrogressive slide of weathered fractured rock, colluvial landslide, debris flow, embankment failure and rockfall. The following are presented as suggested remedial measures to protect the roadway and stabilize the slope: the removing and trenching, protective concrete/rock blocks against erosion, retaining structure, rockfall stopping wall, rockfall restraining net, rock bolt, and the planting of vegetation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study to assess the knowledge, attitude, problems faced and remedial measures adopted by menopausal women, to determine the relationship between the knowledge, attitude, problems faced and remedial measures adopted by menopausal women. A total of 100 menopausal women were selected purposively to collect the data using structured interview schedule for knowledge, attitude scale for attitude and checklist for the problems faced and remedial measures adopted. It was found that 65 menopausal women had average knowledge, 72 had moderately favorable attitude, majority of them were facing different problems and adopted various remedial measures to get relieve of the menopausal problems. Although the menopausal women had average knowledge about menopause, every woman was not using the remedial measures; knowledge had influence on the attitude of menopausal women and their perception of menopausal problems. Some menopausal women sought medical treatment for these problems others used some home remedies. Based on the findings, an informational booklet was developed because there is a need to educate the women about different aspects of menopause and its management at different stages, so that they can adapt to the transitional phase in their life in the best manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of this exploratory study was to identify the problems of foreign students in a selected University in New Delhi with a view to propose some remedial measures to address their problems. Objectives 1. To identify the problems of foreign students pursuing various educational programmes at Jamia Hamdard. 2. To propose the remedial measures to the administration to address the problems of foreign students. Method A descriptive survey approach with exploratory , cross sectional research design was used for the study. The study was conducted among conveniently selected, hundred foreign students studying in Jamia Hamdard. Data was collected using a predesigned, tested, valid and reliable structured questionnaire. Results It was found that foreign students had maximum problems related to academic area and accommodation. Least problem was found in the financial & family obligation areas. In order to solve their problems it is suggested that extra classes must be arranged for the foreign students, books must be available in their own language, library timings must be increased, internet facility must be available for students within the university and measures must be taken to make their stay comfortable in the university like provision of adequate number of toilets, maintenance of hygiene, availability of hot water in winter season and supply of culturally acceptable food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]